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OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS
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!-D
W.R.MORFILL.
PG 6111
In?:
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|c.
ROBA
TRUBNER'S COLLECTION
OP
SIMPLIFIED
ASIATIC
GRAMMARS
OF THE PRINCIPAL
REINHOLD ROST,
LL.D., Pn.D.
XL
POLISH.
BY
W.
R.
MORFILL, M.A.
THE
LL.D.. Pii.D.
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Grammars
Albanese, Anglo-Saxon, Assyrian, Bohemian, Bulgarian, Burmese, Chinese, Cymric and Gaelic, Dutch, Egyptian, Finnish, Hebrew, Khassi, Kurdish, Malay, Pali, Russian, Sanskrit, Serbian, Siamese, Singhalese, &c., &c., &c.
LONDON; TJJt'BXER
A.
CO.,
LUDGATE HILL.
SIMPLIFIED
GRAMMAR
OP THE
POLISH LANGUAGE
BY
M.A.
LONDON
TRUBNER &
CO.,
LUDGATE
HILL.
LONDON
ST.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
PHONOLOGY.
The Polish Alphabet
I.
....
.
,
PAGE
1
CHAPTER
THE DOCTRINE OF FOBMS
Nouns
Adjectives
.
II.
........ ........
.
...
5 5
12
15
Numerals
Pronouns
Verbs
.
.......
.
19
22
.
. .
29 29
33
Bye,
Miec,
to be.'
'
to have.'
.... .......
.
36
30
39
41
.
Verbs ending
Third Conjugation
in ec, uc
....
.
42 45
47 49
Fourth Conjugation
Passive Voice
.
...... ...
.
.
VI
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PREPOSITIONS
51
.
ADVERBS:
53
54
Of Time,
Place, and
Manner
...
5^ 55
CONJUNCTIONS
CHAPTER
SYNTAX
:
III.
Cases of Nouns
Adjectives
....... ....
.
56
58
59
60
Arrangement of Words
in
a sentence
PREFACE.
THE
be
following short
Grammar
It
is
is
the
first
attempt of
it
to be
hoped that
study
of
may
a
instrumental
in
furthering the
is still
Polish,
I have consulted with advantage previous people. works on the subject, written in Polish, German and " " French. 'I have found the Comparative Grammar of " the Grammar "
Miklosich,
Historico-Comparative
of
Malecki (2
vols.,
(Paris, 1856)
Grammars,"
which
I have
be found to contain
all
the chief
rules,
have
The student
a
may
serve as a rudimentary
to
any one who is anxious road the works of such authors as Mickiewicz and
handbook
to
W.
Oxford.
R.
MORFILL.
NOUNS.
Example
Singular.
'
:
kon,
the horse/
Plural.
konie.
N. kon
G. konia
D. koniowi
A. konia
V. koniu
I.
koniem
koniami-(konim).
L. koniu
koniach.
Among peculiar forms belonging to this declension may be mentioned the noun Bog, ' God/ which makes the
dative Bogu, instead of Bogowi, and also the vocative Boze;
4
czlowiek,
man/
;
czlowiecze
xiqdz,
SECOND DECLENSION.
Feminine substantives are those ending in the vowels a (except a few implying the offices of men) and i, and most
of the substantives ending in one of the soft consonants
dz, sc,
z, z.
4
<?',
Example
Singular.
1:
pani,
the lady/
Plural.
panic.
N. pani
G. pani D. pani
pan.
paniom.
panic.
panic.
A. pani^ Y. pani
pani$ L. pani
I.
paniami.
paniach.
POLISH GRAMMAR.
Example 2
Singular.
'
:
praca,
labour/
NOUNS.
THIRD DECLENSION.
Neuter Substantives.
To
this declension
ending
culines,
in
<?,
o.
belong all the neuter substantives These neuter nouns differ from mas;
numbers
end in
a.
Example
10
POLISH GRAMMAU.
Example 3
Singular.
'
:
imie,
the
name/
Plural.
N. imie
G. imienia
D. imieniu
imicma.
imion.
imionom.
imiona,
A. imie
V. imie
I.
imiona.
imieniem
imionami.
imionach.
1
L. imieniu
To
ie,
Many
gular, especially
when
a collective idea
is
*
implied;
'
as, zyto,
dziatwa,
children/
Others
as, chrzciny,
Jcrowka,
in
as
gniazdo,
the nest,'
'
'
gniezdie ;
siodlo,
;
the saddle/
'
siedle ; jezioro,
the lake/
jezierze
zelazo,
the iron/
zelazie.
The
eye /
oko, 'the
'
ucho,
tciqze,
it
prince/
is
in the plural
is
declined like
ciel$ta,
calves/
ADJECTIVES.
'
15
cheapest/ The superlative of pre-eminence is made ' by placing bardzo, very/ before the adjective, as bardzo
tanszy,
'
dobry,
very good/
NUMERALS.
Cardinal.
1.
Jeden.
11. Jedenascie.
12. Dwanascie.
2.
3.
Dwa.
Trzy.
13. Trzynascie.
14. Czternascie. 15. Pi^tnascie.
4. Cztery.
5. 6. 7. 8.
Pic.
Szesc.
16. Szesnascie.
17. Siedemnascie.
Siedm.
Osm.
Dziewi^c.
9.
