Narcisismul Submitted by vizitator on Sun, 06/15/2008 - 18:55 tulburari de personalitate ebelusul simte ca este centrul universului, ca este cel

mai important, ca este omnipotent! "n aceasta #aza a dezoltarii, parintii sunt perceputi ca nemuritori, atotputernici, ca e$ista numai pentru a implini nevoile bebelusului, pentru a-l prote%a si a-l &rani! ebelusii se vad pe sine, dar si pe ceilalti intr-un mod imatur, idealizat! 'ceasta etapa se numeste narcisim primar! "n mod inevitabil, con#lictele care apar in decursul vietii conduc catre un anumit (rad de deziluzionare! )aca acest proces este abrupt, inconsistent, imprevizibil, capricios, arbitrar sau intens, atunci ranirile pe care le suporta stima de sine a copilului pot #i severe si deseori ireversibile! *ai mult decat atat, atunci cand suportul empatic crucial pe care ni-l o#era cei care ne in(ri%esc +parintii sau alte persoane substitutive, obiectele primare in psi&analiza, lipseste, sentimentul propriei valori si cel al stimei de sine din viata adulta tind sa #luctueze intre supraevaluare +idealizare, si subevaluare, devalorizare, atat de sine cat si a altora! 'dultii narcisici sunt considerati a #i rezultatul unei dezama(iri pro#unde, al unor deziluzii radicale #ata de persoanele semni#icative din viata lor in perioada copilariei! 'dultii sanatosi accepta in mod realist #aptul ca au anumite limite si pot #ace #ata cu succes dezama(irilor, retra(erilor, esecurilor, criticilor si deziluziilor! -ropria lor valoare cat si stima de sine sunt constante si pozitive, nu sunt a#ectate in permanenta in mod substantial de catre evenimentele e$terne! Narcisismul primar este in psi&olo(ie un mecanism de aparare comun in primii ani de viata +de la sase luni la sase ani, si are scopul de a prote%a copilul de inevitabilele raniri si temeri care sunt implicate in procesul de separare-individuatie +procesul prin care bebelusul devine o entitate separata si individuala, al dezvoltarii! Narcisismul secundar sau patolo(ic este un mod de a (andi si a se comporta in perioada de adolescent sau de adult care implica in#atuare, obsesia de sine si e$cluderea celorlalti! Narcisimul se mani#esta prin urmarirea permanenta a (rati#icarii personale, a obtinerii atentiei, prin dominanta sociala si ambitia personala, laudarosenie, lipsa sensibilitatii #ata de ceilalti, lipsa empatiei si/sau dependenta e$cesiva de ceilalti in viata de zi cu zi! Narcisismul patolo(ic se a#la in centrul tulburarii de personalitate narcisica! 'tunci cand un individ +la orice varsta, intampina un obstacol insurmontabil in pro(resul de la un stadiu la altul al dezvoltarii personale, va re(resa la etapa in#antila narcisica mai de(raba decat sa intampine obstacolul! "n re(resie, persoana se poarta copilareste, imatur, simte ca este omnipotenta, %udeca (resit puterea sa, subestimeaza provocarile, pretinde a #i cel care le stie pe toate! Sensibilitatea #ata de nevoile altora, emotiile pe care le simte pentru ei, se deterioreaza intens, poate deveni intolerabil de aro(ant, cu tendinte sadice si paranoide si mai presus de orice cauta admiratie neconditionata! -reocuparile narcisicilor includ #antasme, (andire ma(ica si visare diurna, iar in acest mod ei tind sa-i e$ploateze pe ceilalti si sa-i invidieze! .unctia principala a unui ast#el de narcisim secundar reactiv si trecator este de a incura%a individul sa se an(a%eze intr-un tip de (andire ma(ica pentru a /(oni0 problema, a o /vra%i0 , sau a o intampina de pe o pozitie de omnipotenta! 1 tulburare de personalitate apare atunci cand atacurile repetate asupra obstacolului continua sa esueze 2 in special cand esecurile recurente au loc in stadiile de #ormare a personalitatii +zero 2 sase ani,! 3ontrastul dintre lumea #antastica ocupata +temporar, de individ si cea reala in care continua sa #ie #rustrat este prea acut pentru a-i #ace #ata pentru mult timp! )isonanta duce la decizia inconstienta de a trai in lumea #anteziei, a (randiozitatii in mod /%usti#icat0! Narcisismul este un mecanism de aparare care se a#la in relatie cu mecanismul de cliva%! Narcisicul esueaza in a-i vedea pe ceilalti +oameni, situatii, ca #iind alcatuiti din elemente bune si rele! 4i ori isi idealizeaza obiectul, ori il devalorizeaza! 5ucrurile sunt vazute in alb si

ne(ru, obiectul este ori bun ori rau! 'tributele /rele0 sunt intotdeauna proiectate, trans#erate sau e$ternalizate in alt mod, cele /bune0 sunt internalizate pentru a putea spri%ini (randiozitatea sa, in#latia narcisismului si a #antasmelor de (randoare, dar si pentru e evita durerea asociata cu deziluzionarea! Narcisicul cauta sa se alimenteze cu provizii narcisice pe care le #oloseste pentru a-si re(la auto-su#icienta care este deseori #ra(ila si #luctuanta! 3on#orm teroriilor psi&odinamice ale dezvoltarii, parintii +obiectele primare, si in mod speci#ic mamele sunt primii a(enti ai socializarii copilului! -rin intermediul mamei sale copilul e$ploreaza cele mai importante intrebari ale sale iar prin raspunsurile la care se va raporta se va #orma intrea(a sa e$istenta! 3resterea atra(e dupa sine detasarea (radata de mama, e$plorarea independenta a lumii, autonomia, iar de #elul in care aceste etape sunt parcurse depinde #ormarea unui 4u puternic, a unui sentiment puternic de sine! )aca oricare dintre aceste etape sunt zadarnicite +uneori c&iar de mama care nu-i /da drumul0 copilului, nu-l lasa sa /plece0,, procesul di#erentierii, al separarii-individuatiei, nu va #i completat cu succes, nu se va dobandi autonomia si nici un sentiment coerent de sine, individul va #i caracterizat de dependenta si imaturitate! 4ste universal acceptat ca orice copil trece printr-o etapa de separatie de parintii sai si printruna de individuatie, ca o consecinta a separatiei! 'buzurile si traumele din copilaria timpurie atra( dupa ele strate(ii de a #ace #ata si utilizarea anumitor mecanisme de aparare, inclusiv narcisismul! 6na dintre strate(iile de a #ace #ata este retra(erea in interior, cautarea (rati#icatiei la o sursa si(ura, demna de incredere si disponibila oricand, propriul sel#! 3opilul, speriat de respin(ere si abuz se va retine de la interactiunea cu ceilalti si va apela la #antasme (randioase in care este iubit si isi este auto-su#icient! 7anirea repetata poate conduce catre dezvoltarea unei personalitati narcisice! Si(mund .reud este creditat pentru prima teorie coerenta despre narcisism! 4l descrie tranzitii de la libidoul +ener(ie instinctuala, orientat catre subiect la cel orientat catre obiecte +ceilalti, care se produc prin intermediul parintilor! -entru a #i sanatoase si #unctionale, tranzitiile trebuie sa #ie line si neperturbate, alt#el apar nevrozele! 'st#el, daca un copil nu reuseste sa atra(a dra(ostea si atentia obiectelor sale dorite +parintii, el va re(resa in #aza narcisica! -rima mani#estare a narcisismului este adaptativa pentru ca invata copilul sa iubeasca un obiect disponibil +sel#ul sau, si sa se simta (rati#icat, satis#acut, multumit! )ar re(resia de la o etapa mai tarzie catre narcisismul secundar este dezadaptativa, este o indicatie a #aptului ca directionarea libidoului catre o /tinta corecta0 a esuat! )aca acest model de re(resie persista se #ormeaza o nevroza narcisica! Narcisiscul isi stimuleaza sel#ul in mod obisnuit pentru a obtine placere si (rati#icare! 4l pre#era #antasmele in locul realitatii, o conceptie de sine (randioasa in locul unei autoaprecieri realiste, masturbarea si #anteziile se$uale in locul unor relatii se$uale adulte si visul diurn in locul unor realizari reale in viata sa! 3! 8un( a descris psi&icul ca pe un depozit al ar&etipurilor care sunt modele primitive, #orme simbolice, ima(ini sau sc&eme innascute, e$primate in cultura popoarelor si a caror totalitate de#ineste inconstientul colectiv +-! -opescu Neveanu,! .antasmele sunt o cale de acces la ar&etipuri si de eliberare a lor! "n psi&olo(ia %un(iana, re(resiile sunt procese compensatorii care au scopul de a imbunatati adaptarea si nu cai de a obtine sau de a stabiliza un nivel de (rati#icare! .reud si 8un( nu au #ost de acord nici in privinta introversiei! "ntroversia este indispensabila narcisismului, in timp ce e$troversia este o conditie necesara pentru orientarea catre un obiect libidinal! .reud a privit introversia ca pe un instrument in serviciul patolo(iei! -rin contrast, 8un( considera introversia ca pe un instrument util a#lat in serviciul cautarii nes#arsite de strate(ii adaptative ale psi&icului +narcisismul #iind pentru el o ast#el de strate(ie,!

