OM0013 1 Explain the following a) Flow diagram b) Value Stream Mapping (VSM) c) Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) Explanation

of Flow diagram Explanation of VSM Explanation of CLD 4 3 3 10

a) A flow diagram is a grap i!al m"ans of r"pr"s"nting or pr"s"nting# d"s!ri$ing# or anal%&ing a pro!"ss' ( is is don" $% drawing small $ox"s w i! r"pr"s"nt s")*"n!" and d"p"nd"n!% r"lations ips *s*all% on t " + and , axis on t " grap ' A data flow diagram -DFD) is a grap i!al r"pr"s"ntation of t " .flow. of data t ro*g an information s%st"m# mod"ling its process asp"!ts' Oft"n t "% ar" a pr"liminar% st"p *s"d to !r"at" an o/"r/i"w of t " s%st"m w i! !an lat"r $" "la$orat"d' 012 DFDs !an also $" *s"d for t " /is*ali&ation of data pro!"ssing -str*!t*r"d d"sign)' A DFD s ows w at 3inds of information will $" inp*t to and o*tp*t from t " s%st"m# w "r" t " data will !om" from and go to# and w "r" t " data will $" stor"d' 4t do"s not s ow information a$o*t t " timing of pro!"ss"s# or information a$o*t w "t "r pro!"ss"s will op"rat" in s")*"n!" or in parall"l -w i! is s own on a flow! art)' $) Value stream mapping is a l"an man*fa!t*ring t"! ni)*" *s"d to anal%&" and d"sign t " flow of mat"rials and information r")*ir"d to $ring a prod*!t or s"r/i!" to a !ons*m"r' At (o%ota# w "r" t " t"! ni)*" originat"d# it is 3nown as .mat"rial and information flow mapping.'012 4t !an $" appli"d to n"arl% an% /al*" ! ain'

Implementation
1' 4d"ntif% t " targ"t prod*!t# prod*!t famil%# or s"r/i!"' 1' Draw w il" on t " s op floor a !*rr"nt stat" /al*" str"am map# w i! s ows t " !*rr"nt st"ps# d"la%s# and information flows r")*ir"d to d"li/"r t " targ"t prod*!t or s"r/i!"' ( is ma% $" a prod*!tion flow -raw mat"rials to !ons*m"r) or a d"sign flow -!on!"pt to la*n! )' ( "r" ar" 5standard50citation needed2 s%m$ols for r"pr"s"nting s*ppl% ! ain "ntiti"s' 3' Ass"ss t " !*rr"nt stat" /al*" str"am map in t"rms of !r"ating flow $% "liminating wast"' 4' Draw a f*t*r" stat" /al*" str"am map'

6' 7or3 toward t " f*t*r" stat" !ondition'

Applications
Val*" str"am mapping as s*pporting m"t ods t at ar" oft"n *s"d in L"an "n/ironm"nts to anal%&" and d"sign flows at t " s%st"m l"/"l -a!ross m*ltipl" pro!"ss"s)' Alt o*g /al*" str"am mapping is oft"n asso!iat"d wit man*fa!t*ring# it is also *s"d in logisti!s# s*ppl% ! ain# s"r/i!" r"lat"d ind*stri"s# "alt !ar"# softwar" d"/"lopm"nt# prod*!t d"/"lopm"nt# and administrati/" and offi!" pro!"ss"s' 4n a $*ild8to8t "8standard form S ig"o S ingo s*gg"sts t at t " /al*"8adding st"ps $" drawn a!ross t " !"ntr" of t " map and t " non8/al*"8adding st"ps $" r"pr"s"nt"d in /"rti!al lin"s at rig t angl"s to t " /al*" str"am' ( *s t " a!ti/iti"s $"!om" "asil% s"parat"d into t " /al*" str"am w i! is t " fo!*s of on" t%p" of att"ntion and t " 5wast"5 st"ps anot "r t%p"' 9" !alls t " /al*" str"am t " pro!"ss and t " non8/al*" str"ams t " op"rations' ( " t in3ing "r" is t at t " non8/al*"8adding st"ps ar" oft"n pr"parator% or tid%ing *p to t " /al*"8adding st"p and ar" !los"l% asso!iat"d wit t " p"rson or ma! in":wor3station t at "x"!*t"s t at /al*"8adding st"p' ( "r"for" "a! /"rti!al lin" is t " 5stor%5 of a p"rson or wor3station w ilst t " ori&ontal lin" r"pr"s"nts t " 5stor%5 of t " prod*!t $"ing !r"at"d' !) A causal loop diagram -CLD) is a !a*sal diagram t at aids in /is*ali&ing ow diff"r"nt /aria$l"s in a s%st"m ar" int"rr"lat"d' ( " diagram !onsists of a s"t of nod"s and "dg"s' ;od"s r"pr"s"nt t " /aria$l"s and "dg"s ar" t " lin3s t at r"pr"s"nt a !onn"!tion or a r"lation $"tw""n t " two /aria$l"s' A lin3 mar3"d positive indi!at"s a positi/" r"lation and a lin3 mar3"d n"gati/" indi!at"s a n"gati/" r"lation' A positi/" !a*sal lin3 m"ans t " two nod"s ! ang" in t " sam" dir"!tion# i'"' if t " nod" in w i! t " lin3 starts d"!r"as"s# t " ot "r nod" also d"!r"as"s' Similarl%# if t " nod" in w i! t " lin3 starts in!r"as"s# t " ot "r nod" in!r"as"s as w"ll' A negative !a*sal lin3 m"ans t " two nod"s ! ang" in opposit" dir"!tions# i'"' if t " nod" in w i! t " lin3 starts in!r"as"s# t " ot "r nod" d"!r"as"s and /i!" /"rsa' Clos"d !%!l"s in t " diagram ar" /"r% important f"at*r"s of t " CLDs' A !los"d !%!l" is "it "r d"fin"d as a reinforcing or balancing loop' A r"infor!ing loop is a !%!l" in w i! t " "ff"!t of a /ariation in an% /aria$l" propagat"s t ro*g t " loop and r"t*rns to t " /aria$l" maximi&ing t " initial d"/iation i'"' if a /aria$l" in!r"as"s in a r"infor!ing loop t " "ff"!t t ro*g t " !%!l" will r"t*rn an in!r"as" to t " sam" /aria$l" and /i!" /"rsa' A $alan!ing loop is t " !%!l" in w i! t " "ff"!t of a /ariation in an% /aria$l" propagat"s t ro*g t " loop and r"t*rns to t " /aria$l" a d"/iation opposit" to t " initial on" i'"' if a /aria$l" in!r"as"s in a $alan!ing loop t " "ff"!t t ro*g t " !%!l" will r"t*rn a d"!r"as" to t " sam" /aria$l" and /i!" /"rsa' 4f a /aria$l" /ari"s in a r"infor!ing loop t " "ff"!t of t " ! ang" r"infor!"s t " initial /ariation' ( " "ff"!t of t " /ariation will t "n !r"at" anot "r r"infor!ing "ff"!t' 7it o*t $r"a3ing t " loop t " s%st"m will $" !a*g t in a /i!io*s !%!l"s of !ir!*lar ! ain r"a!tions' For t is r"ason# !los"d loops ar" !riti!al f"at*r"s in t " CLDs'

