Nouns

a rise an increase a surge a growth to rise to increase to surge to grow to show an upward trend

a fall a drop a decline a dip to fall to drop to decline to dip to show a downward trend to hit the lowest point to hit a trough

a peak

a fluctuation a variation

a period of stability

a plateau plateaux

Verbs

to peak

to fluctuate to vary

to stabilise

to plateau

Phrases

to reach a peak

to show some fluctuation/ variation

to remain stable/ constant

to reach a plateau to level off to flatten out

the second relative(ly) Adjectives sharp(ly) highest steady(ily) (t ng and dramatic(ally) considerable(ably) the (u n) !i" kh#" adverbs significant(ly) third v$a ph%i) lowest &' 1' 6'

slight(ly) gentle(ly ) a little

gradual(ly)

(#c )ng t$ s* d+ng v,i c#c th- .m /c0 rise, increase, go up, grow, double, decrease, shrink, halve, fall, go down. (#c )ng t$ s* d+ng v,i c#c th- c2 th3 /c m4 t% v k5ch th,c0 grow, expand, shrink, contract. (#c )ng t$ s* d+ng v,i c#c th- c2 gi# tr7 tin t80 rise, increase, go up (t9ng l:n), double, decrease, halve, fall, go down (h;).

(#c t$ c2 ngh<a (hi.m" =;o n:n0 made up = compose = constitute = to represent to constitute to make up sth0 h>nh th?nh" c@u th?nh c#i g> Anot in progressiveB to combine together to form something CDE constitute0 Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population' (#c t$ c2 ngh<a Fao gGm" HGm c20 be made up of = be composed of = be constituted of = consist of = comprise I bao gGm" gGm c2' to be made up of sth0 /c c@u th?nh bJi' The committee is made up of representatives from every state. to be composed of0 gGm c2 to consist of to be constituted of0 bao gGm &

to comprise /kKmLpraiM/ I A=nB g4Nm coO" bao g4Nm' This dictionary comprises about 65,000 words. Cun t!" #i$%n na&y '&m khoa%n' 6 va"n r!()i t!&.

!c ti"u ch# c$a m%t c&u v'n t(t

a) *+n ,ang - ,&u. /sign0post 1 23 ch4 ,56ng, t3 ch4 ,i7m) Pirst idea0 8irstl9, clause 8irst, clause :n the first place, clause 2he first benefit of ; is to do sth < is that = clause < is noun phrase' Cecond idea0 >econdl9, >econd, clause 8urthermore < moreover < in addition < ?@uall9 important, clause (Quan trRng kh4ng kSm l?) 2he second benefit < disadvantage is to do sth < is that = clause < is noun phrase' Eoun phrase is another benefit < disadvantage of Tx0 TQually important" this policy of wearing uniform makes management easier' =hird idea0 2hirdl9, < 2hird < :n the third place, clause 8urthermore < moreover < in addition, clause 8inall9, < Aastl9, clause b) !ch diBn ,+t th!i ,%C EgUi vi.t thUng c! t;o ra nhVng c@u trWc c bi8t khi.n ta m@t thUi gian m? nhVng c@u trWc n?y kh4ng /c ki3m nghi8m' EgUi vi.t giXi l? vi.t nhVng c@u trWc Y /c ki3m nghi8m ch5nh x#c v? chZc chZn (well[tested)' NhDng cEm t3 ch4 sF t#ch cFc /Positive attitude)C Gave a positive effect on sth Gave a positive influence on sth Gave a good impact on sth /v) *enefit sth /n) Advantage = benefit = upside better = develop (ph#t tri3n) = enhance (n\ng cao) = improve (c%i thi8n) = cultivate (trau dGi" vun Zp) = perfect gain = obtain (knowledge/experience) I achieve (success/good results) I ac@uire sth b9 doing sth0 ;t /c c#i g> accumulate (knowledge and skill)0 t5ch l]y c#i g> e@uip sb with sth0 trang b7 cho ai v,i c#i g> enable sb to do sth0 t;o iu ki8n cho ai l?m g> nourish = nurture = foster = cement I nu4i d^ng" hun Wc' nourish /Lnri_/ I A=nB (fml fi') g>n giV hoc l?m t9ng l:n (m)t t>nh c%m" v'v')` nuHiI Jp $' *ourish feelin's of hatred +,heitrid+. *ui l-n' c.m th/. *ourish hopes of a release from captivity +k0p,tiviti+. 1p 2 hy v3n' #!4c tha kh5i b6 'iam 'i7 8tho9t kh5i c:nh 'iam c;m<.
6

