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Types of Weir
Concrete gravity dam Floating concrete dam Earth dam Rockfill dam Wet masonry dam Gabion dam Concrete reinforced gabion dam Brushwood dam Wooden dam Wooden-frame dam with gravel
Characteristic of Weir
Intake efficiency High High High Gentle flow and easy to deal with flooding Not governed by gradient, discharge or level of sediment load Not governed by gradient, discharge or level of sediment load River condition Foundation Bedrock Gravel From earth to bedrock Main material is earth. Riprap and core wall Entire body is composed of concrete. Longer dam epron cut-off Entire body is composed Outline of concrete. Type Concrete gravity dam Floating concrete dam Earth dam Longer epron Cut-off Concrete gravity dam Floating concrete dam Earth dam e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies 1-Nov-05 (12:01)
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Characteristic of Weir
Intake efficiency Low High Low In case that rock fill dam could be washed away by normal river flow. Not governed by gradient, discharge or level of sediment load. In case that earth dam could be washed away by normal river flow. River condition Foundation From earth to bedrock From earth to bedrock From earth to bedrock Gravel is wrapped by metal net. Gravel is filled with mortal etc. Main material is gravel. Outline Core wall Type Rock fill dam Wet masonry dam Gabion dam Rock fill dam Wet masonry dam Gabion dam e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies 1-Nov-05 (12:01)
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Characteristic of Weir
Intake efficiency High Fair Low In case that rock fill dam could be washed away by normal river flow. In case that metal net Gentle river flow could be damaged by strong river flow. River condition Foundation From earth to bedrock From earth to bedrock From earth to bedrock Wooden frame is filled with gravel. Main material is local
bush wood. Surface of gabion dam is Outline reinforced with concrete. Wooden frame with gravel dam Concrete reinforced Bush wood dam Type gabion dam Concrete reinforced gabion dam Bush wood dam Wooden frame with gravel dam e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies 1-Nov-05 (12:01)
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Location of weir site Perpendicular to river direction Topographical & geological conditions Easy access Structural Stability Fall resistance, Sliding resistance & Soil bearing capacity against resultant external force (weir own weight, water pressure, sedimentation weight, earth quake & up lift) Sedimentation Easy flushing Existing landslide, debris, erosion, drift woods etc. Influence on head acquisition Relationship between construction cost & usable head Backwater effect Influence on upstream area during flooding
to river direction
Tyrolean
intake
Function
All the suspended materials that could adversary affect turbine should be removed.
Specification to be decided
Minimum diameter of suspended materials (depend on turbine specification; 0.5 1.0mm) Marginal settling speed (about 0.1m/s) Flow velocity in settling basin (about 0.3m/s) Length & wide Conduit section
Widening section Settling section bB
1.0 2.0
h0
10 15
hi
ic=1/20 1/30
Function
Specification to be decided
Structure type (Open channel) Longitudinal slope (1/50 1/500) Cross section (flow capacity) Material to be used
Characteristic of Headrace
Risk of scouring & collapse Not applicable to high permeable ground Difficult to remove sedimentation Easy construction Inexpensive Easy repair
Disadvantage
Great flexibility of cross section design Local material Scouring resistance Applicable to permeable ground Easy construction Easy construction Local material Scouring resistance Easy repair
Advantage Wet masonry Concrete channel channel Lined channel Type (Rock & stone) Simple earth channel Lined channel (Rock and stone) Wet masonry channel Concrete channel
n = 0.030 n = 0.025 n = 0.020 n = 0.015
Characteristic of Headrace
Not applicable to big diameter Easy to decay Inexpensive Flexible to minor ground deformation
Easy construction Short construction period Applicable to small diameter Flexible to cross section figure
Advantage Type Box culvert channel Hume pipe channel n = 0.015 Wooded-fenced channel Box culvert channel Closed pipe (Hume pipe, steel pipe) n = 0.015 n = 0.015 e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies 1-Nov-05 (12:01)
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Function
Regulates discharge fluctuation difference between penstock & headrace due to load fluctuation. Final settling basin
Specification to be decided
Water storage capacity Layout & dimension of each facility
Attached Structure
Spillway Screen Regulating gate Sluice gate
Specification to be decided
Route (Slope, geological conditions etc) Material to be used Diameter
- Construction cost - Electricity generation decrease due to loss at penstock - Durability (Life time, O&M cost)
Thickness
- Water pressure, own weight, water weight, other external force (earth quake etc.)
