INTRODUCTION TO NEUROSCIENCEI NEUlOO FALL 2012 Name: W U ?

a r \>^ln"^-Q V

I ^ ^

f rp) y

\. QUADROS-MENNELLA EXAMl lOOPTS TOTAL

MATCHING (each is worth (O.Spts) 9.5pts TOTAL - Terms can be found on the last page of this exam.

There are many more terms than there are questions. Not all terms will be used in answering these statements:

) ^ "ItPyyvNoCNThe earliest evidence of brain surgery was the skull of an individual who had undergone this. ^->QV\or\S. Written records from these individuals (their ethnicity) were the earliest recorded reference to the brain.
^) lA^'^^lcVfcOiV<vHe b e l i e v e d that t h e brain w a s t h e s o u r c e of all e m o t i o n s , t h o u g h t s a n d i n t e l l i g e n c e ,

( ^ ^ ^ v vdC("iVj\V<5 G a l e n ' s p e r s p e c t i v e o f h o w t h e brain c o n t r o l l e d b e h a v i o r w a s s t r e n g t h e n e d by t h e d i s c o v e r y o f w h a t ? ^ ^ ^ c V r s C v V ' ^ T h e d i s c o v e r y o f w h a t t e c h n o l o g y g e n e r a t e d t h e p e r s p e c t i v e t h a t n e r v e s can b e v i e w e d as w i r e s ? Franz G a l l w a s an a d v o c a t e o f w h a t , w h i c h u t i l i z e d t h e b u m p s o n t h e skull t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p e r s o n a l i t y of an individual? _ A x o n s a n d d e n d r i t e s a r e c o l l e c t i v e l y k n o w n as t h e s e . . This is t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e a x o n . . This is t h e p o i n t in t h e a x o n f r o m w h i c h n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r s a r e r e l e a s e d , / A a b r a n c h f r o m t h e a x o n , w h i c h o c c u r s at 9 0 d e g r e e s f r o m t h e m a i n a x o n . . swollen regions on the axon terminal . T h e y s e r v e as t h e i m m u n e s y s t e m o f t h e b r a i n . _ T h e y are o n l y f o u n d d u r i n g d e v e l o p m e n t . \ Q a c h a n g e in m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l f r o m - 4 0 m V t o O m V

when the membrane potential is returning back to its value at rest

<>>J a c h a n g e in m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l f r o m - 7 0 m V t o - 8 0 m V _ t h e V m v a l u e at w h i c h an a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l will o c c u r \] y He is c o n s i d e r e d t h e f a t h e r o f n e u r o s c i e n c e Spaces b e t w e e n myelin sheath FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS (each blank is worth Ipts)- 30pts Total: \^)\i \ m a t t e r is p r i m a r i l y m a d e up of a x o n s a n d m y e l i n a t i n g glia.

2.

T h e t w o m a j o r d i v i s i o n s o f t h e n e r v o u s s y s t e m are t h e \/CDV^<c\ Ck'j'I

^^^.'^Vcm

and the

3.

T h e b u m p ^ o n t h e c e r e b r a l c o r t e x are c a l l e d

(y^<A Cv

w h i l e t h e g r o o v e s are c a l l e d

4.

T h e f o u r l o b e s o f t h e b r a i n are

'^^rrr\Vrx\ and

5.

Each n e r v e ^ x i t i n g t h e spinal c o r d is c a r r y i n g t w o t y p e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h are ^ o V o r and \^(\%CX and

6.

T h e t w o m a j p r cell t y p e s f o u n d w i t h i n t h e n e r v o u s s y s t e m a r e

7. 8.

T h e p r o c e s s o f m a k i n g m e s s e n g e r R N A f r o m a D N A t e m p l a t e is c a l l e d T h e t h r e e comporijents o f t h e s y n a p s e are ^ a y v ^ V \ e\<LQV 6 1>^TC S t \ ^ P i G 1 r

Vr<an '^r^^^^Vk c .rN^

--{yxiLsY^C^C^x f\ s.^f^opV^c

a n d ^ v / ^ V gjcVrrccA

oggiViV^^c^-n^l

9.

