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Lecture #1
Learning Objectives
Define completion objectives and constraints Identify key data requirements Define functional capabilities of well Create completion sketch and identify key components
Agenda
Completion objectives Discussion of key design decisions Conceptual well design Bottomhole completion Selection of production/injection conduit Well functionality definition Preliminary location of components
Completion Objectives
Effective reservoir exploitation Control fluid entry/exit, rates & recovery Manage pressure depletion Control zonal contributions Minimize total cost over the life of the well Ensure safe operation/well control Incorporate flexibility to adapt to changing conditions
Constraints on Design/Completion
Data usually incomplete and of variable quality Logistics Location/environment/topology access issues Procurement Delivery/supply dates Inventory availability & stock control Bulk discounts
Preferred vendor?
Availability of service centre support Contractual obligations with vendor
Workover
Key outputs
Lift decisions Flowrates / nominal tubing size(s) Bottomhole completion Tubing/casing/annular flow Identify operational ricks
Constraints
Limited well data Understanding of heterogeneity? Resource constraints
Conceptual Design
Final Design
Rigorous and optimised design Optimised - technically and economically Offload and cleanup procedures Well integrity assurance Safety case(s) Running procedures Test and verification Contingencies
Equipment procurement specifications & sourcing Running procedures and programme Fluids and additives Contingencies Documentation and testing requirements
Data limitations quantity and reliability Future forecasts Vendor performance Alternative investments? Oil price uncertainties? Equipment longevity and reliability
Context of well
Geographical location Land or offshore based Fluid type & contaminants Artificial lift requirements Well trajectory or orientation Geo-political risks, accesses, services
Specification of Design
Bottomhole completion Openhole Uncemented liner Cemented Casing Casing flow, tubing and/ or annular flow IPR & TPR Initial tubing size recommendation Retrievability, Monitoring Circulation Well closure capability Backups Number of barriers
Production conduit
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selectivity
Applications Low cost area High well count Naturally Fractured reservoirs Geometrically complex wells
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reservoir Remedial options Reservoir management? Limited due to complications created by annulus behind screen
Applications Unstable wellbores Sand Production? Can use swell packers or ESPs to
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frackpacked
Disadvantages Cost (increased by +5-50%) Time to complete Data requirements Complexity Permanent
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Disadvantages
Casing integrity? Corrosion Erosion Pressures Backup or retention? Slippage leading to slugging/loading stable
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Lower cost
Large wellbore minimum friction 3 optional flow cross sectional areas improved
stability? greater ability to handle slippage Disadvantages Casing integrity? Corrosion Erosion Pressures Backup or retention? Limitations on flow stability/flexibility Annulus heading when annulus not flowing
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integrity Hydraulic backup containment Improved well and flow control Disadvantages Higher cost Limitations on wellbore cross-section Requires circulation capability
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atmosphere/surface Options Hydraulic column of kill weigh fluid Mechanical valves, plugs etc Recommendation? Minimum of two specified for most operations Prefer minimum of 3 for most situations
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Subsurface Barriers
Surface Barrier
Packer
Plug tubing and
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Production System
Production system
for natural flow utilizes the pressure energy of the fluid to meet all the flowing pressure los from the reservoir to surface
Approximately 90%
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Vogel developed this IPR relationship by best fit from numerous reservoir simulation runs Vogel has a long history of use with good success
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wellbore Pres2 Pwf2 = aq + bq2 Where - aq = pressure drop due to laminar (Darcy) flow - bq2 = pressure drop due to turbulent (non-Darcy) flow The constants a and b can be derived from multi-rate well tests or alternatively estimated from known reservoir and gas properties.