10. Dziesiejc.
Dziescie, or dziesci,
to fifty, pi$dzttsiqt ;
is
from
being added.
'
Thus, czterdziesci,
k
forty/ dziewi$c-dziesiqt,
ninety.'
English
The smaller numerals follow the greater as in as trzydziescipi$6, thirty-five / csmdziesiq.t siedm'
'eighty-seven/
100. Sto.
200. Dwiescie. 300. Trzysta.
400. Czterysta. 500. Preset.
600. Szescset.
900. Dziewiejcset.
1000. Tysit|c.
16
POLISH GRAMMAR.
the
The arrangement of the greater and smaller numerals same as in English thus, sto dwadziescia siedm,
:
is
'
one
manner
of adjectives.
Dwaj, 'two/*
N.
dvvaj (a),
dwa
(b).
N. dwie
(c).
G. dwoch.
G. dwoch.
D. dwom.
D. dwom.
(a),
A. dwoch
I.
dwa
(b).
A. dwie.
I.
dwoma.
dwiema.
L. dwoch.
L. dwoch.
Trzej,' three.'
Czterej, 'four/
N. trzey
N.
G. trzech.
G. czterech. D. czterem.
(a),
D. trzem.
A. trzech
I.
trzy (d).
A. czeterech
I.
(a),
cztery (d)
trzema.
czterema.
L. trzech.
L. czterech.
Following the example of Rykaczewski, and in order to secure brevity in the above tables, letters have been used for, (a) men,
(b)
neuter
animals of the masculine gender, and inanimate objects masc. and of (c?) substantives (c) women, and all feminine substantives
;
;
whatsoever gender they may be, except signifying men. their position with these, the numerals are modified.
According to
ADJECTIVES.
'
17
Pi$ciu}
five/
N. pi^ciu G. pi^ciu.
D. pi^ciu.
(a],
pi^c (d).
A.
I.
L. pi^ciu.
trzej,
trzy,
czterej, cztery
are
Dwaj, trzej, and goes with them in the nominative case. so are used when however, only they precede their czterej, nouns
as
;
if
is
are substantives,
A. jedenastu
I.
(a),
jede-
nascie (d).
jedenastq,.
G. jedenastu. D. jedenastu.
'
L.
fifty/ inflects the
w jedenastu.
word pi^ciu
(as
Piqciudziesiqt,
given
previously)
All the
numerals
the others
till
and
all
till
Stu,
a hundred/
Plural.
sta.
Singular.
N. stu
D. stu.
G. sta or
stu.
set.
stom.
sta (d).
sta mi.
I stem.
L. stu.
stach.
18
POLISH GRA.MMA.R.
N. dwustti
(0),
dwiescie (d).
A. dwochset
I.
(#),
dwiescie (d).
(c)
.
G. dwochset.
dwomaset, dwiemaset
D. dwomset.
For the
declined,
L. dwochset.
and add
'
Tysiqc,
a thousand/
Singular.
Plural.
tysiq,ce.
N.
D.
tysi^o.
G. tysi^c a
tysi{|cu.
tysi^cy.
tysi^com.
tysiq,ce.
A. tysi^c.
I.
tysi-^cem.
tysi^cami.
tysit|cach.
L. tysi^cu.
The
ordinal
numbers
are not given here, as they are inand can be easily learned from a
dictionary.
In the Slavonic languages we also find collective numerals, as czworo, 'a collection of four/ piedoro
'
dzieci,
'
a score.'
PRONOUNS.
19
THE PRONOUNS.
I.
POLISH GRAMMAR.
Plural
For Men.
For
one,
all
e
except Men.
N.
G.
oni, 'they.'
ich, nich.
they.'
ich, nich.
im, nim.
je.
nimi.
niemi.
nich.
L. nich.
of the pronouns are only used after and cannot be verbs, employed after prepositions, or when
emphasis
to be laid
The pronoun
as dlan for
c,
'
niego is sometimes
and
is
him
;'
so
also the
and
is
attached to a previous
siedie, si$
is
The pronoun
reflexive
all
it is
used to express
may
G.
siebie,
sie..
I.
soba,.
D.
A.
sobie.
siebie,
L. sobie.
si.
are declined like adjectives, as
n/6j,
my/
'
1w6j,
used, as
PRONOUNS.
21
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
1
Ten, 'this.
22
POLISH GRAMMAR.
re-
Several letters
effect
to pronouns^
s,
to pronouns, as
zeto
Titos,
li,
lito, z, ze,
THE VERBS.
Since a great object has been simplification as much as possible, I shall here only enumerate the chief divisions
of the verbs
1. 2.
:
Active.
Passive.
In reality there
It
is
is
European languages, by the auxiliaries and the past partiSee, however, on p. 49 as to the various ways of ciple.
expressing this voice.
3.
Neuter.
4. Impersonal.
5.
which
l
express
the
action
as finished;
e.g.,
zjadlem,
have
ceased eating/
Imperfect, or Continuative Verbs, which express the duration of the action ; e.g., jem, ' I continue to eat/
6.
7.
Incentives,
(
sfarzejg si$,
grow
VEEBS.
23
Frequentatives, which express an action continually f Both active and I eat frequently/ repeated, as jadam,
8.
neuter verbs
or imperfect.
may
The perfect verbs have no present tense nor any present participle.* The mark of the perfect verb is the future anterior, as it is called, which is conjugated like
the present of the imperfect verbs
;
e.