T h e i n f o r m a t i o n c a r r i e d w i t h i n a n e u r o n is in i n f o r m a t i o n c a r r i e d b e t w e e n n e u r o n s is in

form while the form. . c h a r g e a n d is k n o w n as a(n)

10. A n ion t h a t c a r r i e s ^ t r a e l e c t r o n s has a

w h i l e a n ion t h a t carries f e w e r e l e c t r o n s has a c h a r g e a n d is k n o w n as a(n) _ _ _ C ^ V L O Q 1 1 . A l l a m i n o acid^ have r o u g h l y t h e s a m e c h e m i c a l s t r u c t u r e . T h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e m is t h e \/R KsCi\<\K^ group. n'm\r\_(L group and the

12. P e p t i d e b o n d s o c c u r b e t w e ^ t h e

g r o u p o f a m i n o acids.
selfevCtivity

o f an ion c h a n n e l is d i c t a t e d

by

the

^\jrr^^

(it's a p r o t e i n ) is i n v o l v e d in b o t h e s t a b l i s h i n g

t h e r e s t i n g m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l as w e l l as r e t u r n i n g t h e m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l back t o rest f o l l o w i n g an a c t i o n potential. i C \ \_ [ . 9 f G-C V r r t. \d ( n a m e t h e specific t y p e ) is w h e n a n a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l w i l l

o c c u r again b u t o n l y if t h e V m r i c h e s a v a l u e h i g h e r t h a n t h e t h r e s h o l d . SHORT ANSWERS:

Select one question from each pair and answer it in the space provided. You can use the back of the sheet if you need more room:
l a ) W h a t a r e t h e s t e p s o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c p r o c e s s ? (3pts) OR ( T ^ W h a t d o e s t h e n e u r o n d o c t r i n e state a n d w h a t w a s t h e c o n t r o v e r s y b e h i n d this? (Bpts)

VWm

V.^^

CCKAVCA

W H U - ^ A

^^i^^^Ac
j

r^VJCCA^

C^Oa-blcv.i.^lVA
'

2a) D e s c r i b e t h e p r o c e s s o f m a k i n g p r o t e i n / p e p t i d e c h a i n f r o m t h e m R N A c o d e . (Spts) OR I D))Describe Describe t h e p r o c e s s o f m a k i n g m R N A (that w i l l b e u s e d t o m a k e p r o t e i n ) f r o m D N A . (Spts)

'^''^^^'^

^ V O A ^ N r q A d

(A^^

\o

VccA^cr.'^oVs^<LA

^ . c \ c r 3 \^ VOA^CI^'^,^

'

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^-^ >w ^ v ^ ^
^u^^^^A ;5 \ ^ o c o \,

( v ^ ^

vw

^^\)A

v s

v ^ c i ^ a s v o p

3a) S e l e c t t h r e e o r g a n e l l e s a n d d e s c r i b e t h e i r role in cell f u n c t i o n . (3pts) OR 3b) S e l e c t t w o o f t h e t h r e e c y t o s k e l e t a l p r o t e i n s a n d d e s c r i b e t h e i r s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e i r f u n c t i o n w i t h i n t h e cell (3pts)

^o\u<vvjLrs-zc\\^

o c c L x X ' ^

9 Q 5 \

e ^ l

VWa

a r o ^

U ^ W

Gkj^r)<i^Uf^< ; ^ o V v c O

o e C O O C ^

C < M L < A a V v i ^ \W

< ^ > e O Q \ T j i o V 3

3\->r\r\\^,

A-V-^v^

a \ s o

o ^ c > V ^

\\-^

Q^^e^o

? \ V : o r o o ^

^^^s^o^.Jr^u^\\'\aV

\ir\?S

-V^^

( 4 a ) C o m p a r e a n d c o n t r a s t S c h w a n n cells w i t h t h e o l i g o d e n d r o c y t e s . (3pts) OR 4b) W h a t is t h e b l o o d - b r a i n - b a r r i e r ? W h a t f a c t o r s (and h o w d o t h e y ) c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e b l o o d - b r a i n - b a r r i e r ? (3pts)