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J=PI=Q/P
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bottom of tubing dPHHD=Hydrostatic head pressure loss in tubing (weight of vertical fluid column) dPFRICT=Frictional pressure drop in tubing (interaction/drag with tubing wall) dPKE=Kinetic energy loss (acceleration and deceleration)
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Production Optimization
Variables affecting Optimum Production Rate Tubing Head Pressure Water Cut GOR Inflow performance Tubing Size Wellhead / choke performance
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costs
It is sometimes difficult to decide - rely or judgment
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Effect of Variation in PI
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Flow control and Isolation Tubing & Casing, Suspension, Nipple Up, Xmass Tree, Annulus Access Safety Isolation Circulation or Fluid Injection Circulation Accommodate Tubing Movement Annular Isolation Tubing Isolation Flow alternative Entry
Well Head
Packer Nipple
Perforated Joint
Nipple W.E.G.
Landing gauges
Wireline Re-entry
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control / barrier system BOP stack while drilling and during workovers Xmass tree for production / injection phases
Allow hydraulic access to the annulus between the
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Adaptor Spool
Wellhead
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Remotely controlled
Directly controlled Retrievability
Tubing, CT or WL retrievable
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controlled Can be set at any depth Easily replaced Design operating conditions must be routinely reviewed Testing?
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displacement Kill the well Offload the well Fluid injection Gas lift Chemical injection
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Lower
Outer sleeve ports Packing between
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NoGo Base
NoGo Base
* Optional Bottom
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Flow Coupling
Flow Coupling assists in
of pipe which has a wall thickness greater than the tubing string. Flow couplings are used to delay erosional failure at points inside a completion string, where turbulent flow is expected to occur
Downstream location more
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produced fluid
Isolates casing leaks or squeezed off perforations Isolate between multiple producing horizons prevent
crossflow
Eliminate or reduce pressure surging or annulus heading Hold kill fluid in the annulus
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Packer Systems
Retrievable Packers Easier retrieval Lower pressure rating Permanent Packers More robust and
More complex/difficult
retrieval?
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Retrievable Packer
Hydraulic Hold-down Packer seals Lower slip system Slip release system Release section
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Anchor/latch
Dynamic seal systems
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Blast Joints
Prevent external
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in an emergency
Side Pocket Mandrels Circulation
capabilities
Flow Couplings protect tubing from
internal erosion
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value
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Well Configuration
Influential factors Costs Complexity Standardization of equipment Inventories Bulk purchasing Geological uncertainties contingency
requirements Impacts Upper wellbore clearances Tubular sizes versus pressure loss
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Casing nomenclature
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Drill-in fluids
Objectives is low damage drilling of the pay zone Wide choice of fluid options Low solids OBM Sized salt Sized carbonate pills HEC pills Water foams
Base oils
- all fresh mixed to drill zone Selection is mostly by operator preference and experience
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Wax beads
etc
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time and overbalance pressure Ability to apply drawdown? vertical/horizontal/multilateral Avoid flowback through screen if possible Must be specially designed to facilitate cleanup Lift pressures Dependent on fluid Contamination with cuttings Impact of long lateral?
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casing / liner
Prevents crossflow between zones Protects the casing walls from corrosion
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high as possible Prefer to cement back above previous casing shoe Constrained by: Depth Temperature Pressure Time Formation frac pressures and permeability
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channels
Cement bonded to Formations Cement bonded to Casing
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Liner Cementation
DP running string Single plug released
by dart/inner plug
Critical to long term
integrity
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in an emergency
Side Pocket Mandrels Circulation
capabilities
Flow Couplings protect tubing from
internal erosion
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Conventional
completion
Permanent
Millout Extension
Seal Bore Extension Nipple Perforated Flow Tube No-Go Nipple WEG Liner
packer + tailpipe
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Big bore
producer or injector
Permanent
WL Operated SSD Extralong Tubing Seal assembly Permanent Packer Wireline Set Millout Extension Tailpipe Nipple Perforated flow Tube Landing Nipple Liner
packer in liner
Two section
completion
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Monobore Completion
Casing
Monobore
SSSV Tubing SPM (Side Pocket mandrel)
Facilitates
concentric access
Big bore low
pressure los
Cannot circulate
Liner
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Tubingless Completion
Simple, low
Casing
cost completion
Integrity?
Intervention
options?
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Summary
Start with basis of Design statement Keep it simple and fit for purpose Consider Uncertainties Costs Operating and workover costs Longevity requirements