POWER EVACUATION ARRANGEMENTS, MAIN SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM AND

INTERCONNECTION WITH GRID

6.5 Switching Schemes for Outdoor Sub Station 6.5.1 Types of Sub-Stations Sub-Stations are generally sub-divided into three types as given below: 1. Step-up sub-station at generation end. 2. Transformer sub-station at load ends of the system.

3. Switching sub-stations located along the lines to parallel them especially in case of long E.H.V. lines. 6.5.2 General Consideration for the

Selection of Switching Scheme Major considerations for the selection of an economical and suitable main single line diagram and switching scheme for a substation are given below: (a) Inter-connected transmission system (b) Voltage level (c) Site Limitation (d) General and special Considerations
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Inter-Connected Transmission System The scheme should fit in the planning criteria used to design the connected transmission system.

Voltage Level: Power carrying capability of transmission lines increases roughly as the square of the voltage. Site Considerations The topography of the land, coastal or non coastal area regarding the pollution aspects shall be considered
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General Miscellaneous Considerations Repair or maintenance of the equipment should be possible without interruption of power supply. Expansion of sub-station should be easily possible. In seismic prone areas height of structures should be as low as possible. The outgoing transmission lines should not cross each other.

6.5.3 Switching Schemes for Different Types of Sub-Stations:

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Basic schemes i) A doubles bus single breaker scheme ii) A single bus single breaker scheme and provision of a transfer bus and/or

sectionalizing of main bus. iii) A double bus one and a half breaker iv) Double bus, double breaker v) Ring bus scheme.

This scheme is quite common on large and medium station up to 220 kV in India and continent being economical and
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maintenance of breaker is possible by utilizing bus coupler. Disadvantages 1. Selection of bus is by isolating switches which is a weak link. Inadvertent operation on load inspite of interlocking

arrangements may damage the switch. 2. Utilizing bus coupler during breaker maintenance will necessitate transfer of tripping circuits through auxiliary contacts. 3. Discretion of operator to select the bus is not desirable. If machines are on one bus then entire power generation will be lost in
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case of bus fault which is not desirable for large generating station.

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Single bus scheme with or without a transfer bus 1. All units are connected on a single bus and entire generation will be lost in case of bus faults. 2. This is generally provided on small generating station. 3. Single bus with a Transfer bus scheme is useful for feeder breaker maintenance, but involves transfer of tripping circuits through auxiliary switches. Generator breakers are maintained along with unit maintenance outage period.
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4. Single sectionalized bus is very commonly employed being economical. Generation outages can be controlled by sectionalizing.

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Very reliable and used on EHV system. one and half breaker is used for each element. In case of fault not more than one element is lost on any outage. Maintenance of any breaker is possible without outage.

Very reliable but very costly as it requires 2 breakers for each element. Generally
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recommended for switching stations and EHV generating stations.

Reliable and economical as only one element is lost in case of any fault, but protection is complicated and hence not used in India. It is used in British grid system
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for sub-stations and not for generating stations.

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