'
g., zgadn$>
I shall
'
perfect verbs are characterized by being coma preposition, which gives the idea of comwith pounded
Many
;
pletion
by changing the termination ac into id or q.6. The two forms, perfect and imperfect, make a complete conjugation in Polish. We must
sometimes
out
of
formed
imperfect
ascertain to
classes a verb belongs by looking into a good dictionary. Frequentatives, as a rule, form the present in warn, the perfect in wal, and the infinitive
in wac.
The
four
last
'
by
.
The constant use of the aspects/ atones for the aspects amply poverty of tenses in the modern
Slavonic grammarians
The following are the chief prepositions which enter into the composition of the Polish verbs
:
Do
as dobic,
to beat utterly/
MaJecki,
i.
263.
24
POLISH GRAMMAR.
Na
ivac
'
naplywac^
to sail
towards/
'
Nad
give too
to give/
'
naddac,
to
much/
'
Od Po
to depart/
odjechac,
to
go from a place/
'
to
to continue to
make white/
siodlac,
to saddle/ osiodlac,
'
Pod
c
expresses
iQ write/
piaac 3
Prze
from
beginning
to
end/
f
Przy
f
expresses
nearness,' as biedz,
'
to
run/ przybiedx,
'
to
Roz
rozpisac,
to write/
expresses
'
u'smiac si$,
'
si$,
to
laugh/
'
W
Wy
to
go/ wc/wdzic,
to
go in/
4
expresses
out/ as prosic,
to entreat/ wypro&id,
'
to
expresses
on high/ as
nosic,
Ho
carry/ wznosic,
VERBS.
Z, ze
'
25
a,sjesc,
to eat entirely/
'
expresses
over/ as mowic,
to speak/ zamowic,
'
to
The tenses
Perfect
;
are, (1)
as czynilem,
the Present, as czyni$, id$, &c. (2) The I did / really a past participle with
'
shown
afterwards,
(3)
and hence
it is
The
(4)
Pluperfect, rarely
used
as czynilem byl,
'
had done/
be expressed in two ways, either by the auxiliary and the participle, as b$d$ czynil, or the auxiliary and the this is the simple future when someinfinitive, czynic b$d$
may
is
used as a future
(e.g.
in the perfect
The
perfect,
imperfect,
frequentative
verbs,
&c.,
are
according to their
In Polish there are four conjugations and six moods (1) the Infinitive ; (2) the Indicative (3) the Imperative
;
and izby to the participial form, as zebym liochal, that I may love/ In reality no Slavonic language has an independent form of the subjunctive.
(5)
The Conditional,
implying a condition
this
mood
is
expressed in Polish in
two ways,
(a)
with
'
by,
to be
or (b)
by the addition of by
^,
to the
then take the personal terminations, as Isochal bym, I should have loved/ (6) The Optative, which is made by the
26
POLISH GRAMMAR.
conjunction obym with the participial form in /, as obym list { ' Thus odebral, Oh, that I could receive the letter
!
we
that in reality there are only three moods in Polish of independent form the last three are made by
see
:
particles.
The reader
Polish verb
:
will observe
The mark
being found in all the Slavonic languages. Sometimes both forms are found in the same verb, as wydzMywam
latter,
however,
is
the more
common.
Of the
second
s,
second scie*
These
may
and by paying attention to their positions the acquisition may be much simplified. These
'
might be imagined, merely mutilated parts of the present tense of the verb to be,' which oldest form was as follows
:
esm
jes
jest.
jescie
s^.
* The original suffix for the third person singular was t ; this, however, though preserved in Kussian, is lost in the West-Slavonic
languages.
by
its
The suffix of the third person plural coalescing with the bindevocal, becomes a.
is
n;
this,
however,
VERBS.
27
in use will be given
further on.
But these particles can be used not only with verbs but with other words, so as to cause the sentence to be shaped
in
many
different
is
language
ways, and this peculiarity of the Polish deserving of careful consideration ; thus we
(
may
I have
written well/ ja pilny jestem, or jam pilny jest, I am industrious/ wczora rano byles w ~kosciele} or wczora ranos byl
'
ko'sciele,
Thou wert
So
also
my
bylismy, or
'
wyscie byli,
'
We
were / wy
byliscie,
or
wali,
loudly / &c.
nie przyszedl
They may
also be
wzywac sprawiedligrzesmych do polcuty, 'I came not to call the So righteous but sinners to repentance/ (Matt. ix. 13.) also Ale abyscic wiedzieli, iz ma moc syn czlowieczy, But
wycJi ale
*
added to
Bom
that
ye
may know
6.)
of
(Matt.
ix.
and
suffixes of the
...
Imperative
/.
2 pers.,
Plural
PP 2
(
is 2,
erS "
**
icie.
is
pers.,
The
suffix of
the Perfect
which
added immediately
are
M61,
is
This
28
is
POLISH GRAMMAR.
properly a participle, as
is
neuter terminations and the plural form. The suffix of the Infinitive is 6 which
t
generally added
immediately, but in some instances with a lindevocal ; from the fusing- of k with 6 we get <?, and from g the combination dz. The spelling of the termination of the infinitive in some
cases in dz
censured by Miklosich as inaccurate (iii. 450). The suffix of the Active Participle is qc. The suffix is
is
originally nc,
e.
it
ac
g. piekqc, trac.