3u toate acestea, c&iar si 8un( admite ca nevoia #oarte mare de o noua strate(ie de adaptare inseamna ca a avut loc un esec al adaptarii si desi introversia prin de#initie nu este patolo(ica, #elul in care ea este utilizata poate #i patolo(ic! 8un( distin(e introvertii +cei care de re(ula se concentreaza pe sine mai de(raba decat pe altii, de e$troverti +opusul,! "ntroversia este considerata o #unctie normala, naturala, in copilarie si ramane asa +normala si naturala, c&iar daca va domina ulterior viata mentala a individului! -entru 8un( narcisismul patolo(ic este o problema de (rad, este e$clusiv si pervaziv! 9einz :o&ut sustine ca narcisismul patolo(ic nu este rezultatul unui narcisism e$cesiv, al unei a(resivitati e$cesive, al unui libido e$cesiv, ci este rezultatul unor structuri ale sel#ului narcisisce, de#ectuoase, incomplete, de#ormate! :o&ut sustine ca orice copil are notiuni de marire, (randoare naiva amestecate cu (andire ma(ica, sentimente de omnipotenta si credinta intr-o imunitate #ata de consecintele actiunilor lor! 'ceste elemente si sentimentele #ata de parinti, care la randul lor sunt omnipotenti si (randiosi, #uzioneaza si #ormeaza constructele de sel# (randios si de ima(o parental idealizat! Sentimentele copilului #ata de parinti sunt reactii la raspunsurile acestora care pot #i de con#irmare, dezaprobare, pedeapsa, abuz, etc! 7aspunsurile parintilor a%uta la mentinerea structurilor de sine ale copilului! .ara raspunsurile potrivite, (randoarea de e$emplu nu poate #i trans#ormata in ambitii si idealuri adulte! -entru :o&ut (randoarea si idealizarea sunt mecanisme de dezvoltare ale copilului pozitive! 4l considera ca narcisismul +dra(ostea de sine, si dra(ostea pentru ceilalti coe$ista si interactioneaza pe parcursul vietii si este de acord cu .reud din punctul de vedere al nevrozelor ca acumulari de mecanisme de aparare, #ormatiuni, simptome si con#licte inconstiente, dar identi#ica si o noua clasa de tulburari, tulburarile sel#ului care sunt rezultatul unei dezvoltari perturbate a narcisismului! 'ceste tulburari sunt rezultatul traumelor copilariei, ale #aptului de a nu #i /vazut0 de ceilalti, sau de a #i privit ca o e$tensie a parintilor, un simplu instrument de (rati#icare! 'st#el de copii cresc si devin niste adulti care nu sunt si(uri daca /e$ista0 +le lipseste un sentiment al autocontinuitatii, sau daca valoreaza ceva +lipsa unui sentiment stabil de auto-su#icienta, a unei stime de sine stabile,! :aren 9orney sustine ca personalitatea este modelata de mediu, de societate si de cultura! 4a crede ca un copil are nevoie sa se simta in si(uranta, iubit, prote%at, &ranit emotional! ;ot ea mai spune ca an$ietatea este o reactie primara la dependenta totala pentru supravietuire a copilului de adulti! 3opiii sunt nesi(uri de iubire, de protectie, de &rana, etc! si ast#el devin an$iosi! 'parari ca narcisismul se dezvolta pentru a compensa descoperirea intolerabila a #aptului ca adultii sunt simpli oameni care pot #i capriciosi, nedrepti, incorecti, independenti, etc! 'pararile o#era atat satis#actie cat si un sentiment de securitate! 1tto :ernber( priveste ca arti#iciala di#erentierea libidoului orientat catre obiecte +catre ceilalti, de cel narcisic +orientat catre sine,! )aca copilul va dezvolta o #orma de narcisism normala sau patolo(ica depinde de relatia dintre reprezentarile de sine +ima(inea sel#ului pe care copilul si-o #ormeaza in minte, si cele de obiect +ima(inea celorlalti pe care el si-o #ormeaza in minte,! )e asemenea depinde si de relatia dintre reprezentarea de sine si obiectele reale! )ezvoltarea unui narcisim patolo(ic mai poate #i determinata si de con#lictele instinctuale relationate cu libidoul si a(resivitatea! 3onceptul lui :ernber( asupra Sel#ului este asemanator cu cel al lui .reud asupra 4ului! Sel#ul este dependent de inconstient, care e$ercita o in#luenta continua asupra oricarei #unctionari mentale! Narcisimul patolo(ic re#lecta o investitie libidinala intr-un sel# structurat patolo(ic si nu intr-unul normal, intr-o structura inte(rativa a sel#ului! Narcisicul su#era din cauza unui sel# devalorizat sau #i$at pe a(resivitate! ;oate relatiile de obiect ale unui ast#el de sel# patolo(ic sunt detasate de obiectele reale pentru ca acestea produc deseori raniri narcisice si sunt implicate in cliva%, re#ulare sau proiectie pe alte obiecte! Narcisismul nu este in mod

simplu o #i$atie intr-o etapa a dezvoltarii timpurie, ci este o investitie libidinala activa intr-o structura de#ormata a sel#ului! -entru copiii #oarte mici stima de sine consta in sentimentul pro#und de a #i iubit, acceptat, valorizat de catre ceilalti care sunt semni#icativi pentru ei mai de(raba decat din sentimente ce deriva din evaluarea de sine in raport cu niste criterii e$terne, cum este cazul copiilor mai mari! "ntr-adevar, sin(urul criteriu de acceptare si iubire a unui nou nascut ar trebui sa #ie acela ca el, sau ea, s-a nascut! 4$perienta unei iubiri neconditionate si a acceptarii din primii 1-2 ani ai vietii pun #undatia pentru stima de sine de mai tarziu si probabil ca #ac posibil pentru un copil mai mare ca el sa se poata opune criticilor si evaluarilor ne(ative care de re(ula insotesc socializarea intr-o comunitate mai mare! -e masura ce cresc, copiii vor vedea ca societatea impune criterii si conditii pentru a #i iubit si acceptat! )aca sentimentele #oarte timpurii de dra(oste si acceptare pe care copilul le-a trait au #ost su#icient de pro#unde, este #oarte probabil ca mai tarziu el sa nu simta slabiciune in #ata mustrarilor si sa poata riposta! 1data cu cresterea in varsta copilul incepe sa internalizeze criterii de auto-su#icienta si un simt vizavi de standardele care se cer realizate dupa citeriile comunitatii pe care o observa si din care incepe sa #aca parte! Studiile lui 3assidy din 1<88 asupra relatiei dintre stima de sine la varsta de 5-6 ani si calitatea atasamentului timpuriu mama 2 copil, spri%ina teoria lui o=lby si anume: constructia sel#ului deriva din e$perientele timpurii zilnice cu #i(urile de atasament! 7ezultatele studiului con#irma conceptia lui o=lby asupra procesului prin care continuitatea in dezvoltare are loc si asupra modului in care atasamentul timpuriu mama 2 copil continua sa in#luenteze conceptia copilului asupra propriului sel# de-a lun(ul multor ani! *odelele sel#ului deriva din modul in care interactiunea timpurie mama 2 copil or(anizeaza si a%uta la #ormarea mediului copilului! 3opiii #oarte mici au putine mi%loace prin care pot invata despre ei insisi in a#ara e$perientei pe care o au cu #i(urile de atasament! 'utoarea ne su(ereaza ca daca copiii sunt valorizati si li se o#era con#ortul necesar atunci cand au nevoie se vor simti valorosi si invers, daca sunt ne(li%ati si re%ectati se vor simti lipsiti de valoare, ca si cum nu ar #i buni de nimic! 'lti autori sustin ca sentimentul de competenta si stima de sine asociata competentei sunt mai mari la copiii ai caror parinti le-au o#erit un amestec optim de acceptare, a#ectiune, limite rationale si control! "n mod similar, pro#esorii probabil ca vor obtine sentimente pozitive de la elevi atunci cand vor o#eri o ast#el de combinatie de acceptare, limite si e$pectatii realiste in privinta comportamentelor si a e#ortului! 5a inceput, copilul isi idealizeaza parintii! -e masura ce creste, el va incepe sa observe nea%unsurile acestora si va retra(e o parte din libidoul idealizant din ima(inile parentale, ceea ce este #avorabil dezvoltarii naturale a Supraeului! -erturbarile #oarte timpurii din cadrul relatiilor de obiect pot conduce la o slabiciune structurala a personalitatii care va dezvolta un mecanism de #iltrare a stimulilor de#icient si/sau dis#unctional! 'bilitatea individului de a mentine o &omeostazie narcisica de baza a personalitatii este a#ectata si el va su#eri de o vulnerabilitate narcisica di#uza! 1 perturbare aparuta pe parcursul dezvoltarii in perioada pre-oedipala va a#ecta capacitatea de control, canalizare si neutralizare a impulsurilor! *ani#estarea simptomatica a acestui de#ect structural este inclinatia de a se$ualiza derivatele impulsurilor si con#lictele interne si e$terne #ie in #orma #antasmelor #ie in cea a actin(-outurilor! -erturbarile aparute in perioada oedipala sau la inceputul #azei de latenta vor determina individul sa caute in permanenta o #i(ura ideala e$terna de la care sa primeasca con#irmare, a#irmare, lucruri pe care Supraeul sau nu le poate implini! ;oti autorii sunt de acord ca o pierdere care intervine intr-un moment critic al dezvoltarii copilului il va determina sa se indrepte inspre el insusi pentru obtinerea (rati#icarii! 3opilul va