o find success in competition! a business needs to gi"e importance to "alue creation# Explain "alue creation through $rand de"elopment! Creati"e Design and Lean Manufacturing# Val*" Cr"ation t ro*g <rand D"/"lopm"nt Val*" Cr"ation t ro*g Cr"ati/" D"sign Val*" Cr"ation t ro*g L"an Man*fa!t*ring 4 3 3 10

4n 1001# aft"r d"!ad"s of prosp"rit% and growt # t " ="rman ad/"rtising ind*str% was !a*g t *p in t " tid" of a g"n"ral "!onomi! downt*rn' 4t was in t is !ont"xt t at ( " <oston Cons*lting =ro*p# in !oop"ration wit =r*n"r > ?a r and 4@ D"*ts! land# wrot" and pr"s"nt"d t " st*d% AAgainst t " (id"BVal*" Cr"ation t ro*g Co*nt"r!%!li!al <rand D"/"lopm"ntC $"tw""n D"!"m$"r 1001 and Mar! 1001' ( " st*d% !on!l*d"s t at in spit" of r"!"ssion# t "r" is no imm"diat" !a*s" for pani!' Cla*s"wit&D insig t appli"s parti!*larl% w"ll to a!tors "ngag"d in "!onomi! !omp"titionE in p"riods of !risis t "% s o*ld a!ti/"l% s""3 o*t opport*niti"s to r"distri$*t" t " !ards in t "ir own fa/or' Ad/"rtising pla%s a !"ntral rol" in t is pro!"ss' ( is st*d% fo!*s"s on t " int"rd"p"nd"n!i"s $"tw""n ad/"rtising# mar3"t position# and !orporat" /al*"' Examining as man% diff"r"nt ind*stri"s as possi$l"# t " st*d% t"sts t " t "sis t at !ontin*o*s $rand !*lti/ation forms t " fo*ndation for longt"rm growt # l"ading to s*p"rior /al*" d"/"lopm"nt in !apital mar3"ts' ( is is "sp"!iall% tr*" d*ring p"riods of r"!"ssion or !risis' ( " r"s*lts s ow"d t at !ontin*it% as a prin!ipl" of s*!!"ss is parti!*larl% /alid in tim"s of !risis' ( "s" sit*ations also pro/id" maFor opport*niti"s for "ffi!i"n!%E manag"rs w o maintain or in!r"as" t "ir ad/"rtising in/"stm"nt against t " g"n"ral tr"nd !an str"ngt "n t "ir $rand r"lati/" to t " !omp"tition# $*ild *p long8 t"rm $rand /al*"# and s"!*r" t "ir position in $ot t " mar3"t and in !apital mar3"ts' $) Co-creation is a form of mar3"ting strat"g% or $*sin"ss strat"g% t at "mp asi&"s t " g"n"ration and ongoing r"ali&ation of m*t*al firm8!*stom"r /al*"' 4t /i"ws mar3"ts as for*ms for firms and a!ti/" !*stom"rs to s ar"# !om$in" and r"n"w "a! ot "r5s r"so*r!"s and !apa$iliti"s to !r"at" /al*" t ro*g n"w forms of int"ra!tion# s"r/i!" and l"arning m"! anisms' 4t diff"rs from t " traditional a!ti/" firm G passi/" !ons*m"r mar3"t !onstr*!t of t " past' Co8!r"at"d /al*" aris"s in t " form of p"rsonalis"d# *ni)*" "xp"ri"n!"s for t " !*stom"r -/al*"8in8*s") and ongoing r"/"n*"# l"arning and "n an!"d mar3"t p"rforman!" dri/"rs