When
the participle
is
used adjectively
it is
The
Gerund
szy
but this
is
not
added immediately to the stem, but after the /of the peror with the addition of w, fect, as upieltlszy (u-piek-l-szy)
;
e.
g.
wygrawszy
I,
(wy-gra-w-szy)
this,
however,
is
only
another form of
which
is
frequently pronounced as
in
Slavonic dialects.
The
which
Participle is either -n, or -/, declined like an adjective, either -ny, -na, -ne, or
is
derived from
t
;
the Passive
If
by adding
before
;
ie
to
n or
e.
g. bity, bide.
o, it is
the
bindevocal
ny has become
e.
changed
in perfect verbs the future anterior, the pluperfect, and the The Subjunctive, Conditional and Optative have future.
bye,
to be/
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
30
POLISH GRAMMAR.
Pluperfect (but
little used).
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
I
Bylem
byl.
bylam
byla.
bylom
bylo.
And
so on,
Plural.
31
SUBJUNCTIVE.
This
Mood
is
before which
letters
is
formed by the participial form in I (byf), used the conjunction zeby ; to which the
s,
and combinations m,
is
There
is
no present,
omitted
OPTATIVE.
This resembles in form the Conjunctive, with the difis used instead of zeby, and takes the same
terminations to
tense used.
mark
the persons.
The
perfect
is
the only
IMPERATIVE.
Singular.
'
B^dz,
be thou/
Bi|d#cie.
(
let
him be/
To niech and
is
sometimes added.
Plural
B^dz'my.
B^dzcie.
I
b^dz'myz.
b^dz'ciez.
Niech
or niechaj
POLISH GRAMMAR.
PARTICIPLES.
Present.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Past.
Byly.
byla.
bylo.
Future.
Majj|cy bye.
'
maj^ca bye.
' ;'
majt|ce bye.
Btjdt|c,
being
by wszy,
having been/
is
merely a corruption, and arose from adding to the third This reperson of the old form the pronominal suffixes.
sulted from false analogy, as the suffixes had
become fused
with the participial form byl, byla, bylo, and made a past tense; thus byljesm had become bylem, bylijesmy, bylismy. The particle by, which is used in Polish and other Slavo-
was originally the third old of of the the verb bye, a tense perfect person singular
nic languages to express condition,
which
is
now
lost.
something
Greek
av.
We
also find it
which we
may com-
av in other combinations.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing.
.
Mam.
masz.
maeie.
ma.
Plnr...
Mamy.
POLISH GRAMMAR.
Future.
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neuter.
mial or
miec.
B^dziesz.
bd
miala or
bd
mialo or
miec.
b^dziesz.
b^dzie.
miec.
b^dziesz.
B^dzie.
b^dzie.
Plural.
B^dziemy
B^dziecie.
mieli
b^dziemy mialy.
or miec.
b^dziecie mialy.
b^dq, mialy.
CONDITIONAL.
Perfect Tense.
Masc.
Fern,
Neuter.
Mialbym.
mialabym.
first
mialobym,
Add
as above,
and neut. ;
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Add
and number.
OPTATIVE.
Add
oby,
suffixes.
35
IMPERATIVE.
Singular.
'
Miej,
have thou/
Miejze.
Niech or niechaj
(with addition
ze)
sometimes of
suffix
ma.
Plural.
Miejmy.
Miejcie.
Niech
or niechaj maj^.
PARTICIPLES.
Present.
Masc.
Fern.
Neuter.
|
Maj^cy.
maji|ca.
maja,ce.
Perfect.
Miany.
miana.
|
miane.
Future.
Maji|cy miec.
Note.
maj^ca miec.
(I
majj|ce miec.
have)
is
merelv a future signification, as wydanie ma bye ozdolionc trzema portretami, 'The edition will be furnished with three
portraits/
GERUNDS.
'
Maj{|c,
having/
'
,
having had.'
POLISH GRAMMAR.
The
the letter a
INFINITIVE.
Kochac,
*'
to love.'
^7
Pluperfect.
To form
this tense,
for
the mascu-
line singular,
and
feminine
and byly
both genders.
Future.
Put the
auxiliary b$d$
inflecting
'
it
regularly, as in the
to
be/
kochala for
for
and kochaly
IMPERATIVE.
Kochaj.
Niech
or niechaj kocha.
Kochaj my.
Kochajcie.
'tj,.
g. ~kocha-j-my.
the enclitic z
is
38
POLISH GRAMMAR.
CONDITIONAL.
Made by adding
appended
is
In the plural
we have
suffixes.
The pluperfect
which
is
byl,
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Perfect.
This is aby, with the usual personal suffixes appended to the inflected participial form in I.
OPTATIVE.
aby.
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. kochaj$|cy.
kochaj^ca. kochaj^ce.
kochana.
maja^ca kochac.
kochane.
maj^ce kochac.
GERUND.
'
KocJi.ajqc,
loving/
The
tenses,
ultochac.
39
SECOND CONJUGATION.
The
characteristic of this conjugation
is iesz
or esz in the
Grzebac,
to
bury/
Present.
Grzebi.
Grzebi^my.
grzebie^sz.
grzebi.
grzebi^.
grzebi^cie.
