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Structural Idealisation
This generally means breaking the complete structure down into single elements that can be easily analyse and design. It is rarely possible to consider the threedimensional structure in its entirety. Consider a concrete beam carrying a water tank as shown below. For analysis purpose we can neglect the thickness of the members and assume the beam is simply supported. The idealized structure is as shown below represented by line drawing for the beam and arrow for the forces that acted on the beam. By applying the principle of structural analysis, if F is known than we can calculate the reaction ! " and !#$ at the support and the ma%imum shear force and bending moment in the beam. &'entually we can design the suitable size of the beam that can safely carry the water tank.
!#
Example
A reinforced concrete flat roof with a parapet wall at the end is as shown below. Draw the idealised beam and name the forces that acts on the beam .
Solution
slab ) beam$
Floor plan
SOLUTION To determine the uniformly distributed load (UDL ! visualise a single beam removed from the structure as sho"n belo"# The load on one s$uare metre of floor is multi%lied by the area su%%orted! &'( m ) *'( m!(tributary area to give the total UD load on the beam as follo"s#
Loads on timber beam Joists and boards Ceiling Timber beam Imposed load Totals
Imposed loads kN
+ + + 6.# "# !
Total UD load for serviceability limit states# , -'( ).'(( / .0'( ) .'(( , 1&'( 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states , -'( ) .'*3 / .0'( ) .'3( , *3'. 2N E4567LE 1 Steel floor beams arranged as sho"n belo" su%%ort a reinforced concrete slab "hich carries a screed' 8alculate the total Uniformly Distributed load on each beam using this design data# slab thic2ness ,.3( mm 9 screed "eight ,.'1 2N:m1 9 im%osed load on slabs ,3'( 2N:m1 9 mass of steel beams ,-( 2g:m' ;
SOLUTION Unit "eight of reinforced concrete , 13 2N:m1 8oncrete slab self+"eight , ('.3 ) 13 , *'<3 2N:m1 Steel beam self+"eight , -( ) ('((=0 , ('3= 2N:m
Loads on steel beam ,creed 7oncrete slab ,teel beam 1mposed load Totals
Imposed loads kN
.& 4 3.# 4 ".# $.52 4 3.# 4 ".# ('3= ) -'( 2.# 4 3.# 4".#
+ + + &#.# "$! !
Total UD load for serviceability limit states , .11'* ) .'(( / .1('( ) .'(( , 1&1'* 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states
HJ ROSLAN BIN KOLOP PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA
, .11'* ) .'*3 / .1('( ) .'3( , *&3'. 2N E4567LE * >ind the beam loads and the reactions transmitted to the "alls for the steel"or2 arrangement sho"n belo" using this design data# 9 reinforced concrete (?8 slab thic2ness .(( mm 9 screed "eight .'( 2N:m1 9 im%osed load on slabs *'( 2N:m1 9 mass of steel beams 0( 2g:m'
>loor %lan SOLUTION 8oncrete slab self "eight , ('.( ) 13 , 1'3( 2N:m1 Steel beam self "eight , 0( ) ='0.:.((( , ('<0 2N:m
&D loads on beam ' ,creed 7oncrete slab ,teel beam 1mposed load Totals
Imposed loads kN
.# 4 2.# 4 &.2 &.2 4 2.# 4 &.2 ('<0 ) 3'( $.# 4 2.# 4 &.2
&.2 $ .$ $.8 + () )
+ + + $5.2 %) *
Total UD load for serviceability limit states , &<'< ) .'(( / *<'3 ) .'(( , 03'1 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states , &<'< ) .'*3 / *<'3 ) .'3( , .1('- 2N 5s beam 5 is loaded symmetrically each end reaction is half the total load Loads and reactions are sho"n in diagram belo"#
@eam 5 isolated
@eam @
UD loads on beam @
Im%osed loads 2N
('<0 ) 3'(
*'= *'=
+ +
Total UD load for serviceability limit states , *'= ) .'(( , *'= 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states , *'= ) .'*3 ,A 3'* 2N The diagram belo" sho"s the loads on beam @ and the reactions transmitted to the "alls#
@eam @ isolated
E4567LE & 5 reinforced concrete mezzanine floor slab is sim%ly su%%orted on steel beams and columns as sho"n in the >igure belo"' 8alculate the beam and column loads using this design data# 9 slab thic2ness 1(( mm 9 "eight of screed .'3 2N:m1
HJ ROSLAN BIN KOLOP PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA
mass of steel beams .1( 2g:m 9 mass of steel columns .(( 2g:m 9 im%osed load on slab &'3 2N:m1
SOLUTION 8oncrete slab self+"eight , ('1( ) 13 , 3'( 2N:m1 Total self+"eight of slab / screed , 3'( / .'3 , -'3 2N:m1 Steel beam self+"eight , .1( ) ='0.:.((( , .'.0 2N:m Steel column self+"eight , .(( ) ='0.:.((( , ('=0 2N:m
HJ ROSLAN BIN KOLOP PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA
@eam 5
&D loads on beam ' 7oncrete slab 9 screed ,teel beam 1mposed load Dead loads (selfweight) kN Imposed loads kN
+ + =('( +! !