for t " firm -lo%alt%# r"lations ips# !*stom"r word of mo*t )' Val*" is !o8!r"at"d wit !*stom"rs if and w "n a !*stom"r is a$l" to p"rsonali&" is or "r "xp"ri"n!" *sing a firm5s prod*!t8s"r/i!" proposition G in t " lif"tim" of its *s" G to a l"/"l t at is $"st s*it"d to g"t is or "r Fo$-s) or tas3s don" and w i! allows t " firm to d"ri/" gr"at"r /al*" from its prod*!t8s"r/i!" in/"stm"nt in t " form of n"w 3nowl"dg"# ig "r r"/"n*"s:profita$ilit% and:or s*p"rior $rand /al*":lo%alt%' S! olars C'H' @ra alad and V"n3at Iamaswam% introd*!"d t " !on!"pt in t "ir 1000 Harvard Business Review arti!l"# .Co8Opting C*stom"r Comp"t"n!".' 012 ( "% d"/"lop"d t "ir arg*m"nts f*rt "r in t "ir $oo3# p*$lis "d $% t " 9ar/ard <*sin"ss S! ool @r"ss# The Future of Competition# w "r" t "% off"r"d "xampl"s in!l*ding ;apst"r and ;"tflix s owing t at !*stom"rs wo*ld no long"r $" satisfi"d wit ma3ing %"s or no d"!isions on w at a !ompan% off"rs'032 Val*" will $" in!r"asingl% !o8!r"at"d $% t " firm and t " !*stom"r# t "% arg*"d# rat "r t an $"ing !r"at"d "ntir"l% insid" t " firm' Co8!r"ation in t "ir /i"w not onl% d"s!ri$"s a tr"nd of Fointl% !r"ating prod*!ts' 4t also d"s!ri$"s a mo/"m"nt awa% from !*stom"rs $*%ing prod*!ts and s"r/i!"s as transa!tions# to t os" p*r! as"s $"ing mad" as part of an "xp"ri"n!"' ( " a*t ors "ld t at !ons*m"rs s""3 fr""dom of ! oi!" to int"ra!t wit t " firm t ro*g a rang" of "xp"ri"n!"s' C*stom"rs want to d"fin" ! oi!"s in a mann"r t at r"fl"!ts t "ir /i"w of /al*"# and t "% want to int"ra!t and transa!t in t "ir pr"f"rr"d lang*ag" and st%l"' !) Lean manufacturing# lean enterprise# or lean production -C in"s"E# oft"n simpl%# .lean.# is a prod*!tion pra!ti!" t at !onsid"rs t " "xp"ndit*r" of r"so*r!"s for an% goal ot "r t an t " !r"ation of /al*" for t " "nd !*stom"r to $" wast"f*l# and t *s a targ"t for "limination' 7or3ing from t " p"rsp"!ti/" of t " !*stom"r w o !ons*m"s a prod*!t or s"r/i!"# ./al*". is d"fin"d as an% a!tion or pro!"ss t at a !*stom"r wo*ld $" willing to pa% for' Ess"ntiall%# l"an is !"nt"r"d on preserving value with less work' L"an man*fa!t*ring is a manag"m"nt p ilosop % d"ri/"d mostl% from t " (o%ota @rod*!tion S%st"m -(@S) - "n!" t " t"rm (o%otism is also pr"/al"nt) and id"ntifi"d as .l"an. onl% in t " 1JJ0s' (@S is r"nown"d for its fo!*s on r"d*!tion of t " original (o%ota seven wastes to impro/" o/"rall !*stom"r /al*"# $*t t "r" ar" /ar%ing p"rsp"!ti/"s on ow t is is $"st a! i"/"d' ( " st"ad% growt of (o%ota# from a small !ompan% to t " world5s larg"st a*toma3"r#032 as fo!*s"d att"ntion on ow it as a! i"/"d t is s*!!"ss'

FME% (Failure Modes and Effects %nal&sis) is a means of identif&ing or in"estigating potential failure modes and related causes# Describe the different t&pes of FME%# 'hat are the ad"antages and disad"antages of FME%( M"aning of FMEA (%p"s of FMEA Ad/antag"s of FMEA 1 3 1'6 10

Disad/antag"s of FMEA

1'6

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis -FMEA) was on" of t " first s%st"mati! t"! ni)*"s for fail*r" anal%sis' 4t was d"/"lop"d $% r"lia$ilit% "ngin""rs in t " 1J60s to st*d% pro$l"ms t at mig t aris" from malf*n!tions of militar% s%st"ms' A FMEA is oft"n t " first st"p of a s%st"m r"lia$ilit% st*d%' 4t in/ol/"s r"/i"wing as man% !ompon"nts# ass"m$li"s# and s*$s%st"ms as possi$l" to id"ntif% fail*r" mod"s# and t "ir !a*s"s and "ff"!ts' For "a! !ompon"nt# t " fail*r" mod"s and t "ir r"s*lting "ff"!ts on t " r"st of t " s%st"m ar" r"!ord"d in a sp"!ifi! FMEA wor3s ""t' ( "r" ar" n*m"ro*s /ariations of s*! wor3s ""ts' A FMEA is mainl% a )*alitati/" anal%sis' A f"w diff"r"nt t%p"s of FMEA anal%sis "xist# li3"