fioV^'x

OCT

Vu^s

oQ

c^\\a\W

s>

^W

0\\c^cA)a2\^oc^^Vs

ac^

Cc>of^cX

53) Explain w l i a t this e q u a t i o n m e a n s : R = 1/g. W h a t is its r e l e v a n c e t o n e u r o n s ? (6pts) OR ^ ) W h a t is O h m ' s l a w (l=gV)? H o w c o u l d y o u use this l a w t o e x p l a i n t h e c u r r e n t (no n u m e r i c a l v a l u e n e e d e d ) f o r sodiunn (Na+) in t h e a x o n ? For c h l o r i d e f

(CI-)? (6pts)

(/JJ^VAX^-OUC^^-i^^

^ o V ^ V l c A

< i i W ^ S

V o

S Q e V v ^

OTA

V o

<v^(z^-<^ok>^

a n d

vVs c c s T v c ^ _ n ^ c o W o V ^ , ^ d w . . V

V^uW

^^.^v.

\ 6 a ] 3 A / h a t w o u l d h a p p e n if y o u i n g e s t e d t h e o v a r i e s o f t h e p u f f e r fish a n d w h y ? ( T e t r o d o t o x i n (aka b o t o x ) is a Na+ v o l t a g e - g a t e d b l o c k e r p r o d u c e d in t h e o v a r y ) . (4pts) OR 6b) D r a w w h a t t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l w o u l d l o o k like if t h e v o l t a g e - g a t e d p o t a s s i u m c h a n n e l s n e v e r o p e n e d . Explain w h y y o u d r e w it this w a y . (4pts)

Answer ALL of the Following Questions: 7) N a m e and describe the types of axoplasmic transport within a n e u r o n . M a k e sure to include the particular protein i n v o l v e d in e a c h t y p e o f t r a n s p o r t as w e l l as t h e s p e e d a n d d i r e c t i o n o f t r a n s p o r t in y o u r a n s w e r . (6pts)

8)

W h a t are f o u r w a y s in w h i c h n e u r o n s can be c l a s s i f i e d ? G i v e n an e x a m p l e f o r e a c h c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . (4pts)

9)

N a m e a n d d e s c r i b e t h e t w o d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f i o n c h a n n e l s t h a t exist w i t h i n t h e n e u r o n a l m e m b r a n e . T h e a x o n m e m b r a n e c o n t a i n s c h a n n e l s f o r w h a t ions? M a k e s u r e t o i n c l u d e in y o u r a n s w e r w h a t t y p e o f i o n c h a n n e l y o u a r e r e f e r r i n g t o . (4pts)

a^s\M-ti

W ^ O ' - v j ^ V s

o r e

^o<TS

VTVVAOLC

o Q

^<~oVc'\t\"%

^V \

a r e c W ^ 5

V d < ^ ^ c , S

VW

pexrti- \DGp

V o

Vnc^^-^

^ n c A

CLe>\VWyvv^^

Lq\\^^'M^^

10) W h a t is t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p o t e n t i a l (E,on) m e a s u r e ? W h a t e q u a t i o n is u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p o t e n t i a l f o r e a c h i o n ( N o n e e d t o w r i t e t h e e q u a t i o n . Just p r o v i d e t h e n a m e ) ? W h a t d o e s this e q u a t i o n fail t o t a k e into /f -f V c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l a n d w h a t e q u a t i o n is u s e d t o a c c u r a t e l y c a l c u l a t e t h e 7 m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l ? (6pts) , . /

W^^c^-,
C^cVi-^ ' o ^ c ^

VW
ses'-A

eWVcc<:^\\l cc^^.^^

(^^^^^
^ ^ C c f f e ^ j

do:^ V<i
C C A W

c o n

C^C^V^c^Vveo (^Qc<i\eoV,
v-. ^ V i

V W

K)ec>(>^V

t.qoc,Vicvo

^-S^'rA

\V)e<:A-A

d c b ^ W

W V v e

V W

WX^X-NV^^^,^

v W - ^

cc:.>-AcWcV.c<N^

o r W^ VoW\^

a ^ l / c C

""^^

T""

dV
A W G c A d ^ e , A

^oWc^N
b . ^ ^ ,

QicV^^
^

e q . d \ l W

I ^ C W ) ^ W T ^ ^ ^

V . c W ^ ^

W A W ^

^ ^ ^ C , , ^ V . . e V .