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Powerhouse Function:
Provides shelter for the electro-mechanical equipment (turbine, generator, control panels, etc.)
Determined taking into account convenience during installation, operation and maintenance.
Classified into two: For Impulse turbine -Pelton turbine, Turgo turbine or cross-flow turbine, etc. For Reaction turbine -Francis turbine or propeller turbine, etc.
Powerhouse
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Section A -A
20cm b bo: depends on Q d and H e 30 50cm 30 50cm H L3 (see Ref.5-3) hc={ 1 . 1 Q d }1/ 3 2 9.8
A A
Afterbay Tailrace cannel Outlet
Effective Head
H Hg He HL3 HL1 HL2 Intake Settling Basin Headrace Forebay Penstock Powerhouse Tailrace
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1. Inlet Valve
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Arc shape runner blades are welded on the both side of iron plate discs Easy manufacturing and simple structure - Discharge: Small (0.1 10 m3/s) - Head: Low, middle head (2 200 m)
Cross-Flow Turbine
Simple structure - Discharge: Various (0.4 20 m3/s) - Head: Low to high (15 300 m)
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Tubular Turbine
Tubular type(Cylinder type) propeller turbine Package type is remarked recently - Discharge: Various (1.5 40 m3/s) - Head: low head (3 20m)
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Pico Hydro
Tubular More than 500 Propeller 200 900 Diagonal flow 100 350 Francis 50 350 Pelton 8 25 Range of Ns Turbine type (m-kW) Ns[m-kW] = N 5/4
1/2
P
Specific speed:
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Vertical Francis
3. Generator
Synchronous: Independent exciter rotor, applicable for both isolated and existing power networks Asynchronous (induction): No exciter rotor is usually applicable in networks with other power sources. In isolated networks, it must be connected to capacitors to generate electricity. Generator output: Pg (kVA) = (9.8 x H x Q x )/pf Where Pg: Capacity (kVA) H : Net head (m) Q: Rated discharge (m3/s) : Combined efficiency of turbine & generator etc (%) pf: Power factor ( %)
3. Generator
Speed and Number of Generator Poles - The rated rotational speed is specified according to the frequency (50 or 60 Hz) of the power network and the number of poles by the following formula: For synchronous generators: P (nos.) = 120 x f/N0 N0 (min-1) = 120 x f/P where, P : Number of poles f : Frequency (Hz) N0 : Rated rotational speed (min-1) For induction generators: N (min-1) = (1-S) x N0 where, N : Actual speed of induction generator (min1)
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(2) Dummy load type: Generator output is always constant at a micro hydro power station where a dummy load governor is applied to. In order to keep the frequency constant, the relationship generator output = customers load + dummy load is essential. The dummy load is controlled by an electronic load controller (ELC) to meet the above equation.
Transformer Customers of Electricity Dummy Load Governor Spillway
Upper Reservoir
G-T
Upper Dam Power House
5.2 Generator Exciter In the case of a synchronous generator, an exciter is necessary for supplying field current to the generator and keeps the terminal voltage constant even though the load fluctuates. The type of exciter is classified as follows:
Rotating section AC Ex
(Speed Detector)
Brushless exciter
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Static excitation
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H A x3
NFB CB(MCCB)
7. Control Panels
7.1 Control Methods: Supervisory control method is classified into continuous supervisory, remote continuous control and occasional control. The operational control method is classified into manual control, one-man control and fully automatic control.
The output control method is classified into dummy load governor control for isolated grid, discharge control, water level control and programmable control.
7.2 Instrumentation Pressure gauge for penstock Voltmeter with change-over switch for output voltage Voltmeter with change-over switch for output of dummy load (ballast) Ammeter with change-over switch for ampere of generator output Frequency meter for rotational speed of generator Hour meter for operating time kWh (kW hour) meter and kVh (kVar hour) meter, which are required to summarize and check total energy generation at the power plant
(Please refer to the selection chart.) Q2: How wide of the applicable range of specific speed on a selected turbine? A2: If the horizontal propeller is selected, the range of Ns is 200 900 (m-kW).
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Selection of turbine type Horizontal Francis Cross Flow Horizontal Pelton Horizontal Propeller
(m3/s, ft3/s) (m, ft)
(0.3529) (3.529) (35.29) (352.9) (3,529) (3.28) (3,280) (32.8) (328)
Vertical Francis