F*n!tional# D"sign# and @ro!"ss FMEA'

Som"tim"s t " FMEA is !all"d FMECA to indi!at" t at Criti!alit% anal%sis is p"rform"d also' An FMEA is an ind*!ti/" r"asoning -forward logi!) singl" point of fail*r" anal%sis and is a !or" tas3 in r"lia$ilit% "ngin""ring# saf"t% "ngin""ring and )*alit% "ngin""ring' K*alit% "ngin""ring is sp"!iall% !on!"rn"d wit t " .@ro!"ss. -Man*fa!t*ring and Ass"m$l%) t%p" of FMEA'

round rules
( " gro*nd r*l"s of "a! FMEA in!l*d" a s"t of proF"!t s"l"!t"d pro!"d*r"sL t " ass*mptions on w i! t " anal%sis is $as"dL t " ardwar" t at as $""n in!l*d"d and "x!l*d"d from t " anal%sis and t " rational" for t " "x!l*sions' ( " gro*nd r*l"s also d"s!ri$" t " ind"nt*r" l"/"l of t " anal%sis# t " $asi! ardwar" stat*s# and t " !rit"ria for s%st"m and mission s*!!"ss' E/"r% "ffort s o*ld $" mad" to d"fin" all gro*nd r*l"s $"for" t " FMEA $"ginsL ow"/"r# t " gro*nd r*l"s ma% $" "xpand"d and !larifi"d as t " anal%sis pro!""ds' A t%pi!al s"t of gro*nd r*l"s -ass*mptions) followsE032 1' Onl% on" fail*r" mod" "xists at a tim"' 1' All inp*ts -in!l*ding softwar" !ommands) to t " it"m $"ing anal%&"d ar" pr"s"nt and at nominal /al*"s' 3' All !ons*ma$l"s ar" pr"s"nt in s*ffi!i"nt )*antiti"s' 4' ;ominal pow"r is a/aila$l"

!enefits

MaFor $"n"fits d"ri/"d from a prop"rl% impl"m"nt"d FMECA "ffort ar" as followsE 1' 4t pro/id"s a do!*m"nt"d m"t od for s"l"!ting a d"sign wit a ig pro$a$ilit% of s*!!"ssf*l op"ration and saf"t%' 1' A do!*m"nt"d *niform m"t od of ass"ssing pot"ntial fail*r" m"! anisms# fail*r" mod"s and t "ir impa!t on s%st"m op"ration# r"s*lting in a list of fail*r" mod"s ran3"d a!!ording to t " s"rio*sn"ss of t "ir s%st"m impa!t and li3"li ood of o!!*rr"n!"' 3' Earl% id"ntifi!ation of singl" fail*r" points -SF@S) and s%st"m int"rfa!" pro$l"ms# w i! ma% $" !riti!al to mission s*!!"ss and:or saf"t%' ( "% also pro/id" a m"t od of /"rif%ing t at swit! ing $"tw""n r"d*ndant "l"m"nts is not F"opardi&"d $% post*lat"d singl" fail*r"s' 4' An "ff"!ti/" m"t od for "/al*ating t " "ff"!t of propos"d ! ang"s to t " d"sign and:or op"rational pro!"d*r"s on mission s*!!"ss and saf"t%' 6' A $asis for in8flig t tro*$l"s ooting pro!"d*r"s and for lo!ating p"rforman!" monitoring and fa*lt8d"t"!tion d"/i!"s' M' Crit"ria for "arl% planning of t"sts' From t " a$o/" list# "arl% id"ntifi!ations of SF@S# inp*t to t " tro*$l"s ooting pro!"d*r" and lo!ating of p"rforman!" monitoring : fa*lt d"t"!tion d"/i!"s ar" pro$a$l% t " most important $"n"fits of t " FMECA' 4n addition# t " FMECA pro!"d*r"s ar" straig tforward and allow ord"rl% "/al*ation of t " d"sign'

!asic terms
( " following !o/"rs som" $asi! FMEA t"rminolog%' Fail*r" ( " loss of an int"nd"d f*n!tion of a d"/i!" *nd"r stat"d !onditions' Fail*r" mod" ( " sp"!ifi! mann"r or wa% $% w i! a fail*r" o!!*rs in t"rms of fail*r" of t " it"m -$"ing a part or -s*$) s%st"m) function *nd"r in/"stigationL it ma% g"n"rall% d"s!ri$" t " wa% t " fail*r" o!!*rs' 4t s all at l"ast !l"arl% d"s!ri$" a -"nd) fail*r" stat" of t " it"m -or f*n!tion in !as" of a F*n!tional FMEA) *nd"r !onsid"ration' 4t is t " r"s*lt of t " fail*r" m"! anism -!a*s" of t " fail*r" mod")' For example; a fully fractured axle, a deformed axle or a fully open or fully closed electrical contact are each a separate failure mode Fail*r" !a*s" and:or m"! anism D"f"!ts in r")*ir"m"nts# d"sign# pro!"ss# )*alit% !ontrol# andling or part appli!ation# w i! ar" t " *nd"rl%ing !a*s" or s")*"n!" of !a*s"s t at initiat" a pro!"ss -m"! anism) t at l"ads to a fail*r" mod" o/"r a !"rtain tim"' A fail*r" mod" ma% a/" mor" !a*s"s' For example; !fatigue or corrosion of a structural "eam! or !fretting corrosion in a electrical contact! is a failure mechanism and in itself #likely$ not a failure mode The related failure mode #end state$ is a !full fracture of structural "eam! or !an open electrical contact! The initial Cause