inceta sa mai aiba incredere in ceilalti si in abilitatea sa de a avea relatii de atasament cu ei si va #i in permanenta umbrit de sentimentul ca numai el isi poate satis#ace nevoile emotionale! 6nele persoane narcisice reactioneaza printr-o evadare creativa in lumi ima(inare in care pot e$ercita un control total din punct de vedere #izic si emotional asupra mediului! Sursa tuturor problemelor narcisicilor este #aptul ca ei cred ca toate relatiile cu ceilalti oameni s#arsesc invariabil prin umilinta, tradare sau abandon si aceasta credinta este inradacinata din copilaria #oarte timpurie de catre parinti si prin e$perientele pe care le au cu celelalte persoane! Narcisicul intotdeauna (eneralizeaza, pentru el interactiunea emotionala si orice #el de interactiune este menita sa s#arseasca intr-un mod ne#ericit! Sa se ataseze de un loc, de o slu%ba, de un bun, de o idee, de o initiativa este la #el de di#icil cum este sa se ataseze de o persoana si din acest motiv narcisicul evita intimitatea, prieteniile, dra(ostea, emotiile in (eneral, obli(atiile, dedicarea, perseverenta, plani#icarea, investitiile emotionale sau de orice alt #el! Narcisicii nu pot #i empatici, nu dezvolta niciodata un simt al securitatii sau al placerii! Scopul tratamentului in cazul unei tulburari de personalitate narcisica este de a il a%uta pe pacient sa isi creasca (radul de empatie, sa accepte mai usor respin(erea din partea celorlalti #ara sa se simta amenintat, sa-si dezvolte o perspectiva mai realista asupra abilitatilor sale actuale in de#avoarea celor #antasmatice! ;ratamentul este o provocare pentru ca un individ este de#init de personalitatea sa si personalitatea sa este o parte esentiala a perceptiei de sine a persoanei! )e re(ula narcisicii nu doresc un tratament pentru ca nu vor ca ceilalti sa creada ca ei au slabiciuni, nu vor sa ceara a%utor pentru ca a cere a%utor, pentru ei, inseamna a se in%osi! ;ratamentul este di#icil si pentru ca ei incearca sa isi sustina o ima(ine per#ecta si indestructibila, dedesubtul acestei #atade a#landu-se o persoana nesi(ura si cu o stima de sine scazuta! -rezentandu-se cu o ima(ine de sine #oarte si(ura ei se prote%eaza de una dintre cele mai mari temeri ale lor: aceea ca oamenii vor a#la ca au imper#ectiuni si slabiciuni ca toti ceilalti! &ttp://===!psi&oterapie!net/#orum/psi&oterapie/tulburari-de-personalitate/narcisismul!&tml 08!11!2011 Narcissism .rom >i?ipedia, t&e #ree encyclopedia 8ump to: navi(ation, searc& Narcissism is a term =it& a =ide ran(e o# meanin(s, dependin( on =&et&er it is used to describe a central concept o# psyc&oanalytic t&eory, a mental illness, a social or cultural problem, or simply a personality trait! 4$cept in t&e sense o# primary narcissism or &ealt&y sel#-love, @narcissism@ usually is used to describe some ?ind o# problem in a person or (roupAs relations&ips =it& sel# and ot&ers! "n everyday speec&, @narcissism@ o#ten means in#lated sel#importance, e(otism, vanity, conceit, or simple sel#is&ness! 'pplied to a social (roup, it is sometimes used to denote elitism or an indi##erence to t&e pli(&t o# ot&ers! "n psyc&olo(y, t&e term is used to describe bot& normal sel#-love and un&ealt&y sel#-absorption due to a disturbance in t&e sense o# sel#! ;&e term @narcissism@ =as introduced in 188B by 'l#red inet but its usa(e today stems #rom .reudAs 1<1C essay, 1n Narcissism! "n Dree? myt&, Narcissus =as a beauti#ul youn( man =&o re%ected all potential lovers, but t&en tra(ically #ell in love =it& &is o=n re#lection in a pool! 9aveloc? 4llis =rote in 18<8 o# @Narcissus-li?e@ sel#-absorption, and in 18<< -aul NEc?e used @narcissism@ to describe men =&o =ere se$ually e$cited by t&eir o=n bodies rat&er t&an someone elseAs! "n @1n Narcissism,@ .reud e$panded t&e term @narcissism@ to e$plain t&e di##erence bet=een bein( pat&olo(ically sel#-absorbed and &avin( an ordinary interest in onesel#!

"n 1n Narcissism, .reud ar(ued t&at primary narcissism is a natural and necessary investment o# oneAs se$ual ener(y in onesel#, a se$ual version o# ordinary sel#-interest, =&ereas secondary narcissism is a de#ensive reaction o# =it&dra=in( oneAs se$ual interest #rom ot&er people and #ocusin( it e$clusively on onesel#! ;o illustrate t&e di##erence, .reud compared secondary narcissism to t&e sel#-absorption o# a person in pain: @"t is universally ?no=n, and =e ta?e it as a matter o# course, t&at a person =&o is tormented by or(anic pain and discom#ort (ives up &is interest in t&e t&in(s o# t&e e$ternal =orld, in so #ar as t&ey do not concern &is su##erin(! 3loser observation teac&es us t&at &e also =it&dra=s libidinal interest #rom &is love-ob%ects: so lon( as &e su##ers, &e ceases to love!@ ;oday, in psyc&olo(y, narcissistic personality disorder is a mental illness c&aracterized by a lac? o# empat&y, a =illin(ness to e$ploit ot&ers, and an in#lated sense o# sel#-importance! "n popular discourse, @narcissism@ is a =idely-used term #or a ran(e o# sel#is& be&aviors! 3ultural critics includin( 3&ristop&er 5asc& &ave applied t&e term @narcissism@ more (enerally to contemporary 'merican culture! Some e$perts believe a disproportionate number o# pat&olo(ical narcissists are at =or? in t&e most in#luential reac&es o# society, suc& as medicine, #inance, and politics!F1G *yt& o# Narcissus "n ;&e *etamorp&oses by 1vid, Narcissus =as a #lamboyant yout& =&o re#used everyone =&o =anted to be &is lover! Narcissus &ad never seen &is re#lection! ;&e nymp& 4c&o sa= &im one day =al?in( t&rou(& t&e #orest, and #ell in love =it& &im! 4c&o =as unable to say =&at s&e #elt, because s&e &ad been cursed by t&e (oddess 9era to only be able to repeat ot&ersA =ords bac? to t&em! Narcissus &eard &er but could not see &er, and =&en &e as?ed, @>&oAs &ereH@, all 4c&o could reply =as, @9ere!@ 1ne day, =&en Narcissus became t&irsty and stopped by a pond to ta?e a drin?, &e sa= &is re#lection in t&e =ater #or t&e #irst time! Not reco(nizin( &imsel#, &e #ell in love =it& &is re#lection! 6nable to consummate &is love, Narcissus pined a=ay at t&e pool and c&an(ed into t&e #lo=er t&at bears &is name, t&e narcissus! FeditG 9istory *ain article: 9istory o# narcissism ;&e concept o# e$cessive sel#is&ness &as been reco(nized t&rou(&out &istory! "n ancient Dreece t&e concept =as understood as &ubris! "t is only in recent times t&at it &as been de#ined in psyc&olo(ical terms! "n 18<8 9aveloc? 4llis, an 4n(lis& se$olo(ist, used t&e term @narcissus-li?e@ in re#erence to e$cessive masturbation, =&ereby t&e person becomes &is or &er o=n se$ ob%ect!F2G "n 18<<, -aul NEc&e =as t&e #irst person to use t&e term @narcissism@ in a study o# se$ual perversions! 1tto 7an? in 1<11 publis&ed t&e #irst psyc&oanalytical paper speci#ically concerned =it& narcissism, lin?in( it to vanity and sel#-admiration!F2G Si(mund .reud publis&ed a paper e$clusively devoted to narcissism in 1<1C called 1n Narcissism: 'n "ntroduction!FIG "n 1<2I, *artin uber publis&ed an essay @"c& und )u@ +" and ;&ou,, in =&ic& &e pointed out t&at our narcissism o#ten leads us to relate to ot&ers as ob%ects instead o# as eJuals! Since 2000, on psyc&olo(ical tests desi(ned to detect narcissism, t&e scores o# residents o# t&e 6nited States &ave continually increased! -syc&olo(ists &ave su((ested a lin? to social net=or?in(!FCG FeditG 9ealt&y narcissism *ain article: 9ealt&y narcissism 9ealt&y narcissism is a structural trut&#ulness o# t&e sel#, ac&ievement o# sel# and ob%ect constancy, sync&ronization bet=een t&e sel# and t&e supere(o and a balance bet=een libidinal and a((ressive drives +t&e ability to receive (rati#ication #rom ot&ers and t&e drive #or impulse

e$pression,! 9ealt&y narcissism #orms a constant, realistic sel#-interest and mature (oals and principles and an ability to #orm deep ob%ect relations!F5G ' #eature related to &ealt&y narcissism is t&e #eelin( o# (reatness! ;&is is t&e antit&esis o# insecurity or inadeJuacy! FeditG ' reJuired element =it&in normal development 9ealt&y narcissism mi(&t e$ist in all individuals! .reud says t&at t&is is an ori(inal state #rom =&ic& t&e individual develops t&e love ob%ect! 9e ar(ues t&at &ealt&y narcissism is an essential part o# normal development!FIG 'ccordin( to .reud t&e love o# t&e parents #or t&eir c&ild and t&eir attitude to=ard t&eir c&ild could be seen as a revival and reproduction o# t&eir o=n narcissism!FIG ;&e c&ild &as an omnipotence o# t&ou(&tK t&e parents stimulate t&at #eelin( because in t&eir c&ild t&ey see t&e t&in(s t&at t&ey &ave never reac&ed t&emselves! 3ompared to neutral observations, t&e parents tend to overvalue t&e Jualities o# t&eir c&ild! >&en parents act in an e$treme opposite style and t&e c&ild is re%ected or inconsistently rein#orced dependin( on t&e mood o# t&e parent, t&e sel#-needs o# t&e c&ild are not met! Fcitation neededG FeditG "n relation to t&e pat&olo(ical condition 9ealt&y narcissism &as to do =it& a stron( #eelin( o# @o=n love@ protectin( t&e &uman bein( a(ainst illness! 4ventually, &o=ever, t&e individual must love t&e ot&er, @t&e ob%ect love to not become ill@! ;&e individual becomes ill as a result o# t&e #rustration created =&en &e is unable to love t&e ob%ect!F6G "n pat&olo(ical narcissism suc& as t&e narcissistic personality disorder and sc&izop&renia, t&e personLs libido &as been =it&dra=n #rom ob%ects in t&e =orld and produces me(alomania! ;&e clinical t&eorists :ernber(, :o&ut and *illon all see pat&olo(ical narcissism as a possible outcome in response to unempat&ic and inconsistent early c&ild&ood interactions! ;&ey su((ested t&at narcissists try to compensate in adult relations&ips!FBG ;&e pat&olo(ical condition o# narcissism is, as .reud su((ested, a ma(ni#ied, e$treme mani#estation o# &ealt&y narcissism! >it& re(ard to t&e condition o# &ealt&y narcissism, it is su((ested t&at t&is is correlated =it& (ood psyc&olo(ical &ealt&! Sel#-esteem =or?s as a mediator bet=een narcissism and psyc&olo(ical &ealt&! ;&ere#ore, because o# t&eir elevated sel#-esteem, derivin( #rom sel#perceptions o# competence and li?ability, &i(& narcissists are relatively #ree o# =orry and (loom!F8G 1t&er researc&ers su((ested t&at &ealt&y narcissism cannot be seen as M(oodL or MbadLK &o=ever, it depends on t&e conte$ts and outcomes bein( measured! "n certain social conte$ts suc& as initiatin( social relations&ips, and =it& certain outcome variables, suc& as #eelin( (ood about onesel#, &ealt&y narcissism can be &elp#ul! "n ot&er conte$ts, suc& as maintainin( lon(-term relations&ips and =it& ot&er outcome variables, suc& as accurate sel#?no=led(e, &ealt&y narcissism can be un&elp#ul!F<G FeditG "mpact o# &ealt&y vs! destructive narcissism on or(anizations 5ubit compared &ealt&y and destructive narcissism in relation to t&eir lon(-term impact on or(anizations!F10G 3&aracteristic 9ealt&y Narcissism )estructive Narcissism 9i(& out=ard sel#-con#idence in 'n unrealistic sense o# superiority Sel#-con#idence line =it& reality +@Drandiose@, )esire #or po=er, -ursues po=er at all costs, lac?s normal =ealt& and *ay en%oy po=er in&ibitions in its pursuit admiration 3oncerns limited to e$pressin( socially 7eal concern #or ot&ers and appropriate response =&en convenientK 7elations&ips t&eir ideasK does not e$ploit or devalues and e$ploits ot&ers =it&out devalue ot&ers remorse 'bility to #ollo= a 9as valuesK #ollo=s t&rou(& on 5ac?s valuesK easily boredK o#ten consistent pat& plans c&an(es course