Totals
Total UD load for serviceability limit states , .*='& ) .'(( / =('( ) .'(( , 11='& 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states , .*='& ) .'*3 / =('( ) .'3( , *1*'1 2N ?eactions for beam 5
@eam 5 isolated
@eam @
&D loads on beam , 7oncrete slab 9 screed ,teel beam 1mposed load Dead loads (selfweight) kN Imposed loads kN
&3#.# 8." -
+ + .0('(
Totals
$6+ (
"#! !
Total UD load for serviceability limit states , 1-='& ) .'(( / .0('( ) .'(( , &&='& 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states , 1-='& ) .'*3 / .0('( ) .'3( , -**'< 2N Loads and reactions for beam @
.'.0 ) .('(
..'0 ..'0
+ nil
Total UD load for servicea ilit! li"it states # $$%& ' $%(( # $$%& )N Total UD load for *lti"ate li"it states # $$%& ' $%+, # $,%- )N
@eam 8 isolated 8olumns Self01ei23t of o.e col*". SLS # (%-& ' 4%5 # 4%5 )N Self01ei23t of o.e col*". ULS # $%+, ' 4%5 # +%4 )N 8olumn One
Total col*". load for SLS# $$&%+ 6 $$5%7 6 4%5 # 4+,%5 )N Total col*". load for ULS# $88%5 6 $8$%8 6 +%4 # ++$%4 )N 8olumn T"o
Total col*". load for SLS# 4 ' $$&%+ 6 445%7 6 4%5 # 58+%7 )N Total col*". load for ULS# 4 ' $88%5 6 +$8%- 6 +%4 # 8,4%- )N TUTO?I5L . A series of rei.forced co.crete ea"s at ,%(0" ce.tres s9a. 7%, " o.to rei.forced co.crete col*".s +%, " 3i23: as s3o1. i. ;i2*re elo1 % T3e ea"s: 13ic3 are ,7, "" dee9 ! 4,( "" 1ide: carr! a $7,0""0t3ic) rei.forced co.crete sla : 13ic3 ca. e co.sidered as si"9l! s*99orted% T3e col*".s are 4,( "" ! 4,( "" i. cross0sectio.% T3e sla carries a screed 1ei23i.2 $%5 )N<"4 a.d a. i"9osed load of +%( )N<"4 % ;i.d t3e total UD load o. o.e ea": t3e reactio. to o.e col*". a.d t3e loads fro" o.e col*". to its fo*.datio.%
T T!"IA# $
The floor plan of a composite structure (concrete slab plus steel beam) is below. The reinforced concrete slab has an o%erall thic&ness of $'' mm and is to be desi(ned to carr) an imposed load of * &+,m $ includin( floor finishes and ceilin( loads of - &+,m$. .alculate the desi(n load actin( on steel beam A$ / 0$. Assume wei(ht of steel beam is 1' &(,m.
+" /
Solution
.ssume the shaded region as the tributar) area to be supported by beam A$ / 0$. #oadin( /ead *oad k01m$ +lab2 #3 % ,.# % 4 Floor finishes and ceiling2 " % 4 Beam2 6, % 7.8" % ",-4 Total Imposed *oad 2 4 % 4 5 5 5 5 5 "3 k01m 4 k01m ,.6 k01m "8.6 k01m 7 k01m
w 3 *4.15 &+,m
Exercise
6-. 7hat is the difference between dead and li%e load in a structure and (i%e two example for each t)pe of load.. 6$. .alculate the self8wei(ht of reinforced concrete beam of breadth *'' mm9 depth :'' mm and len(th :''' mm. 6*. The floor of a classroom is made of -$5 mm thic& concrete. If the floor is a slab ha%in( a len(th of 4 m and width of : m9 determine the total desi(n load in &+ for dead and li%e load. se %alues in Table of dead and imposed load (i%en abo%e. 6;. "eferrin( to the problem (i%en abo%e9 calculate the desi(n load of (i) 0eam A-80(ii) 0eam A-8A* (iii) .olumn A(Assume all beams are simpl) supported) 65. +ame the modes of failure that can occur on a reinforced concrete (i) beam (ii) column.