Perfect.
participial
and
future.
IMPERATIVE.
Grzeb.
Grzebmy.
Grzebcie.
Niech or niechaj
grzebiq,.
ze.
CONDITIONAL.
Cf. the
G-rzebalbyui.
former under
Itochac, also
same model.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Abum
. qrzebal. bal.}
OPTATIVE.
Cf.
with kochac.
Oli/m grzelal
40
POLISH GRAMMAR.
PARTICIPLES.
Present
. .
Grzebi^cy, &c.
Past
Future
...
G rzebany,
&c.
GERUND.
Other tenses are supplied to this verb by the perfect or complete form pogrzebac. Verbs belonging to this conjugation which end in owac, iwac and yivae, and are generally derivatives,
i'je,
vj$,
uje-sz,
The following
ending
in
may
help to ascertain
how
the verbs
ac belonging to this
Polish verb
When
vowel
i
is
b,
w,p, the
;
must be added
as,
Lami,
'
Lami^sz.
Lami^my.
tami^scie.
Lamiq,.
When
consonant, the
is
41
first
thus
I call.'
Zw-i-emy.
Zw-i-ecie.
Zw-tj.
Zw-i-esz.
Zw-i-e.
vowel, as pi-sac,
into the
soft
'
sz,
as pisz$,
1 write/
So
also other
hard
consonants which precede ac are changed into the soft consonants corresponding to them as Igac, * to lie,' lz$ ;
;
'
plakac,
to
weep/
placz$.
When
stem
is sk, it
to pat
glaszczf, so also r
changed into
rz, t
between the
first
first
compounded from them, io is inserted and final consonants of the stem in the
;
as,
bior$,
When
is d,
in the inflections
m must
be put after it, with the vowel i in all the persons, except the first and last, as dqc, f to breathe/
Dm.
Dmiesz.
Dmiemy.
Dmiecie.
Dnuj,.
is
Dmie.
When
added to
n,
an
must be
first sin-
42
POLISH GRAMMAR.
'
gular and the third plural, as pragnac, present of which is thus inflected
to be thirsty
/ the
Pragn.
Pragniesz.
Pragnie.
Pragnie my.
Pragniecie.
Pragn^.
f
ciqc,
to cut/ giq,6,
'
to fold/
thus inflected
Tn.
Tniesz.
Tniemy.
Tniecie.
Tnie.
The
for c here
to
grow/
Roslem.
Rosles.
Rosl.
Roslismy.
Rosliscie.
Rosli.
way, as dec, to flow/ piec, to cook/ change the consonant c into k in the present, in the first person singular, and third plural.
this
Pieke..
Verbs terminated in
'
'
Pieczemy.
Pieczecie.
Pieczesz.
Piecze.
Piek^.
43
e. g.,
after
in the present;
Bjjfc Bijesz.
Bijemy.
Bijicie.
Bije.
The same
'
is
'
to
feel/ zyd,
Jesd,
to eat.'
Present.
Jem,
Jesz.
'
I eat.'
Jemy.
Jecie.
Je.
Jedz^.
Perfect.
Jadlem,
Jadles.
<
I ate.'
Jedlismy,/! jadiysmy.
Jedliscie.
Jadl.
Jedli,/. jedly.
Future
(borrowed from perfect form of verb).
Zjem.
Zjesz.
Zje.
Zjemy.
Zjecie.
Zjedz^.
44-
POLISH GRAMMAR.
IMPERATIVE.
Jedz.
Jedzmy.
je.
Niech
Jedzcie.
Niech
go on foot/
jedzq,.
to
Present.
Idziemy.
Idziesz.
Idziecie.
Idzie.
Id*.
Perfect.
Masc.
'
SzedJem,
Szedles.
went/
Szlismy.
Szliscie.
Szli.
Szedl.
Fern.
Plural
(for both genders).
Szlam,
szlas, szla.
Neut.
Szlysmy.
Szlyscie.
Szlom,
szlos, szlo.
Szly.
Future.
'
Przyjd,
I shall
come/
Przyjdziemy.
Przyjdziecie.
Przyjdi|.
Przyjdziesz.
Przyjdzie.
45
Idzmy.
idzie.
Idz'cie.
Niech
Niech
It has been
ida,.
much
in use.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
The
characteristic of this conjugation
is
ends in
isz.
Verbs belonging
to this conjugation,
'
which terminate
change
in
si$,
to fear/
in the
present and future a into oj9 in the and the third person of the plural
first
:
change a into oi
Stofe
Stoisz.
e.
g. stac,
to stand,' present.
Stoimy.
Stoicie.
Stoi.
f
Stoj*
to sleep/ changes a into
i
Spac,
Spimy.
Spisz.
Spi.
Spicie.
Spia,
They
before I or I;
I,
as myslec,
to think/
the present
thus inflected
Mysl.
Myslisz.
Myslimy.
Myslicie.
Mvsli.
Mysla^
46
1
POLISH GRAMMAR.
for
ic,
The softening of the final consonants shown in the treatment of verbs ending in
sing,
euphony
is
in the first
and third
6
plural,
as follows
i
When
<
a hard conis
of the infinitive
'
preserved,
they cool / but when a soft consonant goes before, the i is not preAll these verbs keep in the past tenses their served.
ziebiq,,
to cool/ zi$bi$y
I cool,'
characteristic vowel
'
before I and
I ;
e.
g. prosilem, prosi-
lismij) &c.,
I entreated/
Palic 9
'
to
burn/
INDICATIVE.