9ealt&y c&ild&ood =it& support ;raumatic c&ild&ood undercuttin( true #or sel#-esteem and appropriate sense o# sel#-esteem and/or learnin( t&at .oundation limits on be&aviour to=ards &e/s&e doesnAt need to be considerate o# ot&ers ot&ers FeditG 4mpirical studies >it&in psyc&olo(y, t&ere are t=o main branc&es o# researc& into narcissism, clinical and social psyc&olo(y! ;&ese approac&es di##er in t&eir vie= o# narcissism =it& t&e #ormer treatin( it as a disorder, t&us as discrete, and t&e latter treatin( it as a personality trait, t&us as a continuum! ;&ese t=o strands o# researc& tend loosely to stand in a diver(ent relation to one anot&er, alt&ou(& t&ey conver(e in places! 3ampbell and .oster +200B,F11G revie= t&e literature on narcissism! ;&ey ar(ue t&at narcissists possess t&e #ollo=in( @basic in(redients@: -ositive: Narcissists t&in? t&ey are better t&an ot&ers!F12G "n#lated: NarcissistsA vie=s tend to be contrary to reality! "n measures t&at compare sel#-report to ob%ective measures, narcissistsA sel#-vie=s tend to be (reatly e$a((erated!F1IG '(entic: NarcissistsL vie=s tend to be most e$a((erated in t&e a(entic domain, relative to t&e communion domain!Fclari#ication neededGF12GF1IG Special: Narcissists perceive t&emselves to be uniJue and special people!F1CG Sel#is&: 7esearc& upon narcissistsL be&aviour in resource dilemmas supports t&e case #or narcissists as bein( sel#is&!F15G 1riented to=ard success: Narcissists are oriented to=ards success by bein(, #or e$ample, approac& oriented!Fclari#ication neededGF16G Narcissists tend to demonstrate a lac? o# interest in =arm and carin( interpersonal relations&ips! F3ampbell and .orster +200B,F11GG! ;&ere are several on(oin( controversies =it&in narcissism literature, namely =&et&er narcissism is &ealt&y or un&ealt&y, a personality disorder, a discrete or continuous variable, de#ensive or o##ensive, t&e same across (enders, t&e same across cultures, and c&an(eable or unc&an(eable! 3ampbell and .oster +200B, ar(ue t&at sel#-re(ulatory strate(ies are o# paramount importance to understandin( narcissism!F11G Sel#-re(ulation in narcissists involves suc& t&in(s as strivin( to ma?e oneLs sel# loo? and #eel positive, special, success#ul and important! "t comes in bot& intra-psyc&ic, suc& as blamin( a situation rat&er t&an sel# #or #ailure, and interpersonal #orms, suc& as usin( a relations&ip to serve oneLs o=n sel#! Some di##erences in sel#-re(ulation bet=een narcissists and non-narcissists can be seen =it& 3ampbell, 7eeder, Sedi?ides N 4lliot +2000,F1BG =&o conducted a study =it& t=o e$periments! "n eac& e$periment, participants too? part in an ac&ievement tas?, #ollo=in( =&ic& t&ey =ere provided =it& #alse #eedbac?K it =as eit&er bo(us success or #ailure! ;&e study #ound t&at bot& narcissists and non-narcissists sel#-en&anced, but non-narcissists s&o=ed more #le$ibility in doin( so! -articipants =ere measured on bot& a comparative and a non-comparative sel#-en&ancement strate(y! ot& narcissists and non-narcissists employed t&e non-comparative strate(y similarlyK &o=ever, narcissists =ere #ound to be more sel#-servin( =it& t&e comparative strate(y, employin( it #ar more t&an non-narcissists, su((estin( a (reater ri(idity in t&eir sel#en&ancement! >&en narcissists receive ne(ative #eedbac? t&at t&reatens t&e sel#, t&ey sel#en&ance at all costs, but non-narcissists tend to &ave limits! FeditG 7elations&ip to *oral 8ud(ments ' study on 1B social and economic issues #ound narcissism to correlate si(ni#icantly =it& traditionally @conservative@ positions on capital punis&ment, #ree mar?ets, detention o# suspected terrorists =it&out trial, and t&e ri(&t o# a (overnment to =a(e =ar in violation o# 6N resolutions! No si(ni#icant relations&ips =ere #ound bet=een narcissism and traditionally liberal %ud(ments!F18G FeditG Narcissistic personality disorder

*ain article: Narcissistic personality disorder 'lt&ou(& most individuals &ave some narcissistic traits, &i(& levels o# narcissism can mani#est t&emselves in a pat&olo(ical #orm as narcissistic personality disorder +N-),, =&ereby t&e patient overestimates &is or &er abilities and &as an e$cessive need #or admiration and a##irmation! N-) is a condition de#ined in t&e )ia(nostic and Statistical *anual o# *ental )isorders version C, but a proposal &as been made to remove it #rom t&e )S*-5! FeditG Narcissistic traits ;&omas su((ests t&at narcissists typically display most, sometimes all, o# t&e #ollo=in( traits: F1<G 'n obvious sel#-#ocus in interpersonal e$c&an(es -roblems in sustainin( satis#yin( relations&ips ' lac? o# psyc&olo(ical a=areness +see insi(&t in psyc&olo(y and psyc&iatry, e(osyntonic, )i##iculty =it& empat&y -roblems distin(uis&in( t&e sel# #rom ot&ers +see narcissism and boundaries, 9ypersensitivity to any insults or ima(ined insults +see criticism and narcissists, narcissistic ra(e and narcissistic in%ury, Oulnerability to s&ame rat&er t&an (uilt 9au(&ty body lan(ua(e .lattery to=ards people =&o admire and a##irm t&em +narcissistic supply, )etestin( t&ose =&o do not admire t&em +narcissistic abuse, 6sin( ot&er people =it&out considerin( t&e cost o# doin( so -retendin( to be more important t&an t&ey really are ra((in( +subtly but persistently, and e$a((eratin( t&eir ac&ievements 3laimin( to be an @e$pert@ at many t&in(s "nability to vie= t&e =orld #rom t&e perspective o# ot&er people )enial o# remorse and (ratitude FeditG 9otc&?issA seven deadly sins o# narcissism 9otc&?iss identi#ied =&at s&e called t&e seven deadly sins o# narcissism:F20G S&amelessness: S&ame is t&e #eelin( t&at lur?s beneat& all un&ealt&y narcissism, and t&e inability to process s&ame in &ealt&y =ays! *a(ical t&in?in(: Narcissists see t&emselves as per#ect, usin( distortion and illusion ?no=n as ma(ical t&in?in(! ;&ey also use pro%ection to dump s&ame onto ot&ers! 'rro(ance: ' narcissist =&o is #eelin( de#lated may rein#late by diminis&in(, debasin(, or de(radin( somebody else! 4nvy: ' narcissist may secure a sense o# superiority in t&e #ace o# anot&er personAs ability by usin( contempt to minimize t&e ot&er person! 4ntitlement: Narcissists &old unreasonable e$pectations o# particularly #avorable treatment and automatic compliance because t&ey consider t&emselves special! .ailure to comply is considered an attac? on t&eir superiority, and t&e perpetrator is considered an @a=?=ard@ or @di##icult@ person! )e#iance o# t&eir =ill is a narcissistic in%ury t&at can tri((er narcissistic ra(e! 4$ploitation: 3an ta?e many #orms but al=ays involves t&e e$ploitation o# ot&ers =it&out re(ard #or t&eir #eelin(s or interests! 1#ten t&e ot&er is in a subservient position =&ere resistance =ould be di##icult or even impossible! Sometimes t&e subservience is not so muc& real as assumed! ad boundaries: Narcissists do not reco(nize t&at t&ey &ave boundaries and t&at ot&ers are separate and are not e$tensions o# t&emselves! 1t&ers eit&er e$ist to meet t&eir needs or may as =ell not e$ist at all! ;&ose =&o provide narcissistic supply to t&e narcissist are treated as i# t&ey are part o# t&e narcissist and are e$pected to live up to t&ose e$pectations! "n t&e mind o# a narcissist t&ere is no boundary bet=een sel# and ot&er!