might have "een !%mproper application of corrosion protection layer #paint$! and &or !#a"normal$ vi"ration input from another #possi"le failed$ system! Fail*r" "ff"!t 4mm"diat" !ons")*"n!"s of a fail*r" on op"ration# f*n!tion or f*n!tionalit%# or stat*s of som" it"m' 4nd"nt*r" l"/"ls -$ill of mat"rial or f*n!tional $r"a3down) An id"ntifi"r for s%st"m l"/"l and t "r"$% it"m !ompl"xit%' Compl"xit% in!r"as"s as l"/"ls ar" !los"r to on"' Lo!al "ff"!t ( " fail*r" "ff"!t as it appli"s to t " it"m *nd"r anal%sis' ;"xt ig "r l"/"l "ff"!t ( " fail*r" "ff"!t as it appli"s at t " n"xt ig "r ind"nt*r" l"/"l' End "ff"!t ( " fail*r" "ff"!t at t " ig "st ind"nt*r" l"/"l or total s%st"m' D"t"!tion ( " m"ans of d"t"!tion of t " fail*r" mod" $% maintain"r# op"rator or $*ilt in d"t"!tion s%st"m# in!l*ding "stimat"d dorman!% p"riod -if appli!a$l") Iis3 @riorit% ;*m$"r -I@;) Cost -of t " "/"nt) N @ro$a$ilit% -of t " "/"nt o!!*rring) N D"t"!tion -@ro$a$ilit% t at t " "/"nt wo*ld $" d"t"!t"d $"for" t " *s"r was awar" of it) S"/"rit% ( " !ons")*"n!"s of a fail*r" mod"' S"/"rit% !onsid"rs t " worst pot"ntial !ons")*"n!" of a fail*r"# d"t"rmin"d $% t " d"gr"" of inF*r%# prop"rt% damag"# s%st"m damag" and:or tim" lost to r"pair t " fail*r"' 4 'hat are the features of aguchi)s Contributions( Explain *ualit& Loss Function method and +obust Design# F"at*r"s of (ag*! iDs Contri$*tions Explanation of K*alit% Loss F*n!tion and "xampl"s Explanation of Io$*st D"sign 3 4 3 10

"aguc#i met#ods -?apan"s"E ar" statisti!al m"t ods d"/"lop"d $% ="ni! i (ag*! i to impro/" t " )*alit% of man*fa!t*r"d goods# and mor" r"!"ntl% also appli"d to "ngin""ring#012 $iot"! nolog%#012032 mar3"ting and ad/"rtising' @rof"ssional statisti!ians a/" w"l!om"d t " goals and impro/"m"nts $ro*g t a$o*t $% (ag*! i m"t ods# parti!*larl% $% (ag*! i5s d"/"lopm"nt of d"signs for st*d%ing /ariation# $*t a/" !riti!i&"d t " in"ffi!i"n!% of som" of (ag*! i5s proposals' (ag*! i5s wor3 in!l*d"s t r"" prin!ipl" !ontri$*tions to statisti!sE

A sp"!ifi! loss f*n!tion B s"" (ag*! i loss f*n!tionL ( " p ilosop % of off'line (uality controlL and 4nno/ations in t " d"sign of "xp"rim"nts'

Loss functions in statistical t#eory

(raditionall%# statisti!al m"t ods a/" r"li"d on m"an8*n$ias"d "stimators of tr"atm"nt "ff"!tsE Ond"r t " !onditions of t " =a*ss8Mar3o/ t "or"m# l"ast s)*ar"s "stimators a/" minim*m /arian!" among all m"an8*n$ias"d "stimators' ( " "mp asis on !omparisons of m"ans also draws -limiting) !omfort from t " law of larg" n*m$"rs# a!!ording to w i! t " sampl" m"ans !on/"rg" to t " tr*" m"an' Fis "r5s t"xt$oo3 on t " d"sign of "xp"rim"nts "mp asi&"d !omparisons of tr"atm"nt m"ans' 9ow"/"r# loss f*n!tions w"r" a/oid"d $% Ionald A' Fis "r'