DIST?I@UTION O> LO5D ON @E56S >?O6 ONE+ B5C 5ND TBO +B5C SL5@ >loor slabs can be designed as either one+"ay s%anning or t"o+"ay s%anning as sho"n in >igures (a and (b
In the case of one+"ay s%anning slabs the entire load is distributed to the t"o main beams' T"o+"ay s%anning slabs distribute load to main beams along all edges' The load of the slabs is distributed on the su%%orting beams as sho"n belo" (based on crac2ed %attern of slab at yield #
L! L!
L' L'
One "ay slab and t"o+"ay slabs can be recognised by dividing Ly(longer size to L)(shorter size ' Bhen Ly:L) D 1 then it is considered as t"o+ "ay slab Bhen Ly:L) E1 then it is considered as one+ "ay slab
Fiven the floor %lan as sho"n belo"' The ty%es of floor can be determined using the e)%ression above'
>igure# The ty%es of loading from slabs distributed to the su%%orted beams
E4E?8ISE Give. t3e follo1i.2 floor 9la.: 9lot t3e distri *tio. of loadi.2 of t3e floor o. t3e s*rro*.di.2 ea"s%
,,(( "" A 47,( "" 47,( "" B
+((( ""
+((( ""
T3e tra9e=oidal load: tria.2*lar load a.d recta.2*lar load ca. e converted to *.ifor"l! distri *ted load for ease of calc*latio.s *si.2 t3e follo1i.2 e'9ressio.s> Tra9e=oidal load to U.ifor"l! distri *ted load>
?3ere . # )N<"4 E4567LE T3e fi2*re elo1 s3o1s t3e 9la. of a 9recast co.crete *ildi.2% Deter"i.e t3e desi2. load: e.di.2 "o"e.t a.d s3ear force for ea" $a<D0E a.d ea" E<$04 @ass*"e as si"9l! s*99ortedA if t3e c3aracteristics varia le actio. o. t3e floor is +%( )N<"4 a.d t3e c3aracteristics self 1ei23t of sla is 5%8 )N<"4% T3e ea" E<$04 also carries a ric) 1all of + " 3ei23t% Also 2ive.> Beight of bric2s# 1'- 2N:m1 Slab thic2ness # .3( mm
Self "eight of beam , 13 ) ('13 ) (('33 G ('.3 , 1'3 2N:m Design load! " , .'*3 (='1 / 1'3 / .'3 (- , 11'(3 2N:m
6a)imum Shear force (reaction , "L:1 , 11'(3 ) *:1 , **'(0 2N 6a)imum bending moment , "L1:0 , 11'(3 ) *1:0 , 1&'0. 2Nm
@E56 E:.+1
, &'- ) *:- H * G (*:*'<3 1I , 3'&* 2N:m ?B):$ # +'+<8 C + D @+<+%7,A4E # +%,5 )N<"
Self "eight of beam , 13 ) ('13 ) (('33 G ('.3 , 1'3 2N:m Self "eight of bric2 "all , 1'- ) * , <'0 2N:m Design load! " , .'*3(3'&* / -'= / 1'3 / <'0 / .'3 (*'3& / &'3 , &1'-. 2N:m 7oint load (reaction from beam .a:D+E , **'(0 2N
54%8$ )N<"
++%(& )N
+%7,"
+%7, "
E4E?8ISE .' 1' *' &' 8alculate the reaction (6a)imum shear >orce 8alculate the ma)imum design moment S2etch the shear force diagram S2etch the bending moment diagram
5SSIFN6ENT
HJ ROSLAN BIN KOLOP PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA
J. ?aKah di ba"ah "e.*.F*))a. 9ela. la.tai ti.2)at )ed*a se *a3 a.2*.a. 9asa.2 sia9%% Data eri)*t di eri: Kete ala. 9a9a) )o.)rit # $4, "" Be a. )e.aa. di atas 9a9a) # +%( )N<"4 Berat )o.)rit # 4, )N<"+ Berat di.di.2 ata di atas ras*) # 4%( )N<" Ke"asa. la.tai # $%, )N<"4 A% De.2a. "e.2a.dai)a. ras*) se)*.der D<$0+ se a2ai t*9a.2 "*da3: @iA @iiA Kira)a. e a. re)a e.t*) 9ada ras*)% Kira)a. "o"e. re)a e.t*)%
J1' The floor system of a building consists of a .3 cm thic2 reinforced concrete slab resting on four steel beams! "hich in turn are su%%orted by t"o steel girders as sho"n belo"' The cross+sectional areas of the floor beams and the girders are =&'0 cm1 and **<'& cm1! res%ectively' Determine the %ermanent action on the beams 8F and DL and the girder 5D' Fiven the unit "eight of the construction materials as follo"s# ?einforced concrete# 13 2N:m* Structural steel# <<'( 2N:m*