FeditG *astersonAs subtypes +e$&ibitionist and closet, "n 1<<I, 8ames .! *asterson proposed t=o cate(ories #or pat&olo(ical narcissism, e$&ibitionist and closet!F21G ot& #ail to adeJuately develop an a(e- and p&ase- appropriate sel# because o# de#ects in t&e Juality o# psyc&olo(ical nurturin( provided, usually by t&e mot&er! ;&e e$&ibitionist narcissist is t&e one described in )S*-"O and di##ers #rom t&e closet narcissist in several important =ays! ;&e closet narcissist is more li?ely to be described as &avin( a de#lated, inadeJuate sel#perception and (reater a=areness o# emptiness =it&in! ;&e e$&ibitionist narcissist =ould be described as &avin( an in#lated, (randiose sel#-perception =it& little or no conscious a=areness o# t&e emptiness =it&in! Suc& a person =ould assume t&at t&is condition =as normal and t&at ot&ers =ere %ust li?e t&em! ;&e closet narcissist see?s constant approval #rom ot&ers and appears similar to t&e borderline in t&e need to please ot&ers! ;&e e$&ibitionist narcissist see?s per#ect admiration all t&e time #rom ot&ers! FeditG *illonAs variations ;&eodore *illon identi#ied #ive variations o# narcissist!F2G 'ny individual narcissist may e$&ibit none or one o# t&e #ollo=in(: unprincipled narcissist: includin( antisocial #eatures! ' c&arlatanPis a #raudulent, e$ploitative, deceptive and unscrupulous individual! amorous narcissist: includin( &istrionic #eatures! ;&e )on 8uan or 3asanova o# our timesPis erotic, e$&ibitionist! compensatory narcissist: includin( ne(ativistic +passive-a((ressive,, avoidant #eatures! elitist narcissist: variant o# pure pattern! 3orresponds to >il&elm 7eic&As @p&allic narcissistic@ personality type! #anatic type: includin( paranoid #eatures! 'n individual =&ose sel#-esteem =as severely arrested durin( c&ild&ood, usually =it& ma%or paranoid tendencies =&o &olds onto an illusion o# omnipotence! ;&ese people are #i(&tin( delusions o# insi(ni#icance and lost value and are tryin( to re-establis& t&eir sel#-esteem t&rou(& (randiose #antasies and sel#-rein#orcement! "# unable to (ain reco(nition o# support #rom ot&ers, t&ey ta?e on t&e role o# a &eroic or =ors&ipped person =it& a (randiose mission! FeditG 1t&er #orms o# narcissism FeditG 'cJuired situational narcissism 'cJuired situational narcissism +'SN, is a #orm o# narcissism t&at develops in late adolescence or adult&ood, brou(&t on by =ealt&, #ame and t&e ot&er trappin(s o# celebrity! "t =as coined by 7obert ! *illman, pro#essor o# psyc&iatry at t&e >eill 3ornell *edical 3olle(e o# 3ornell 6niversity! 'SN di##ers #rom conventional narcissism in t&at it develops a#ter c&ild&ood and is tri((ered and supported by t&e celebrity-obsessed society: #ans, assistants and tabloid media all play into t&e idea t&at t&e person really is vastly more important t&an ot&er people, tri((erin( a narcissistic problem t&at mi(&t &ave been only a tendency, or latent, and &elpin( it to become a #ull-blo=n personality disorder! @*illman says t&at =&at &appens to celebrities is t&at t&ey (et so used to people loo?in( at t&em t&at t&ey stop loo?in( bac? at ot&er people!@F22G "n its presentation and symptoms, it is indistin(uis&able #rom narcissistic personality disorder, di##erin( only in its late onset and its support by lar(e numbers o# ot&ers! @;&e lac? o# social norms, controls, and o# people tellin( t&em &o= li#e really is, also ma?es t&ese people believe t&eyAre invulnerable,@F2IG so t&at t&e person =it& 'SN may su##er #rom unstable relations&ips, substance abuse and erratic be&aviour! ' #amous #ictional c&aracter =it& 'SN is Norma )esmond, t&e main c&aracter o# Sunset oulevard! FeditG '((ressive narcissism

;&is is .actor 1 in t&e 9are -syc&opat&y 3&ec?list, =&ic& includes t&e #ollo=in( traits: Dlibness/super#icial c&arm 5ac? o# remorse or (uilt Drandiose sense o# sel#-=ort& 3allous/lac? o# empat&y -at&olo(ical lyin( .ailure to accept responsibility #or o=n actions 3unnin(/manipulative FeditG 3odependency +inverted narcissism or co-narcissism, *ain article: 3odependency 3odependency is a tendency to be&ave in overly passive or e$cessively careta?in( =ays t&at ne(atively impact oneAs relations&ips and Juality o# li#e! Narcissists are considered to be natural ma(nets #or t&e codependent! 7appoport identi#ies codependents o# narcissists as @conarcissists@!F2CG FeditG 3ollective or (roup narcissism *ain article: 3ollective narcissism 3ollective narcissism +or (roup narcissism, is a type o# narcissism =&ere an individual &as an in#lated sel#-love o# &is or &er o=n in(roup, =&ere an /in(roup0 is a (roup in =&ic& an individual is personally involved!F25G >&ile t&e classic de#inition o# narcissism #ocuses on t&e individual, collective narcissism asserts t&at one can &ave a similar e$cessively &i(& opinion o# a (roup, and t&at a (roup can #unction as a narcissistic entity!F25G 3ollective narcissism is related to et&nocentrismK &o=ever, et&nocentrism primarily #ocuses on sel#centeredness at an et&nic or cultural level, =&ile collective narcissism is e$tended to any type o# in(roup beyond %ust cultures and et&nicities!F25GF26G FeditG 3onversational narcissism 3onversational narcissism is a term used by sociolo(ist 3&arles )erber in &is boo?, ;&e -ursuit o# 'ttention: -o=er and 4(o in 4veryday 5i#e! )erber observed t&at t&e social support system in 'merica is relatively =ea?, and t&is leads people to compete mi(&tily #or attention! "n social situations, t&ey tend to steer t&e conversation a=ay #rom ot&ers and to=ard t&emselves! @3onversational narcissism is t&e ?ey mani#estation o# t&e dominant attention-(ettin( psyc&olo(y in 'merica,@ &e =rote! @"t occurs in in#ormal conversations amon( #riends, #amily and co=or?ers! ;&e pro#usion o# popular literature about listenin( and t&e etiJuette o# mana(in( t&ose =&o tal? constantly about t&emselves su((ests its pervasiveness in everyday li#e!@ >&at )erber describes as @conversational narcissism@ o#ten occurs subtly rat&er t&an overtly because it is prudent to avoid bein( %ud(ed an e(otist! )erber distin(uis&es t&e @s&i#t-response@ #rom t&e @support-response@!Fclari#ication neededG FeditG 3orporate narcissism 1r(anizational psyc&olo(ist 'lan )o=ns =rote a boo? in 1<<B describin( corporate narcissism!F2BG 9e e$plores &i(&-pro#ile corporate leaders +suc& as 'l )unlap and 7obert 'llen, =&o, &e su((ests, literally &ave only one t&in( on t&eir minds: pro#its! 'ccordin( to )o=ns, suc& narro= #ocus actually may yield positive s&ort-term bene#its, but ultimately it dra(s do=n individual employees as =ell as entire companies! 'lternative t&in?in( is proposed, and some #irms no= utilizin( t&ese options are e$amined! )o=nsA t&eories are relevant to t&ose su((ested by Oictor 9ill in &is boo?, 3orporate Narcissism in 'ccountin( .irms 'ustralia!F28G FeditG 3ross-cultural narcissism 8oan 5ac&?ar describes t&e p&enomenon o# cross-cultural narcissism t&us:F2<G ;&e cross-cultural narcissist brin(s to &is ne= country a certain amount o# nationalistic pride, =&ic& &e &olds onto relentlessly! 9e re#uses to adapt and =ill (o to (reat len(t&s to maintain &is sense o# special identity! 3ross-cultural narcissists o#ten &oo? up =it& borderline =omen, =&o tend to idealize and be mesmerized by men #rom anot&er culture! FeditG 3ultural narcissism

"n ;&e 3ulture o# Narcissism, 3&ristop&er 5asc& de#ines a narcissistic culture as one =&ere every activity and relations&ip is de#ined by t&e &edonistic need to acJuire t&e symbols o# =ealt&,FI0G t&is becomin( t&e only e$pression o# ri(id, yet covert, social &ierarc&ies! "t is a culture =&ere liberalism only e$ists inso#ar as it serves a consumer society, and even art, se$ and reli(ion lose t&eir liberatin( po=er! "n suc& a society o# constant competition, t&ere can be no allies, and little transparency! ;&e t&reats to acJuisitions o# social symbols are so numerous, varied and #reJuently incompre&ensible, t&at de#ensiveness, as =ell as competitiveness, becomes a =ay o# li#e! 'ny real sense o# community is underminedPor even destroyedPto be replaced by virtual eJuivalents t&at strive, unsuccess#ully, to synt&esize a sense o# community! FeditG )estructive narcissism )estructive narcissism describes someone =&o constantly e$&ibits numerous and intense c&aracteristics usually associated =it& t&e pat&olo(ical narcissist but &avin( #e=er c&aracteristics t&an pat&olo(ical narcissism!FI1G FeditG Dender narcissism Dender narcissism is a relatively ne= concept, re#erred to by )r! Derald Sc&oen=ol#,FI2G =it& re#erence to bot& males and #emales! ;&e concept builds on .reudAs t&eories o# penis envy and t&e castration an$iety! 3&ie#ly t&at an over-emp&asis or over-perception o# (ender and (ender di##erence in c&ild&ood can lead to eit&er a devaluation or an over-valuation o# oneAs (ender in later li#e! )r! Sc&oen=ol# in particular su((ests t&at t&e emer(ence o# t&e #eminist personality, =it& (onadal-centric vie=s, and #emale (ender narcissism are synonymous! FeditG *ali(nant narcissism *ain article: *ali(nant narcissism *ali(nant narcissism, a term #irst coined in a boo? by 4ric& .romm in 1<6C,FIIG is a syndrome consistin( o# a cross breed o# t&e narcissistic personality disorder, t&e antisocial personality disorder, as =ell as paranoid traits! ;&e mali(nant narcissist di##ers #rom narcissistic personality disorder in t&at t&e mali(nant narcissist derives &i(&er levels o# psyc&olo(ical (rati#ication #rom accomplis&ments over time +t&us =orsenin( t&e disorder,! ecause t&e mali(nant narcissist becomes more involved in t&is psyc&olo(ical (rati#ication, in t&e conte$t o# t&e ri(&t conditions, t&ey are apt to develop t&e antisocial, t&e paranoid, and t&e sc&izoid personality disorders! ;&e term mali(nant is added to t&e term narcissist to indicate t&at individuals =it& t&is disorder &ave a po=er#ul #orm o# narcissism t&at &as made t&em ill in t&e #orms o# paranoid and anti-social traits! FeditG *edical narcissism *edical narcissism is a term coined by 8o&n an%a in &is boo?, *edical 4rrors and *edical Narcissism!FICGFI5G an%a de#ines @medical narcissism@ as t&e need o# &ealt& pro#essionals to preserve t&eir sel# esteem leadin( to t&e compromise o# error disclosure to patients! "n t&e boo? &e e$plores t&e psyc&olo(ical, et&ical and le(al e##ects o# medical errors and t&e e$tent to =&ic& a need to constantly assert t&eir competence can cause ot&er=ise capable, and even e$ceptional, pro#essionals to #all into narcissistic traps! 9e claims t&at: !!!most &ealt& pro#essionals +in #act, most pro#essionals o# any il?, =or? on cultivatin( a sel# t&at e$udes aut&ority, control, ?no=led(e, competence and respectability! "tAs t&e narcissist in us allP=e dread appearin( stupid or incompetent! FeditG -&allic narcissism >il&elm 7eic& #irst identi#ied t&e p&allic narcissistic personality type, =it& e$cessively in#lated sel#-ima(e! ;&e individual is elitist, a @social climber@, admiration see?in(, sel#promotin(, bra((in( and empo=ered by social success!