"aguc#i$s use of loss functions

(ag*! i 3n"w statisti!al t "or% mainl% from t " follow"rs of Ionald A' Fis "r# w o also a/oid"d loss f*n!tions' I"a!ting to Fis "r5s m"t ods in t " d"sign of "xp"rim"nts# (ag*! i int"rpr"t"d Fis "r5s m"t ods as $"ing adapt"d for s""3ing to impro/" t " m"an o*t!om" of a pro!"ss' 4nd""d# Fis "r5s wor3 ad $""n larg"l% moti/at"d $% programm"s to !ompar" agri!*lt*ral %i"lds *nd"r diff"r"nt tr"atm"nts and $lo!3s# and s*! "xp"rim"nts w"r" don" as part of a long8t"rm programm" to impro/" ar/"sts' 9ow"/"r# (ag*! i r"alis"d t at in m*! ind*strial prod*!tion# t "r" is a n""d to prod*!" an o*t!om" on target# for "xampl"# to ma! in" a ol" to a sp"!ifi"d diam"t"r# or to man*fa!t*r" a !"ll to prod*!" a gi/"n /oltag"' 9" also r"alis"d# as ad 7alt"r A' S "w art and ot "rs $"for" im# t at "x!"ssi/" /ariation la% at t " root of poor man*fa!t*r"d )*alit% and t at r"a!ting to indi/id*al it"ms insid" and o*tsid" sp"!ifi!ation was !o*nt"rprod*!ti/"' 9" t "r"for" arg*"d t at )*alit% "ngin""ring s o*ld start wit an *nd"rstanding of )*alit% !osts in /ario*s sit*ations' 4n m*! !on/"ntional ind*strial "ngin""ring# t " )*alit% !osts ar" simpl% r"pr"s"nt"d $% t " n*m$"r of it"ms o*tsid" sp"!ifi!ation m*ltipli"d $% t " !ost of r"wor3 or s!rap' 9ow"/"r# (ag*! i insist"d t at man*fa!t*r"rs $road"n t "ir ori&ons to !onsid"r cost to society' ( o*g t " s ort8t"rm !osts ma% simpl% $" t os" of non8!onforman!"# an% it"m man*fa!t*r"d awa% from nominal wo*ld r"s*lt in som" loss to t " !*stom"r or t " wid"r !omm*nit% t ro*g "arl% w"ar8o*tL diffi!*lti"s in int"rfa!ing wit ot "r parts# t "ms"l/"s pro$a$l% wid" of nominalL or t " n""d to $*ild in saf"t% margins' ( "s" loss"s ar" "xt"rnaliti"s and ar" *s*all% ignor"d $% man*fa!t*r"rs# w i! ar" mor" int"r"st"d in t "ir pri/at" !osts t an so!ial !osts' S*! "xt"rnaliti"s pr"/"nt mar3"ts from op"rating "ffi!i"ntl%# a!!ording to anal%s"s of p*$li! "!onomi!s' (ag*! i arg*"d t at s*! loss"s wo*ld in"/ita$l% find t "ir wa% $a!3 to t " originating !orporation -in an "ff"!t similar to t " trag"d% of t " !ommons)# and t at $% wor3ing to minimis" t "m# man*fa!t*r"rs wo*ld "n an!" $rand r"p*tation# win mar3"ts and g"n"rat" profits'

S*! loss"s ar"# of !o*rs"# /"r% small w "n an it"m is n"ar to n"gligi$l"' Donald ?' 7 ""l"r ! ara!t"ris"d t " r"gion wit in sp"!ifi!ation limits as w "r" w" deny that losses exist' As w" di/"rg" from nominal# loss"s grow *ntil t " point w "r" losses are too great to deny and t " sp"!ifi!ation limit is drawn' All t "s" loss"s ar"# as 7' Edwards D"ming wo*ld d"s!ri$" t "m# unknown and unknowa"le# $*t (ag*! i want"d to find a *s"f*l wa% of r"pr"s"nting t "m statisti!all%' (ag*! i sp"!ifi"d t r"" sit*ationsE 1' Larg"r t " $"tt"r -for "xampl"# agri!*lt*ral %i"ld)L 1' Small"r t " $"tt"r -for "xampl"# !ar$on dioxid" "missions)L and 3' On8targ"t# minim*m8/ariation -for "xampl"# a mating part in an ass"m$l%)'

%eception of "aguc#i$s ideas by statisticians

( o*g man% of (ag*! i5s !on!"rns and !on!l*sions ar" w"l!om"d $% statisti!ians and "!onomists# som" id"as a/" $""n "sp"!iall% !riti!i&"d' For "xampl"# (ag*! i5s r"!omm"ndation t at ind*strial "xp"rim"nts maximis" som" signal'to'noise ratio -r"pr"s"nting t " magnit*d" of t " m"an of a pro!"ss !ompar"d to its /ariation) as $""n !riti!i&"d wid"l%'

Explain the purpose of an %ffinit& diagram and list out its benefits# 'rite a procedure to create +elations diagram# M"aning of an Affinit% diagram @*rpos" <"n"fits M"aning of I"lations diagram St"ps to !r"at" I"lations diagram 1 1 1 1 1 10

( " affinity diagram is a $*sin"ss tool *s"d to organi&" id"as and data' 4t is on" of t " S"/"n Manag"m"nt and @lanning (ools' ( " tool is !ommonl% *s"d wit in proF"!t manag"m"nt and allows larg" n*m$"rs of id"as st"mming from $rainstorming to $" sort"d into gro*ps# $as"d on t "ir nat*ral r"lations ips# for r"/i"w and anal%sis' 4t is also fr")*"ntl% *s"d in !ont"xt*al in)*ir% as a wa% to organi&" not"s and insig ts from fi"ld int"r/i"ws' 4t !an also $" *s"d for organi&ing ot "r fr""form !omm"nts# s*! as op"n8"nd"d s*r/"% r"spons"s# s*pport !all logs# or ot "r )*alitati/" data' @"opl" a/" $""n gro*ping data into gro*ps $as"d on nat*ral r"lations ips for t o*sands of %"arsL ow"/"r t " t"rm affinit% diagram was d"/is"d $% ?iro Hawa3ita in t " 1JM0sand is som"tim"s r"f"rr"d to as t " H? M"t od'