Present Tense.
Pale,,
palisz,
palicie,
pali.
palj|.
Palimy,
Perfect.
Palilem,
palilam,
palilom,
In the
plural,
viously.
as the
form in kochac.
Future.
palil, &c., as before.
47
Niech or niechaj
pali.
Palmy.
Palcie.
Niech
or niechaj palq,-
CONDITIONAL.
Palilbym, &c.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Abym
palil,
&c.
OPTATIVE.
Obym
palil,
&c.
PARTICIPLES.
Present^ paisley,
palt|ca,
palace.
Past,
palony,
palic,
palona,
palone
palic,
Future y majq,cy
maj^ca
maj^ce
palic.
GERUND
Some
Pal^c, 'burning.'
by the perfect
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
The
characterictic of this conjugation is that the
2nd
POLISH GRAMMAR.
f
Styszec,
to hear/
INDICATIVE.
Present.
Slysz
slyszysz
slyszycie
slyszy.
slyszy.
Slyszymy
Perfect
Slyszalem
as
Formed
paradigms.
in
the same
way
given in
as before.
the
previous
Pluperfect
Same
Future
Bde,
slyszal, &c.
IMPERATIVE.
Slysz.
Niech or niechaj
Slyszmy.
Slyszcie.
slyszy.
slyszy.
Slyszal
bym
The
SUBJUNCTIVE
Abyrn
slyszal.
OPTATIVE
Obym
slyszal.
PARTICIPLES.
Present,
Slysz^cy,
-a,
-a,
-e.
Past,
Slyszany,
-e.
Future y
Maj^cy
slyszec, &c.
-19
GERUND
Slysz^c, 'hearing/
infinitive in
I,
ec
have
'
and
e before
as j$czalem 9
PASSIVE YOICE.
There
is
no
separate
form
for
.in
Polish. may be expressed by the auxiliary bye and the passive participle; but this method is rare in Polish, which
It
prefers
to
either
by
reflexive
verb, or
by changing the
;
mode
the
sent,
active
or
or
the
on,
/////,
icy,
;i
substantive
hi/li zalijttiii,
were killed/
more
they idiom to
say zabijano ick : this is by an idiom of the Polish language, by which, even in the case of a neuter verb, although it has properly no past participle passive, yet one may be employed in an impersonal use, as skakano, ' they were leaping' (literally, Cf. it having been leapt) zicwano, they \vero yawning/
'
;
Mickiewicz
Pan
Tacleusz,
me,
50
POLISH GRAMMAR.
The
thus
March/
The following
verbs,
after
(which implies a question), and z after vowels, ze The two latter add emphasis to the Similar particles are found in the Russian and expression.
li
consonants.
may
be used alone in an
impersonal sense, without adding wozna, (it is possible) ; so also in the past tenses we have bylo widac, just as in
'
English,
there
was
to be seen/
is
the vessel
was brought to
the coast of
Denmark/ Both jest and byl can be omitted by an idiom common to all the Slavonic languages. Every
verb has
its
'
substantive, as bity,
'
'
beaten/ bide,
'
'
the act
of beating
proszony,
entreated/ proszenie,
all
the act of
and have no
with
it
plural.
eleclicyi
Leczynskiego,
Leczynski/
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
Of these there
qrzrn'), 'it
are
many
in Polish, as lywa,
it
'
happens
thunders/
All verbs
si$ to
maybe made
the
third
l>y
51
person neuter of the perfect, as mowi si$, 'it has been said/
'
si$,
it is
said/
//?<>//</
PARTICIPLES.
The undeclined,
called
tajac.
czi/tajq.cy,
reading/
Past.
1st.
'
PREPOSITIONS.
Prepositions which govern the genitive
'
:
Bez,
without.'
for/
Dia,
'
Do,
<
to/
'
0~kolo,
around.'
oprocz, 'outside of/
Krom, okrom,procz,
l
Miasto, zawiasfy
in place of/
Od,
<
from/
'
Pod/e,
near/
>
faccord;
)
Wedluff,
POLISH GRAMMAR.
<
W srod,
'
}
j
'
U,
with
(cf.
BlizkOj
near.'
(
Niedaleko,
(
not far/
Ohok,
Poprzek,
across/
'
Wewnqtrz,
'
within/
without/
1
Zewnqfrz,
'
WzdluZy
along /
:
C
\
, '
r
for,
according "
to.
pi,
W brew,
'
AX
'
forward/
)
<againsti)
Preciwko, )
against, in
contempt of/
'
;
Przez,
locative.
przy,
near/ the
Naprzcciw, naprzeciwko,
genitive or dative.
against/
'
notwithstanding/ govern
Mi-mo, however,
when
it
means
takes the
genitive
when
it
which the movement comes, the cause, the material out of which a thing is made ; but when it signifies e together
with/
it
ADVERBS.
The
'
prepositions
f
;
mi$dzy,
pomigdzy,
'
among
f
;'
upon
pod,
under /
przed,
before
;'
za,
beyond/
govern the accusative when motion is signified, but the instrumental when rest is implied. The prepositions mt, on ' o, ( about ;' po, ' after / w, ' in,' govern the accusative
1
when when
a place.
the verb with which they are used marks motion to On the other hand, they govern the locative
the verb with which they are used implies rest.