'ccordin( to 1tto .enic&el, A-&allic c&aracters are persons =&ose be&avior is rec?less, resolute and sel#-assured - traits, &o=ever, t&at &ave a reactive c&aracter: t&ey re#lect a #i$ation at t&e p&allic level, =it& overvaluation o# t&e penis and con#usion o# t&e penis =it& t&e =&ole bodyA!FI6G .enic&el stressed t&at Aan intense vanity and sensitiveness reveals t&at t&ese narcissistic patients still &ave t&eir narcissistic needs!!!#or =&ic& t&ey overcompensateA! FIBG 1t&ers =ould add t&at At&e p&allic c&aracter conceives o# se$ual be&aviour as a display o# potency, in contrast to t&e (enital c&aracter, =&o conceives o# it as participation in a relations&ipA!FI8G FeditG -rimordial narcissism -syc&iatrist 4rnst Simmel #irst de#ined primordial narcissism in 1<CC!FI<G SimmelAs #undamental t&esis is t&at t&e most primitive sta(e o# libidinal development is not t&e oral, but t&e (astro-intestinal one! *out& and anus are merely to be considered as t&e terminal parts o# t&is or(anic zone! Simmel terms t&e psyc&olo(ical condition o# prenatal e$istence @primordial narcissism@! "t is t&e ve(etative sta(e o# t&e pre-e(o, identical =it& t&e id! 't t&is sta(e t&ere is complete instinctual repose, mani#ested in unconsciousness! Satiation o# t&e (astro-intestinal zone, t&e representative o# t&e instinct o# sel#-preservation, can brin( bac? t&is complete instinctual repose, =&ic&, under pat&olo(ical conditions, can become t&e aim o# t&e instinct! 3ontrary to 5asc&, ernard Stie(ler ar(ues in &is boo?, 'ctin( 1ut, t&at consumer capitalism is in #act destructive o# =&at &e calls primordial narcissism, =it&out =&ic& it is not possible to e$tend love to ot&ers!FC0G "n ot&er =ords &e is re#errin( to t&e natural state o# an in#ant as a #etus and in t&e #irst #e= days o# its li#e, be#ore it &as learned t&at ot&er people e$ist besides itsel#, and t&ere#ore cannot possibly be a=are t&at t&ey are &uman bein(s =it& #eelin(s, rat&er t&an &avin( anyt&in( to do =it& actual narcissism! FeditG Se$ual narcissism Se$ual narcissism &as been described as an e(ocentric pattern o# se$ual be&avior t&at involves an in#lated sense o# se$ual ability and se$ual entitlement! "n addition, se$ual narcissism is t&e erotic preoccupation =it& onesel# as a superb lover t&rou(& a desire to mer(e se$ually =it& a mirror ima(e o# onesel#! Se$ual narcissism is an intimacy dys#unction in =&ic& se$ual e$ploits are pursued, (enerally in t&e #orm o# e$tramarital a##airs, to overcompensate #or lo= sel#-esteem and an inability to e$perience true intimacy!FC1G ;&is be&avioral pattern is believed to be more common in men t&an in =omen and &as been tied to domestic violence in men and se$ual coercion in couples!FC2GFCIG 9urlbert ar(ues t&at se$ is a natural biolo(ical (iven and t&ere#ore cannot be deemed as an addiction! 9e and &is collea(ues assert t&at any se$ual addiction is not&in( more t&an a misnomer #or =&at is actually se$ual narcissism or se$ual compulsivity!FCCG FeditG Spiritual narcissism *ain article: Spiritual materialism Spiritual narcissism describes mista?es spiritual see?ers commit t&at turn t&e pursuit o# spirituality into an e(o-buildin( and con#usion-creatin( endeavor!FC5G ;&is is based on t&e idea t&at e(o development is counter to spiritual pro(ress! FeditG 3ommonly used measures FeditG Narcissistic -ersonality "nventory *ain article: Narcissistic -ersonality "nventory ;&e Narcissistic -ersonality "nventory +N-", is t&e most =idely used measure o# narcissism in social psyc&olo(ical researc&! 'lt&ou(& several versions o# t&e N-" &ave been proposed in t&e literature, a #orty-item #orced-c&oice version +7as?in N ;erry, 1<88, is t&e one most commonly employed in current researc&! ;&e N-" is based on t&e )S*-""" clinical criteria #or narcissistic personality disorder +N-),, alt&ou(& it =as desi(ned to measure t&ese #eatures in

t&e (eneral population! ;&us, t&e N-" is o#ten said to measure @normal@ or @subclinical@ +borderline, narcissism +i!e!, in people =&o score very &i(& on t&e N-" do not necessarily meet criteria #or dia(nosis =it& N-),! FeditG ;&e *illon 3linical *ultia$ial "nventory *ain article: *illon 3linical *ultia$ial "nventory ;&e *illon 3linical *ultia$ial "nventory +*3*", is a =idely used dia(nostic test developed by ;&eodore *illon! ;&e *3*" includes a scale #or Narcissism! 'uerbac& compared t&e N-" and *3*" and #ound t&em =ell correlated, r+1C6, Q !55, pR!001!FC6G "t s&ould be noted t&at =&ereas t&e *3*" measures narcissistic personality disorder +N-),, t&e N-" measures narcissism as it occurs in t&e (eneral population! "n ot&er =ords, t&e N-" measures @normal@ narcissismK i!e!, most people =&o score very &i(& on t&e N-" do not &ave N-)! "ndeed, t&e N-" does not capture any sort o# narcissism ta$on as =ould be e$pected i# it measured N-)! FCBG FeditG Narcissistic parents *ain article: Narcissistic parents Narcissistic parents demand certain be&avior #rom t&eir c&ildren because t&ey see t&e c&ildren as e$tensions o# t&emselves, and need t&e c&ildren to represent t&em in t&e =orld in =ays t&at meet t&e parentsL emotional needs! ;&is parentin( AstyleA most o#ten results in estran(ed relations&ips =it& t&e c&ildren, coupled =it& #eelin(s o# resentment and sel#-destructive tendencies!F2CG FeditG Narcissistic leaders&ip *ain article: Narcissistic leaders&ip Narcissistic leaders&ip is a common #orm o# leaders&ip! ;&e narcissism may be &ealt&y or destructive alt&ou(& t&ere is a continuum bet=een t&e t=o! ' study publis&ed in t&e %ournal -ersonality and Social -syc&olo(y ulletin su((ests t&at =&en a (roup is =it&out a leader, you can o#ten count on a narcissist to ta?e c&ar(e! 7esearc&ers #ound t&at people =&o score &i(& in narcissism tend to ta?e control o# leaderless (roups!FC8G FeditG 9eritability o# narcissism utilizin( t=in studies 5ivesley et al! concluded, in a(reement =it& ot&er studies, t&at narcissism as measured by a standardized testFC<G =as a common in&erited trait!F50G 'dditionally, in similar a(reement =it& t&ose ot&er studies, it =as #ound t&at t&ere e$ists a continuum bet=een normal and disordered personality! ;&e study sub%ects =ere 1B5 volunteer t=in pairs +ninety identical, ei(&ty-#ive #raternal, dra=n #rom t&e (eneral population! 4ac& t=in completed a Juestionnaire t&at assessed ei(&teen dimensions o# personality disorder! ;&e aut&ors estimated t&e &eritability o# eac& dimension o# personality by standard met&ods, t&us providin( estimates o# t&e relative contributions o# (enetic and environmental causation! 1# t&e ei(&teen personality dimensions, narcissism =as #ound to &ave t&e &i(&est &eritability +0!6C,, indicatin( t&at t&e concordance o# t&is trait in t&e identical t=ins =as si(ni#icantly in#luenced by (enetics! 1# t&e ot&er dimensions o# personality, only #our =ere #ound to &ave &eritability coe##icients o# (reater t&an 0!5: callousness, identity problems, oppositionality and social avoidance! FeditG Sti(matisin( attitude o# narcissists to psyc&iatric illness 'ri?an #ound t&at a sti(matisin( attitude to psyc&iatric patients is associated =it& narcissistic personality traits!F51G FeditG Narcissism in evolutionary psyc&olo(y ;&e concept o# narcissism is used in evolutionary psyc&olo(y in relation to t&e mec&anisms o# assortative matin(, or t&e non-random c&oice o# a partner #or purposes o# procreation! 4vidence #or assortative matin( amon( &umans is =ell establis&edK &umans mate assortatively re(ardin( a(e, "S, &ei(&t, =ei(&t, nationality, educational and occupational level, p&ysical