&urpose
1' I"!ord "a! id"a on !ards or not"s' 1' Loo3 for id"as t at s""m to $" r"lat"d' 3' Sort !ards into gro*ps *ntil all !ards a/" $""n *s"d' On!" t " !ards a/" $""n sort"d into gro*ps t " t"am ma% sort larg" !l*st"rs into s*$gro*ps for "asi"r manag"m"nt and anal%sis'042 On!" !ompl"t"d# t " affinit% diagram ma% $" *s"d to !r"at" a !a*s" and "ff"!t diagram'062 4n man% !as"s# t " $"st r"s*lts t"nd to $" a! i"/"d w "n t " a!ti/it% is !ompl"t"d $% a !ross8f*n!tional t"am# in!l*ding 3"% sta3" old"rs' ( " pro!"ss r")*ir"s $"!oming d""pl% imm"rs"d in t " data# w i! as $"n"fits $"%ond t " tangi$l" d"li/"ra$l"s'

'ummary
Affinit% diagramming is *s"d to sort larg" amo*nts of data into logi!al gro*ps' Existing it"ms and:or n"w it"ms id"ntifi"d $% indi/id*als ar" writt"n on sti!3% not"s w i! ar" sort"d into !at"gori"s as a wor3s op a!ti/it%' Affinit% diagramming !an $" *s"d toE

anal%s" findings from fi"ld st*di"s id"ntif% and gro*p *s"r f*n!tions as part of d"sign anal%s" findings from a *sa$ilit% "/al*ation

!enefits
Affinit% diagramming is a simpl" and !ost "ff"!ti/" t"! ni)*" for soli!iting id"as from a gro*p and o$taining !ons"ns*s on ow information s o*ld $" str*!t*r"d'

Met#od
&lanning

Arrang" a m""ting of parti!ipants wit t " r"l"/ant "xp"rtis" t at will last on" to two o*rs' 7rit" an% "xisting it"ms on sti!3% not"s' Os" a room w "r" %o* !an fix flip ! art pap"r to t " wall *sing <l*" (a!3'

At t#e meeting

Explain t " pro$l"m to t " parti!ipants# and if appropriat" allow parti!ipants to !r"at" t "ir own it"ms as a $rainstorming a!ti/it%' As3 parti!ipants to sti!3 t " not"s on t " flip ! art pap"r# !los" to an% ot "r not"s on a similar topi!' 4f d"signing# in!l*d" *s"rs as parti!ipants# and gro*p it"ms from a *s"r p"rsp"!ti/"' On!" !ons"ns*s as $""n r"a! "d on t " gro*ping# *s" a diff"r"nt !olo*r"d sti!3% not" to nam" "a! gro*p '

,rocess Mapping helps to identif& the best performance measures and the ma-or opportunities for impro"ement# Describe the t&pes of ,rocess Mapping# Explain the ma-or steps in ,rocess Mapping# M"aning of @ro!"ss Mapping (%p"s of @ro!"ss Mapping MaFor st"ps in @ro!"ss Mapping 1 4 4 10

!usiness process mapping r"f"rs to a!ti/iti"s in/ol/"d in d"fining w at a $*sin"ss "ntit% do"s# w o is r"sponsi$l"# to w at standard a $*sin"ss pro!"ss s o*ld $" !ompl"t"d# and ow t " s*!!"ss of a $*sin"ss pro!"ss !an $" d"t"rmin"d' ( " main p*rpos" $" ind $*sin"ss pro!"ss mapping is to assist organi&ations in $"!oming mor" "ffi!i"nt' A !l"ar and d"tail"d $*sin"ss pro!"ss map or diagram allows o*tsid" firms to !om" in and loo3 at w "t "r or not impro/"m"nts !an $" mad" to t " !*rr"nt pro!"ss' <*sin"ss pro!"ss mapping ta3"s a sp"!ifi! o$F"!ti/" and "lps to m"as*r" and !ompar" t at o$F"!ti/" alongsid" t " "ntir" organi&ation5s o$F"!ti/"s to ma3" s*r" t at all pro!"ss"s ar" align"d wit t " !ompan%5s /al*"s and !apa$iliti"s' 4SO J001 r")*ir"s a $*sin"ss "ntit% to follow a pro!"ss approa! w "n managing its $*sin"ss# and to t is "nd !r"ating $*sin"ss pro!"ss maps will assist' ( " "ntit% !an t "n wor3 towards "ns*ring its pro!"ss"s ar" "ff"!ti/" -t " rig t pro!"ss is follow"d t " first tim")# and "ffi!i"nt -!ontin*all% impro/"d to "ns*r" pro!"ss"s *s" t " small"st amo*nt of r"so*r!"s)' <*sin"ss pro!"ss mapping# also 3nown as pro!"ss ! arts# as $"!om" m*! mor" pr"/al"nt and *nd"rstood in t " $*sin"ss world in r"!"nt %"ars' On!" !r"at"d $% a $ri!3la%"r to in!r"as" "ffi!i"n!%# pro!"ss mapping is now $"ing *s"d $% !ompani"s worldwid" and *mans ali3"' @ro!"ss maps !an $" *s"d in "/"r% s"!tion of lif" or $*sin"ss' ( " Fo*r MaFor St"ps of @ro!"ss Mapping