ADVERBS.
I can only find
room here
the
PRIMARY
'
Gdzie,
'
where/
Tn,
here/
(
Wnetj
'
soon/
J
as.
DERIVED.
Dobrze,
i
<
well/
Dlf go , 'long/
(
Slabo,
weakly/
'
Mocno,
strongly/
COMPOUNDED.
'
Nazajutrz,
'
czas,
punctually/
Przedlem-,
'
previously/
Niegdys*
once/
54
POLISH GRAMMAR.
ADVERBS OF TIME.
Zawsze, 'always.'
Nigdy, 'never.'
Teraz,
'now/
'
OF PLACE.
Na
Na
'
gorze,
dole,
'
above/
below.'
afar.'
Napodal, 'from
'
Najprzeciw,
from opposite/
OF MANNER.
Po polsku,
'
in the Polish
manner/
Zewnqtrz,
c
from without.'
(
Ustnie,
by word of mouth/
quietly/
Cichavzem,
INTERROGATIVE.
6
Kiedy,
when
where
?' ?'
Zkqd,
Gdzie,
from whence
?'
?'
whither
AFFIRMATIVE.
'
Koniecznie,
certainly
;'
ba,
yes/
or
o ;
for
example,
li/,
gay/
ivesolo,
gaily/
CONJUNCTIONS.
55
Adverbs ending in ie are formed from adjectives which have a hard consonant in the last syllable but one, as
pewne,
'
'
sure/ pewnie,
surely/
a double termination, as smialo, or
boldly/
.Many adverbs are formed in Polish by the use of substantives, either alone or with prepositions, as na bakier,
6 6
evidently ;' na oslep, blindly ;' poprzek, across / pogotowiu, ( in readiness ;' wewnqtrz, ' within ;'
across
;'
najaw,
'
icet
So
also
f
substantives
alone,
as
ollazem,
'
in
body
;'
'
raptem,
the
suddenly /
;'
ukradkiem,
{
secretly
rankiem,
in
morning
pospolu,,
to-
gether/
The comparative of adverbs is formed by adding j or ej more modestly ;' smielej, more to the stem as, skromnie,
f
'
boldly/ adverb ;
to the
;'
comparative
'
najpi$kniej\
most
beautifully/
CONJUNCTIONS.
Of
these there
are
i,
different
'
sorts
'tences together, as a,
(
and
;'
takze,
fez,
also
;'
oraz,
linhiez,
<////
so
that ^
nie
ani, 'neither/
verbs strengthens the expression of the adverb, as wszyxi'i/ a wszyscy, ' all without exception ;' nic a nic, ( absolutely
nothing/
Alternative
z
conjunctions,
,
allo,
,
Inb
albo,
' '
Inb,
czyli,
or
badz
czy,
'whether'
it
or
czy,
if
or
'whether
be that/ &c.
Conjunctions of
5(>
POLISH GRAMMAR.
tak
'
tals-,
as,
ze,
so
'
that / niz
niz,
rather than.'
aczkolwiek,
zas,
conjunctions,
lecz,
such
as
acz,
ale,
'but/
cJwc, cJwciaz,
although/
is
Latin quoque,
never put as
word
(
in a sentence.
l>yle,
are gdy,
when/
j'ak
God grant
CHAPTER
Syntax,
III.
As brevity has been aimed at in this Grammar, I shall allow myself to omit those points of Syntax which are not peculiar to Polish, but are shared in by the majority of
languages.
CASES OF NOUNS.
1.
The genitive
:
is
used after
many
ciples
learned by practice
as,
godzien nagrody,
'
worthy of recom-
After
all
the cardinal
five/
3.
The genitive
always used after the verb when it as uie czyta listu, ' he does not read
SYNTAX.
Ale serce u molojcow,
57
Niezl^knie
f
sie
Turkow.
(Siemienski.)
But
4.
the Turks/
<
After the impersonal verb, niemasz or niema, niebylo, ' there is not/ ( there was not ;' as nie ma zgody, there is
After active verbs where they have a partitive sense
no agreement/
5.
;
as daj
6.
7.
The genitive
is
sokiego wzrostu,
9.
man
of tall stature/
Also to express point of time ; as Dwadziestego dziewiqjego stycznia roku tysiqcznego osmsetnego osmdziesiajego
f
czwartego,
great number of verbs take the genitive, but these must be learned by the help of a good dictionary.
The Dative.
'
Many
/HXZHI/,
obedient/
dictionary.
The Accusative
also
is,
as in
put in the
height and
duration
distance,
58
POLISH GRAMMAR.
The
Instrumental.
Many
as mia-
be
;'
as jest-em
is
same
'
to
become
;'
as zosial
pielyrzymem,
The following
employed
travelled
examples
uses
in
will, it is believed,
of
this
case,
which
often peculiarly
'
the
Slavonic languages
;'
-jechal
'
nocq,
he
jadl tyzkq, he ate with a spoon;' } f zlapal zajqca zywcem, he has caught a hare alive nazywal mnie przyjacielem, 'he called me friend/
;
The Locative expresses in what place, or when, except the days of the week, when point of time is marked by the accusative as we czwartek, Thursday/
(
;
ADJECTIVES.