and personality c&aracteristics, and #amily relatedness!F52G "n t&e @sel# see?in( li?e@ &ypot&esis, individuals unconsciously loo? #or a mirror ima(e o# t&emselves in ot&ers, see?in( criteria o# beauty or reproductive #itness in t&e conte$t o# sel#-re#erence! 'lvarez et al! #ound t&at #acial resemblance bet=een couples =as a stron( drivin( #orce amon( t&e mec&anisms o# assortative matin(: &uman couples resemble eac& ot&er si(ni#icantly more t&an =ould be e$pected #rom random pair #ormation!F5IG Since #acial c&aracteristics are ?no=n to be in&erited, t&e @sel# see?in( li?e@ mec&anism may en&ance reproduction bet=een (enetically similar mates, #avorin( t&e stabilization o# (enes supportin( social be&avior, =it& no ?in relations&ip amon( t&em! FeditG 4$amples o# narcissism in t&e media Numerous boo?s, #ilms and television s&o=s &ave narcissistic c&aracters and/or t&emes! 4$amples include: 'll 'bout 4ve +'ddison )e>itt, -eter -an +-eter -an and 3aptain 9oo?, 'merican -syc&o +-atric? ateman, Secret Smile + rendan loc?, asic "nstinct +3at&erine ;ramell, Spon(ebob SJuarepants@ +SJuid=ard arry 5yndon +Stanley :ubric?As 1<B5 period ;entacles, #ilm version o# >illiam *a?epeace ;&e 1##ice +*ic&ael Scott, ;&ac?erayAs 18CC novel, ;&e 5uc? o# arry ;&e -icture o# )orian Dray by 1scar >ilde 5yndon, +=&o =as a sel#-con#essed narcissist, #eatures 3ruel "ntentions +:at&ryn *erteuil, Sebastian t&e narcissistic c&aracters o# )orian Dray and Oalmont, 5ord 9enry >otton! 3rime and -unis&ment +7odion 7omanovic& ;&e >izard o# 1z +;&e >izard, 7as?olni?ov, ;&ere >ill e lood +)aniel -lainvie=, 3riminal *inds >&ite 1leander +"n(rid *a(nussen, )allas +8!7! 4=in(, Span(lis& +;Ta 5ioni, Dasli(&t +1<CC #ilm, +Dre(ory 'nton,! .rom ;&e )uc&ess +7alp& .iennes, t&e #ilmAs title, @(asli(&tin(@ acJuired t&e ;&e 7iddler, a comic boo? supervillain meanin( o# rut&lessly manipulatin( an publis&ed by )3 3omics, and an enemy o# individual, #or ne#arious reasons, into atman believin( t&at t&ey are (oin( crazy or ;&e Smur#s +Oanity Smur#, ima(inin( t&in(s! >atc&men +'drian Oeidt, 9ouse *) >&at 4ver 9appened to 'unt 'liceH +3laire ;=o 'nd ' 9al# *en @4velyn 9arper@ *arrable, 5aura +>aldo 5ydec?er, Street .i(&ter +Oe(a, *ortal :ombat@ +8o&nny 3a(e, Nip/;uc? +)r! 3&ristian ;roy, -aradise 5ost +5uci#er, 8ay Datsby, t&e titular c&aracter o# .! Scott .itz(eraldAs 1<25 novel ;&e Dreat Datsby, @an arc&etype o# sel#-made 'merican men see?in( to %oin &i(& society,@F5CG &as been described as a @pat&olo(ical narcissist@ #or =&om t&e @e(o-ideal@ &as become @in#lated and destructive@ and =&ose @(randiose lies, poor sense o# reality, sense o# entitlement, and e$ploitive treatment o# ot&ers@ conspire to=ard &is o=n demise!F55G ;&e most #amous o# t&e seven #ilmed interpretations o# t&is novelF56G is -aramount -icturesA 1<BC screen version, starrin( Sam >aterston as narrator Nic? 3arra=ay, =it& *ia .arro= as )aisy uc&anan and 7obert 7ed#ord as Datsby, =it& a script by .rancis .ord 3oppola! "n t&e #ilm "ron *an 2, Nic? .ury tells ;ony Star? &e cannot be a part o# t&e 'ven(ers "nitiative because o# &is compulsive sel#-destructive be&aviour and te$tboo? narcissism! ;ony a(rees, ma?in( &im a sel#-a=are narcissist! "n t&e #ilm ;o )ie .or, Nicole :idmanAs c&aracter =ants to appear on television at all costs, even i# t&is involves murderin( &er &usband! ' psyc&iatric assessment o# &er c&aracter noted

t&at s&e @=as seen as a prototypical narcissistic person by t&e raters: on avera(e, s&e satis#ied 8 o# < criteria #or narcissistic personality disorder!!! &ad s&e been evaluated #or personality disorders, s&e =ould receive a dia(nosis o# narcissistic personality disorder!@F5BG "n t&e video (ame series *ass 4##ect, t&e 7eapers are an elder race species o# bios&ips =it& stron( '" t&at as a species &ave a stron(ly individualistic and &i(&ly narcissistic e##ect, to t&e e$tent o# a Dod comple$! ;&is is s&o=n especially =&en t&ey are communicatin( =it& ot&er speciesK (iven t&eir superlatively (reater po=er and tec&nolo(y, t&e 7eapers, in t&eir t&ou(&ts, #eel t&ey are vindicated in t&eir narcissism!F58G FeditG See also )orian Dray syndrome 4(o ideal 4(otism "llusory superiority 8ointness +psyc&odynamics, *e(alomania *odel minority Narcissism o# small di##erences Narcissistic abuse Narcissistic de#ences Narcissistic elation Narcissistic morti#ication Narcissistic parents Narcissistic -ersonality "nventory Narcissistic ra(e and narcissistic in%ury Narcissistic supply Narcissistic =it&dra=al Sam Oa?nin Sel#is&ness Spoiled c&ild Superiority comple$ ;rue sel# and #alse sel# Oanity FeditG 7e#erences U *e(alomiacs abound in politics/medicine/#inance usiness )ay 2011/01/0B U a b c *illon, ;&eodore, -ersonality )isorders in *odern 5i#e, 200C U a b c .reud, Si(mund, 1n Narcissism: 'n "ntroduction, 1<1C U -erson o# t&e Vear 2010 *ar? Wuc?erber( ;ime *a(azine )ecember 15, 2010 U *oore N .ine +1<<0,! -syc&oanalytic ;erms N 3oncept! ;&e 'merican -syc&oanalytic 'ssociation: Ne= Vor?! U -sy=illy!be, psyc&oanalyticus >illy )epec?er U *or#, 3aroline 3!, 7&ode=alt, .rederic? +2001,! @6nravelin( t&e -arado$es o# Narcissism: ' )ynamic Sel#-7e(ulatory -rocessin( *odel@! -syc&olo(ical "nJuiry 12 +C,: 1BB21<6! doi:10!120B/S15I2B<65-5"120CX1! U Sedi?ides, 3!, 7udic&, 4!'!, Dre((, '!-!, :umas&iro, *l, 7usbult, 3! +200C,! @'re Normal Narcissists -syc&olo(ically 9ealt&yH: sel#-esteem matters@! 8ournal o# -ersonality and Social -syc&olo(y, 8B +I,: C00216! doi:10!10IB/0022-I51C!8B!I!C00! U 3ampbell, >!:!, N .oster, 8!)! ;&e Narcissistic Sel#: ac?(round and e$tended a(ency model and on(oin( controversies! Sedi?ides and Spencer! ;&e Sel#, -syc&olo(y -ress, 200B! "S N <B8-1-8C16<-CI<-<