1' @ro!"ss id"ntifi!ation 88 attaining a f*ll *nd"rstanding of all t " st"ps of a pro!"ss' 1' 4nformation gat "ring 88 id"ntif%ing o$F"!ti/"s# ris3s# and 3"% !ontrols in a pro!"ss' 3' 4nt"r/i"wing and mapping 88 *nd"rstanding t " point of /i"w of indi/id*als in t " pro!"ss and d"signing a!t*al maps 4' Anal%sis 88 *tili&ing tools and approa! "s to ma3" t " pro!"ss r*n mor" "ff"!ti/"l% and "ffi!i"ntl% -?a!3a# ?' Mi3") @ro!"ss mapping as in r"!"nt %"ars d"/"lop"d d*" to softwar" tools t at !an atta! m"tadata to a!ti/iti"s# dri/"rs and trigg"rs to pro/id" a mor" !ompl"t" *nd"rstanding of pro!"ss"s' ( " d"/"lopm"nts m"an t at pro!"ss mapping is no long"r two8dim"nsional $*t m*lti8 dim"nsionalL !apa$l" of s*pporting s"/"ral important $*sin"ss goalsE

<*sin"ss pro!"ss r"8"ngin""ring I"g*lator% !omplian!" A!ti/it% anal%sis S"r/i!" l"/"l agr""m"nt -SLA) rol" !larit% -IAC4) Sim*lation int"rnal a*dit

Softwar" tools !an ma3" pro!"ss maps a/aila$l" *sing a w"$8$rows"r allowing "asi"r !omm*ni!ation to# and a!!"ss $%# m*ltipl" sta3" old"rs' ( is !an impro/" organi&ational standards !omplian!"# "as" training# and fost"r "nd8to8"nd pro!"ss *nd"rstanding 8 possi$l% impro/ing int"r8d"partm"ntal a!ti/iti"s' K*alit% impro/"m"nt pra!tition"rs a/" not"d t at /ario*s grap i!al d"s!riptions of pro!"ss"s !an $" *s"f*l' ( "s" in!l*d"E d"tail"d flow8! arts# wor3 flow diagrams and /al*" str"am maps' Ea! map is "lpf*l d"p"nding on t " pro!"ss )*"stions and t "ori"s $"ing !onsid"r"d' 4n t "s" sit*ations pro!"ss map impli"s t " *s" of pro!"ss flow and t " !*rr"nt *nd"rstanding of t " !a*sal str*!t*r"' Six Sigma pra!tition"rs *s" t " t"rm <*sin"ss @ro!"ss Ar! it"!t*r" to d"s!ri$" t " mapping of $*sin"ss pro!"ss"s as s"ri"s of !ross8f*n!tional flow! arts' Ond"r t is s! ool of t o*g t# "a! flow! art is of a !"rtain l"/"l -$"tw""n 0 and 4) $as"d on t " amo*nt of d"tail t " flow! art !ontains' A l"/"l 0 flow! art r"pr"s"nts t " l"ast amo*nt of d"tail# and *s*all% !ontains on" or two st"ps' A l"/"l 4 flow! art r"pr"s"nts t " most amo*nt of d"tail# and !an in!l*d" *ndr"ds of st"ps' At t is l"/"l "/"r% tas3# ow"/"r minor# is r"pr"s"nt"d' Flow! art is a primar% t%p" of $*sin"ss pro!"ss mapping' 4t !onsists of som" s%m$ols s*! as arrows# !ir!l"# diamond# $ox# o/al or r"!tangl"' ( " t%p" of Flow! art F*st d"s!ri$"d is som"tim"s r"f"rr"d to as a Ad"tail"dC flow! art $"!a*s" it in!l*d"s in d"tail# t " inp*ts# a!ti/iti"s# d"!ision points# and o*tp*ts of an% pro!"ss'

( " "xampl" is @ropos"d @ati"nt Appointm"nt @ro!"d*r"' 4t starts wit .pr"paration of appointm"nt $oo3. follow"d $% a d"!ision w "t "r t " appointm"nt is s or" or fl""t' 4f t " appointm"nt is fl""t# inform pati"nt t "% !an !all 1600 to ma3" own appointm"nts for n"xt f"w da%s# if t " appointm"nt is s or"# !onfirm 14 o*rs prior to appointm"nt' ;"xt !onfirm t at t " pati"nt !onfirm"d' 4f a pati"nt did not !all# t " appointm"nt is !an!"l"d# ot "rwis" t " pati"nt is gi/"n a !onfirmation n*m$"r' Finall% !onfirm t at t " pati"nt s ow"d for t " appointm"nt' 4f not# a stand$% pati"nt is pla!"d in t " appointm"nt slot# t " appointm"nt $oo3 is mar3"d AFail*r"C and a fail*r" r"port is s*$mitt"d from front d"s3 to fl""t liaison' 4f a pati"nt s ow"d for appointm"nt# p*t A@ati"nt s ow"dC in appointm"nt $oo3'