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Post-Earthquake Repairs, Part 2

ACI Spring 2012 Convention March 18 21, Dallas, TX

Desmond Bull ME (Civil), FIPENZ, CPEng Technical Director of Holmes Consulting Group Ltd. Marketing and development of structural engineering services for HCG, emphasizing concrete structures (commercial and bridges). Practicing structural engineer for 30 years. Holcim Adjunct Professor in Concrete Design, at the Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, lectures on design of concrete structures. Initiating and supervising a number of research programs over the last 18 years. Past President of the NZ Concrete Society and served on the Revision Code Committees for NZS 3101: Concrete Structures and NZS 1170.5: Earthquake Loads. Serves on the Engineering Advisory Group: Seismic Performance of Commercial Building, for the Department of Building and Housing, Government of New Zealand. Des is the Senior Structural Specialist, Field Operations, NZ Urban Search & Rescue of the NZ Fire Service. During the Christchurch earthquakes, was firstly involved with search and rescue and then with the deconstruction of dangerous buildings in the CBD. Des has written or co-written some 130 papers and 8 design guidelines/manuals.

ThePerformanceofConcrete Structuresinthe CanterburyEarthquakes: LessonstobeLearnedandtheFutureof ConcreteBuildings

DesBull
NewZealand

ThePerformanceofConcrete Structuresinthe CanterburyEarthquakes: SomeIssuesrelatingtoRepairs

DesBull
NewZealand

NewZealand

NewBrightonPier ChristchurchNZ

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MagnitudesandIntensities
InChristchurchCBD
Date September4 December26 February22 June6 June13 June13 Mag. MMI Duration Mw7.1, MMI7815sec Mw5.1, MMI785sec? Mw6.3, MMI910 7sec? Mw5.5, MMI675sec? Mw5.6, MMI675sec? Mw6.3, MMI78(9) 10sec? Mw5.9&6.2 MMI78 10sec?

6kmdeepand20kmfromCBD

December23

Effectatthesiteisdependentonmagnitude,depth,proximity, soiltype,&duration
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ChchSeptember4
1.0 0 0.9 0 0.8 0 0.7 0 Acceleration (g) 0.6 0
2.50
Acceleration (g)
Christchurch Botanic Gardens S01W Christchurch Hospital N01W Christchurch Resthav en N02E Christchurch Cathedral College N26W NZS1170 Spec tra, Z=0.22, Soil Class D, IL2, ULS Building Fundam ental Period N -S NZS 4203:1984 spec tra, Zone B, flexible subs oils , SM =4

ChchFebruary22
5% Damped Acceleration Spectra: North-South
Lyttelton Port Company S80W

3.50 3.00

Christchurch Cathedral College N64E Pages Road Pumping Station S Christchurch Hospital S89W NZS1170 Spectra, Z=0.22, Soil Class D, IL2, ULS

0.5 0 0.4 0 0.3 0 0.2 0 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.00

2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50

1.00

2.00

3.00 Period (Seconds)

4.00

5.00

6.00

0.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 Period (Seconds) 4.00 5.00 6.00

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SomeIssuesrelatingtoRepairs
1. ConcreteStrength
Farhigherthanexpected?

1. ConcreteStrength
Higherthaninlabtesting Targetstrengthforsupply:1.2times28 dayfc Agingstrengthgain:1.5times Rapidrateofloading seismic deformations 1.2 1.4times,possiblyhigher Totalincreaseover28dfc:2.0 2.5times
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2. ResidualPlasticCapacityofRebars &Structuralsteel
Allbeenusedup?

3. FloorPlates/Diaphragms
Repairs Loadpaths ElongationofPlasticHingeZones.

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1. ConcreteStrength
Implications:
Minimumlongitudinalreinforcement requirements,basedonfc : INADEQUATE? PROBABLY Casestudies: Failureofbarsinwalls Inelasticcapacity ofbarsexhausted
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Flexureshearcrackpatternanda rockingwall/onecrackwall.