 nurture /LnK0t_K/ I A=nB K' ch9m s2c v? gi#o d+c (m)t -a tra)` nuHi n&Lng, d5MNng dEc' Children nurtured by lovin' parents. *h7n' tr= nh5 #!4c c9c b> m? y$u @uA nui d!Bn'. *urture an orphan nephew. *ui nCn' m"t #!a chau m& ci. O' (a) thWc by sc ph#t tri3n cda (c#i g>)` nu4i d^ng' *urture perennials, delicate plants. Ch.m bDn nh7n' cCy cCy lCu n.m, nh7n' cCy m:nh kh:nh. (b) (fi') giWp cho sc ph#t tri3n cda (c#i g>)` dng h)' We want to nurture the new proEect, not destroy it. ChFn' ti mu>n hG tr4 dH 9n mIi, chJ khn' ph:i mu>n ph9 nD. *urture an audacious +K,deiLMs+ development plan. Nn' h" m"t k$ hoa"ch phat tri$%n tao ba"o. foster /LfstK/ I K' A=nB giuOp cho se tr fng thaNnh hay se phaOt tri:fn cufa (caOi giN)` khuy:On khiOch hay t9ng c Nng` thuLc ,&P9I cHP vuN' Ooster an interest, attitude, impression, etc. *ui d!()n' m"t s!" @uan tCm, thai #", Cn t!("n', v.v. Ooster the 'rowth of local industries. Thuc #C%y s!" t.n' tr!(%n' cu%a cn' n'hi$"p #i"a ph!(n'. O' Ag" =nB ch9m soOc vaN nu4i d hng (m4et Oa beO kh4ng phafi laN con ef cufa miNnh)` nh&Qn laRm con nuHi' People who cannot have a baby of their own sometimes foster 8a child<. *h7n' n'!Qi khn' thR cD con #i khi nhSn nui 8mTt #Ja tr=<. Ooster an orphan. *hC"n m"t tre% m& ci la&m con nui. cement /siLment/ I K' A=nB phd (c#i g>) bing xi m9ng` traOt xi m9ng' O' A=n" =n'pB S A and * /together) gZn b2 c#c vjt l;i v,i nhau (nh) bing xi m9ng' Ue cemented the bricks into place. Vnh ta 'Wn c9c vi$n 'Xch vYo #Fn' chG bZn' [i m.n'. T' A=nB (fi') thi.t ljp (c#i g>) vVng chZc` cdng c!` th9Ot ch9et" g9On boO' Cement a+the friendship. C2n' c> t\nh bXn 8Th.t ch."t ti&nh h!)u n'hi"<. enlarge (relationship/ knowledge)0 mJ r)ng c#i g> provide sb with favorable condition to do sth0 mang l;i cho ai iu ki8n thujn l/i l?m c#i g>' provide sb the opportunit9 to do sth create opportunities for sb to do sth >th helps sb do sth Tx0 =he organiMation of international sports events" first" has a positive influence on the image of countries' (sign[post k attitude k basic sentence)

NhDng cEm t3 ch4 sF ti"u cFc /Negative attitude)C Gave a negative < bad < unwanted < undesirable effect on sth Gave a negative < unwanted impact on sth Gave a negative < bad influence on sth cause A=n" =ntB (for sb) l? nguy:n nh\n cda c#i g>" g\y ra = trigger sth (l?m nl ra" g\y ra) = pose sth (l?m cho c#i g> xu@t hi8n) = lead to sth (a .n k.t Qu% l?) I g\y ra be responsible for sth < doing sth0 ch7u tr#ch nhi8m
m

be a culprit of sth < doing sth0 l? thd ph;m cda c#i g> be a contributor to sth < doing sth0 l? nh\n t! dnn t,i c#i g>/hju Qu% g> be the reason for sth = be the cause of doing sth0 l? lo do / nguy:n nh\n' put<place sth in danger = put sth at risk = put sth in jeopard9 /LdepKdi/0 t c#i g> trong t>nh tr;ng nguy hi3m endanger sb<sth = threaten sth0 g\y nguy hi3m cho ai/c#i g> worsen sth0 l?m x@u c#i g>' deprive sb of sth (deprive people of freedom)0 t,c i c#i g> cda ai sb loses opportunit9 to do sth0 m@t c h)i l?m g> sb suffers sth = experience A=nB0 trafi Qua ho9ec chieu (caOi giN khoO chieu)` b7 sb shoulder responsibilit9 of doing sth0 g#nh v#ch tr#ch nhi8m l?m g>

Uanh s!ch cJu trVc mWnh ,X tr+ng ngD K. YWnh ,X tr+ng ngD ch4 th6i gian /2ime relation) ]i$n t^ ho_c 'iIi t^ when if before after until O. YWnh ,X tr+ng ngD ch4 ngu9"n nh&n v[ k\t @$a / ause and effect relation) aiIi t^ because of (bJi v>) due to (do" v>) as a result of (nh l? k.t Qu% cda" v>) on account of (do" v>) owing to (do" v>) as a conse@uence of (do k.t Qu% cda" v>) thanks to (nhU c2) b9 dint of (bing c#ch" nhU) b9 virtue of (bJi v>) T. YWnh ,X tr+ng ngD ch4 sF t5Mng ph]n / ontrasting relation) ]i$n t^ ho_c 'iIi t^ while (trong khi) although (mc dq) despite (mc dq) spite of (mc dq) Theo sau b`i clause" YA:N AAZ>? noun phrase" YA:N AAZ>? =5ch ccc =i:u ccc (nh hju Qu%" do ai/c#i g> g\y ra) noun phrase" YA:N AAZ>? ban' n'hca Theo sau b`i noun phrase/clause" YA:N AAZ>? Theo sau b`i clause" YA:N AAZ>?

^. YWnh ,X tr+ng ngD ch4 mEc ,#ch /Purpose relation) ]i$n t^ ho_c 'iIi t^ in order to (3) so as to (3) with a purpose of (v,i m+c 5ch) with a view to (v,i o 7nh hoc hy vRng l?m g>) for the sake of v> (l/i 5ch cda) Theo sau b`i do sth (infinitive) doing sth" YA:N AAZ>? sth<doing sth" YA:N AAZ>?