U 5ubit, 7! +2002,! ;&e lon(-term or(anizational impact o# destructively narcissistic mana(ers! 'cademy o# *ana(ement 4$ecutive, 16+1,, 12B-1I8! U a b c 3ampbell, :!>! N .oster 8!)! +200B,! ;&e Narcissistic Sel#: ac?(round, an 4$tended '(ency *odel, and 1n(oin( 3ontroversies! ;o appear in: 3! Sedi?ides N S! Spencer +4ds!,, .rontiers in social psyc&olo(y: ;&e sel#! -&iladelp&ia, -': -syc&olo(y -ress! U a b 3ampbell, >! :!, 7udic&, 4!, Sedi?ides, 3! +2002,! @Narcissism, sel#esteem, and t&e positivity o# sel#vie=s: ;=o portraits o# sel#love@! -ersonality and Social -syc&olo(y ulletin, 28 +I,: I58268! doi:10!11BB/01C616B20228600B! U a b Dabriel, *! ;!, 3ritelli, 8! >!, 4e, 8! S! +1<<C,! @Narcissistic illusions in sel#-evaluations o# intelli(ence and attractiveness@! 8ournal o# -ersonality 62: 1CI255! doi:10!1111/%!1C6B6C<C!1<<C!tb00B<8!$! U 4mmons, 7!'! +1<8C,! @.actor analysis and construct validity o# t&e Narcissistic -ersonality "nventory@! 8ournal o# -ersonality 'ssessment, C8 +I,: 2<12I00! doi:10!120B/s15I2BB52%paC80IX11! U 3ampbell, >! :!, us&, 3! -!, runell, '! !, N S&elton, 8! +in press,! 6nderstandin( t&e social costs o# narcissism: ;&e case o# tra(edy o# t&e commons! -ersonality and Social -syc&olo(y ulletin! U 7ose, -! N 3ampbell, >! :! +in press,! Dreatness #eels (ood: ' telic model o# narcissism and sub%ective =ellbein(! 'dvances in -syc&olo(y 7esearc&! Ser(e -! S&o&ov +4d!, 9auppau(e, NV: Nova -ublis&ers! U 3ampbell, >!:!, 7eeder D!)!, Sedi?ides, 3!, 4lliot, '!8! +2000,! @Narcissism and 3omparative Sel#-4n&ancement Strate(ies@! 8ournal o# 7esearc& in -ersonality IC +I,: I2<2 CB! doi:10!1006/%rpe!2000!2282! U 'rvan * +2011,! @ ad Ne=s #or 3onservativesH *oral 8ud(ments and t&e )ar? ;riad -ersonality ;raits: ' 3orrelational Study@! Neuroet&ics 1nline .irst! doi:10!100B/s12152011-<1C0-6! U ;&omas ) Narcissism: e&ind t&e *as? +2010, U 9otc&?iss, Sandy N *asterson, 8ames .! >&y "s "t 'l=ays 'bout VouH: ;&e Seven )eadly Sins o# Narcissism +200I, U *asterson, 8ames .! ;&e 4mer(in( Sel#: ' )evelopmental Sel# N 1b%ect 7elations 'pproac& to t&e ;reatment o# t&e 3loset Narcissistic )isorder o# t&e Sel#, 1<<I U Simon 3rompton, 'll about me +5ondon 200B, p! 1B1 U 3rompton, p! 1B1 U a b 7appoport, 'lan, -&! )!3o-Narcissism: 9o= >e 'dapt to Narcissistic -arents! ;&e ;&erapist, 2005! U a b c Dolec de Wavala, ', et al! @3ollective narcissism and its social conseJuences!@ 8ournal o# -ersonality and Social -syc&olo(y <B!6 +200<,: 10BC-10<6! -syc articles! 4 S31! >eb! 26 *ar! 2011! U izumic, oris, and 8o&n )uc?itt! @/*y Droup "s Not >ort&y o# *e0: Narcissism and 4t&nocentrism!@ -olitical -syc&olo(y 2<!I +2008,: CIB-C5I! -syc&olo(y and e&avioral Sciences 3ollection! 4 S31! >eb! < 'pr! 2011! U )o=ns, 'lan: eyond ;&e 5oo?in( Dlass: 1vercomin( t&e Seductive 3ulture o# 3orporate Narcissism, 1<<B U 9ill, Oictor +2005, 3orporate Narcissism in 'ccountin( .irms 'ustralia, -en(us oo?s 'ustralia U 5ac&?ar, 8oan: 9o= to ;al? to a Narcissist, 2008 U 5asc&, 3, ;&e 3ulture o# Narcissism! 1<B< U ro=n, Nina >!, ;&e )estructive Narcissistic -attern, 1<<8 U Sc&oen=ol#, Derald, -9!) Dender Narcissism and its *ani#estations U .romm, 4ric&, ;&e 9eart o# *an, 1<6C

U an%a, 8o&n, *edical 4rrors and *edical Narcissism, 2005 U an%a, 8o&n, +as observed by 4ric 7an(us, 8o&n an%a: "ntervie= =it& t&e clinical et&icist U 1tto .enic&el, ;&e -syc&oanalytic ;&eory o# Neurosis +5ondon 1<CC, p! C<5 U .enic&el, p! C<5 U 3&arles 7ycro#t, ' 3ritical )ictionary o# -syc&oanalysis +-en(uin 1<BB, p! 11B U Simmel, 4rnst +1<CC,! -syc&oanalytic Suarterly Y""" +2,: 160285! U ernard Stie(ler, 'ctin( 1ut +Stan#ord: Stan#ord 6niversity -ress, 200<,! U 9urlbert, )!.!, 'pt, 3! +1<<1,! @Se$ual narcissism and t&e abusive male@! 8ournal o# Se$ and *arital ;&erapy 1B +C,: 2B<2<2! doi:10!1080/00<262I<108C0CI52! -*") 18150<C! U 9urlbert, )!.!, 'pt, 3!, Dasar, S!, >ilson, N!4!, *urp&y, V! +1<<C,! @Se$ual narcissism: a validation study@! 8ournal o# Se$ and *arital ;&erapy, 20: 2C2IC! doi:10!1080/00<262I<C08C0IC1C! U 7yan, :!*!, >ei?el, :!, Sprec&ini, D! +2008,! @Dender di##erences in narcissism and courts&ip violence in datin( couples@! Se$ 7oles 58 +11212,: 80221I! doi:10!100B/s111<<008-<C0I-<! U 'pt, 3!, 9urlbert, )!.! +1<<5,! @Se$ual Narcissism: 'ddiction or 'nac&ronismH@! ;&e .amily 8ournal I +2,: 10I2B! doi:10!11BB/1066C80B<50I200I! U Spiritual Narcissism U 'uerbac& 8S +)ecember 1<8C,! @Oalidation o# t=o scales #or narcissistic personality disorder@! 8 -ers 'ssess C8 +6,: 6C<25I! doi:10!120B/s15I2BB52%paC806X1I! -*") 65206<2! U .oster, 8!)!, N 3ampbell, >!:!, 're t&ere suc& t&in(s as @narcissists@ in social psyc&olo(yH ' ta$ometric analysis o# t&e Narcissistic -ersonality "nventory! -ersonality and "ndividual )i##erences, in press! U Narcissistic -eople *ost 5i?ely to 4mer(e as 5eaders Ne=s=ise, 7etrieved on 1ctober B, 2008! U Narcissism ;est U 5ivesley >8, 8an( :5, 8ac?son )N, Oernon -' +)ecember 1<<I,! @Denetic and environmental contributions to dimensions o# personality disorder@! 'm 8 -syc&iatry 150 +12,: 18262I1! -*") 82I86IB! &ttp://a%p!psyc&iatryonline!or(/c(i/pmidloo?upH vie=Qlon(NpmidQ82I86IB! U 'ri?an, :! +2005,! @' sti(matizatin( attitude to=ards psyc&iatric illnesses is associated =it& narcissistic personality traits@ +-).,! "sr 8 -syc&iatry 7elat Sci C2 +C,: 2C8250! -*") 1661805B! &ttp://===!psyc&iatry!or(!il/upload/in#ocenter/in#oXima(es/200820065I2C2-*Z-a(es [20#rom[20"8--C2-C-B!pd#! U uston N 4mlen 200I, uss 1<8<, 4pstein N Duttman 1<8C, Darrison et al! 1<68, 9o 1<86, 8a##e N 3&acon 1<<5, Spu&ler 1<68, 7us&ton 1<8< U 'lvarez, 5! +2005,! @Narcissism (uides mate selection: 9umans mate assortatively, as revealed by #acial resemblance, #ollo=in( an al(orit&m o# Asel# see?in( li?eA@! 4volutionary -syc&olo(y 2: 1BB2<C! &ttp://&uman-nature!com/ep/articles/ep021BB1<C!&tml! U 8ay Datsby U .itz(erald!narod!ru U ;&e Dreat Datsby U 9esse, *ortenK Sc&lie=e S, ;&omsen 77 +2005,! @7atin( o# personality disorder #eatures in popular movie c&aracters@! *3 -syc&iatry +5ondon: io*ed 3entral, 5: C5! doi:10!1186/1CB1-2CCY-5-C5! -*3 1I252CC! -*") 16II666I! &ttp://===!biomedcentral!com/1CB1-2CCY/5/C5! U Voutube!com FeditG .urt&er readin(

ro=n, Nina >! 3&ildren o# t&e Sel#-'bsorbed: ' Dro=n-upAs Duide to Dettin( over Narcissistic -arents +2008, ro=n, Nina >! ;&e )estructive Narcissistic -attern +1<<8, Dolomb, 4lan ;rapped in t&e *irror - 'dult 3&ildren o# Narcissists in t&eir Stru((le #or Sel# +1<<5, 9otc&?iss, Sandy N *asterson, 8ames .! >&y "s "t 'l=ays 'bout VouH : ;&e Seven )eadly Sins o# Narcissism +200I, 5avender N8 N 3avaiola '' ;&e 1ne->ay 7elations&ip >or?boo?: Step- y-Step 9elp #or 3opin( =it& Narcissists, 4(otistical 5overs, ;o$ic 3o=or?ers N 1t&ers >&o 're "ncredibly Sel#-'bsorbed +2011, 5o=en, 'le$ander Narcissism: )enial o# t&e ;rue Sel# +1<8C, *c.arlin, )ean >&ere 4(os )are: ;&e 6ntold ;rut& 'bout Narcissistic 5eaders - 'nd 9o= to Survive ;&em +2002, *orrison, 'ndre= -! 4ssential -apers on Narcissism +4ssential -apers in -syc&oanalysis, +1<86, *orrison, 'ndre= -! S&ame: ;&e 6nderside o# Narcissism +1<<B, -ayson, 4leanor ;&e >izard o# 1z and 1t&er Narcissists: 3opin( =it& t&e 1ne->ay 7elations&ip in >or?, 5ove, and .amily +2002, 7onnin(stam, 4lsa .! "denti#yin( and 6nderstandin( t&e Narcissistic -ersonality +2005, ;&omas )avid Narcissism: e&ind t&e *as? +2010, ;=en(e, 8ean *! N 3ampbell, >! :eit& ;&e Narcissism 4pidemic: 5ivin( in t&e '(e o# 4ntitlement +200<, Oa?nin, Sam N 7an(elovs?a, 5idi%a *ali(nant Sel# 5ove: Narcissism 7evisited +1<<<, FeditG 4$ternal lin?s 5oo? up narcissism in >i?tionary, t&e #ree dictionary! ' .ield Duide ;o Narcissism, 3arl Oo(el - #eature =riter #or -syc&olo(y ;oday ma(azine )istinctions bet=een Sel#-4steem and Narcissism: "mplications #or -ractice, 5ilian D! :atz ;&e "mpact o# Narcissism on 5eaders&ip and Sustainability, ruce Dre(ory -&!)! "n#ormation #or people =&o are, or &ave been in relations&ip =it& Narcissists! 'll 'bout Narcissists ;&e 6nreal >orld o# Narcissists and Sociopat&s, =it& &ost 8ari 3&evalier #or 5ivin( 9ero! Numerous e$perts, includin( Nina >! ro=n, 5inda *artinez-5e=i, Dabor *ate, *art&a Stout, -&ilip Wimbardo