e V c A ^ ,

11) T h e r e a r e t h e t w o l a w s t h a t g o v e r n h o w t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l is c o n d u c t e d w i t h i n a x o n s : T h e a l l - o r - n o n e l a w a n d t h e rate l a w . D e f i n e e a c h . G i v e n t h e s e laws, h o w t h e n d o a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s a l l o w f o r g r a d e d / d e g r e e s o f a p a r t i c u l a r b e h a v i o r (e.g. lifting a h e a v y v e r s u s a light o b j e c t ) ? (7pts)

m\\sL^_

<;VcW5

^ t P-^ A\no?sKo\cl

CD^

eW\W^,^

(g:)9.aW
Wc -\
^f^>

W W - . VWW V W A 9
l>\G>v

u > coWor^V dc^^-^ ^^;^<^ , VVxi^ W^Vec V \

CWC |^CTLC-

W ;OVAV\V^

12) D e s c r i b e t h e f o u r w a y s in w h i c h t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l c a n be e x p l a i n e d b y t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e v o l t a g e - g a t e d d i u m c h a n n e l . (8pts) V fvxcrC.

cU(^\crr-9aVGC\

^ '^ ^ H^t^C-^eC^-zaV ,W^^^

^W\

w^
' _Ap --W)^Wn_^
N j ^ c V e i w\\\ _ Wc,^ c s ^ k Nf\^ <"<^6<c:.eWu\

47 ,

Label the parts of this neuron (each part is worth 0.25pts) - l.Spts Total:

?1 M < 5 Jcte W)iy S Snns. ;nr;

Extra^redit ( l l p t s Total): G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , w h a t w o u l d be t h e result of c u t t i n g t h e v e n t r a l r o o t o f t h e s p i n a l c o r d ? ( I p t )

S e l e c t o n e of t h e l o b e s o f t h e c o r t e x a n d state its f u n c t i o n . ( I p t )

(WW

3y4jh\s the brain have its own glial cell to serve as the immune system? Why help fend off invaders? (2pts)

^f^^ \)\c>ed(
w / ; < A

^^^^^ ^^-^^ Vca.Wcrc.^r VWcc \^no^cu \0 Ko<^ Wcc^^C ^ .^^A Wkm^ Vxo;r> a ^ n k) d^^Cu^^c^
^ai^orvCi

Wdf^^

?)O^W-V^ ,

4.

W h a t effect w o u l d h y p o x i a ( o x y g e n d e p r i v a t i o n ) h a v e o n t h e r e s t i n g m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l a n d w h y ? (4pts)

Wi/W
e<^cxXiV)

CiS^M^cpo

VW Yv^\VoGOAdcv A onWW Vo \^oWa^ or o^u^ KV\ ^ ATV a r e meA Vo o ^ < ^ c ^ ^ V e ^i^^

C O \ J ^ ^ < S ^MS\^;^G^

^ W W V0o> / ^ ( ^ ^ pucv^^S , U\VV^

3V)a^
CX>G \^ ,

O W

Wv^

-CA^W^cc^^^^

v ^ox^W vxoV \^re5V>C| f^mbfcrv poVoV^)

J
^5.

Y o u h a v e just i n g e s t e d a d r u g t h a t c a u s e s t h e a x o n s o f y o u r m o t o r n e u r o n s t o c o n s t r i c t . W h a t e f f e c t w i l l this

^ \e o n t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s of y o u r m o t o r n e u r o n s a n d w h a t w i l l t h e b e h a v i o r a l c o n s e q u e n c e o f this b e ? (3pt

XC

Ax^ios

cG^sVc.cV W

n^d^^ca^ VW 6,c\\cn

10

\nsuOc,