Rebarstretch

Rebarstretch

flexureshear

rockingwall
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12StoryCondominium(05)
Emergency HQ

12StoryCondominium(05)
EmergencyCAUTION: HQ

Hairlinecrack firstimpressions little damage peakdriftatroof= singlecrackatbase1 wide. Barsfractureat

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2. ResidualPlasticCapacityof ReinforcingBars&StructuralSteel
CrackinginPlasticHingeZones: Limitedafewcracks,ratherthan100s seeninlabtests. Atthecracks,localisedstrainsthe longitudinalbarsarerelativelyhigherthan seenintests. Inelasticcapacity ofbarsexhausted
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450 400 350 S tress (M P a) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0%

Steelstressstraincurve
? ? ? ?

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Strain

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Inelasticcapacityofbarsexhausted?
Foranengineeringassessingabuilding: Canthebuildingwithstandthe aftershockstocome? Safetoreoccupy? Isitrepairable? InChch,no Mostdamagedbuildingshavelittle inelasticcapacityleft.
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Inelasticcapacityofbars verification
LeebHardnesstest(adynamichardness)
Portabletestequipment,testingatthelocation beinginvestigated. LeebHardness(HL)isrelatedtothelocationon thestressstraincurveoftheelement. Stressingofselected(parentmaterial)under strain,calibratestheinsituHLreadings.
ASTMInternational,StandardTestMethodforLeeb HardnessTestingofSteelProducts,ASTMDesignation A95606,2006
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LeebHardness
OpenupsideofRCbeam

LeebHardness
OpenupsideofRCbeam

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EccentricallyBracedFrames EBFs:LeebHandcoupons

EccentricallyBracedFrames EBFs:LeebHandcoupons
Weldinwrong place Bendingoflower flange

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EccentricallyBracedFrames EBFs:LeebHandcoupons
BlueandRed veryhighstrains CutEBFoutand weldorboltin newpiece

CriticalStructuralIssues
Conventional Beams:
Yieldorgoplastic Elongate undercyclicloadingfrom earthquake Concreteworst Thensteel Thentimber(inconnection hardware)

Lossoffloorsupport Lossofloadpathacross
25 26

PlasticHingeinaRCBeam
Conventional Beams:
Yieldorgoplastic Elongateundercyclicloadingfrom earthquake,upto4%ofbeamdepth

Elongationofthebeams pushthecolumns
Lossofconnection: floor supports
Matthews et al 2008

UoC Test J Matthews

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TotalCollapseofthefloor

1.0 0 -1.0 -2.0

Interstorey drift (%)

1.0 0

Interstorey drift (%)

Interstorey drift (%)

2.5

3.5 2.5

2.5 0.5 0 -0.5 -2.5

-1.0 -2.0 -3.5

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Clarendon, 1987
Perimeter RCMRF

Clarendon, Chch 2011 18 storeys

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Redarrows: Beamelongate pushingthe cornercolumn awayfromthe floor.

Colddrawnwire meshfractures fromto

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Flangehungdetail

Flangehungdetail

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Elongationofthebeams pushthecolumns
Lossofconnection: floor supports
Matthews et al 2008

AvailableForcepathsacrossFloor Diaphragms
Lossofconnection:floor supports

Tension

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Clarendon, 1987

Buckling columns Levels511 Immediate intervention/ retrofit

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Concludingcomments:
1. Minimumflexuralsteelbasedonarealistic concretestrength
Damagedstructureswillneedtohaveresidual plasticcapacitiesinvestigated.

Concludingcomments: cont.
3. FloorPlates/Diaphragms
ElongationofPlasticHingeZonesinbeams causesevere,localiseddamageandgravity capacityandinplanediaphragmactionsare compromised.Exteriorcolumnscanbecome unstable. Repairwillbedifficult:gravityanddiaphragm action Replacereinforcementinthefloor(incritical areas?)
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2. ResidualPlasticCapacityofRebars &Structuralsteelhavebeenfoundtobesmall
Damagedstructureswillneedtohaveresidual plasticcapacitiesinvestigated. Bybenotberepairableormaybetoocostly
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TransferBeam:asbuilt!%$*#
Thankyou Anyquestions,if thereistime?

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