The
its
substantive.
man
When
placed with several names of inanimate things, of whatever gender they may be, it is used in the neuter
plural.
are connected
by the preposition
;
~,
the verb
may
be put in
as, ojciec z
'
synem zyl
zgodzie,
zgodzie,
SYNTAX.
Collective substantives
59
in the plural.
With
collective
the third person singular, and when in a past tense with the ' singular neuter ; as, dwoje dzieci umarto, two children are
dead/
PRONOUNS.
(
Co,
what,'
is
when
it refers
must be used
'
Life
is
more valuable than goods/ But if superiority is attributed to the thing which is the object of the comparison, the
adverb jak
is
Nie ma
nic
lepszego jak spokojne sumienie, nothing better than a quiet conscience/ Instead of the adverbs niz, nizli, nizelij anizeli, the preposition od may be employed with the genitive, or nad with the accusative Jajestem mlodszy
is
:
There
od
ciebie,
am younger than
thou/
VERBS.
The preposition do
trzy dziestu
is
'
is
employed
after verbs
when
Bylo
it is
number;
as
tu do
Od used to designate the place or the time after which a ' thing is begun; as, od piqtego roJcu, from the fifth year/ Od is used after passive participles and neuter verbs, to
express the agent or instrument
;
as kochany od przyjaciol,
60
'
POLISH GRAMMAR.
grief.'
Z is
thus
as mdleje
z slabosci,
przez
we may
ivojsko,
wylrany przez
elected
by the
army/
The occasions on
Nad
is
which the preposition w are employed remind us of the difference in Latin between the uses of in with the accusative and with the ablative
bread
;'
;
as zamienic
'
oblec
szat^
to surround
The
to express material, as
dom
z drzewa,
a house of
wood/
which can
also be expressed
also to imply motion from, as in English and it is niany the ordinary case after the superlative, as najpilniejszy z
(
nic/i,
them/
ON THE ARRANGEMENT
Owing
to the Polish
OF
WORDS
IN A SENTENCE.
Much
and, in order to
good good works should be read, " such as Lelewel's " History of Poland," or the " Ballads of Mickiewicz, which would be useful for the beginner. It
style in composition,
may
be remarked, however, that a preposition cannot be sepait governs, and the adverb must
be put either immediately before or after the word which it Any conjunction may begin a sentence, except qualities.
SYXTAX.
zas
61
the
and
loiciem.
is
frequently
put
at
end of a sentence.
adjective
and
participle can
be
separated, by many words, from the substantives with which they agree. Thus, Domowe mi$dzy nast^pcami Karola
Witlkego
troubles
w wzdzielonem
among
cesarsfwie rozruchy,
'
The domestic
divided empire/
fair idea
1
of the con-
of a
lines are
given,
selected from
page 58.
In
(Leipzig, 1837)
Pomimo oplakanego
znajdowaia, nie
found,
i
polozenia
w
in
jakim
si
Polska
not
is
that
zndzioni|, tylko w niej ladu i publicznego zycia niedosand miserable, only in her of order and public life was
umial obudzic Lokietek. Ludnosc Polska tawato, ktore not which understood how to stimulate Lokietek. The people Polish
widocznie
visibly
i
wzrastata, liczba
the
wsi
miast pomnozyln
and
cities
si<;,
increased,
number
of villages
augmented
itself
Litw i na Rus, fortuny szukac. wielu Polakow szlo and many Poles went to Lithuania and to Russia,, fortunes to seek.
Licznych ksiestw Of many principalities,
stolice
podnoz^c
si
wzrost wielu innych miast. Murowano koscioly sob{| them the growth of many other cities. They built of stone churches
i
w
in
miastach
domy.
Po dworach
szla-
f)2
POLISH GRAMMAR.
checkicb
znamienitszych
notable
wiejskich
country
domach,
houses
mozna
possible
it
bylo widzic piece i w scianie pomieszczone z wyprowadwas to see stoves, and in the wall with built placed
-zona,
nie
malo, do
little to
wygody
up
i
convenience
zdrowia przyczynilo.
contributed.
and health
Okna byly niewielkie, ale szklanne. The windows were small, but made of glass.
Obok dawnych drzewnianych,
By the side of
goblets
old
i
spread
itself.
wooden,
glinianych
earthen
lub
or
metalowych kubkow
metallic
baniek
cups
stawaly
stood
and
skleniee
glasses
butelki.
bottles.
and
naczynia, coraz
vessels,
always in
lepszym
the best
i
gatunku
style
upowszechniaiy
bylo
was
si.
Do
ubioru
developed themselves.
mieszkan,
wi^cej
potrzeba
need
kobiercow,
of carpets,
wybormost
more
niejszego sukna i jedwabnych materyj rownie po dworach silk linen and at the courts excellent materials, equally
in this passage
seem'
Nie mozna, used impersonally, as explained on page 50.' With this may be compared lylo potrzeba, like the Latin
ojji/x /'nit,
"By 6 biednq
much
used in the
Slavonic languages,
SYNTAX.
niedostawalo
63
Zijcia
page 56.
fPsi,
'
somewhat
irregular fern,
noun
wies,
observe the dislike of the Polish language to the ordinary passive form.
Pomnozyla
Wielu Polakow
szlo,
Murowano
on page 49.
Pomieszczone
of these words,
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