M203-2003

Q2
(a) We have: 31 = 3, 32 = 9, 33 = 7 and 34 = 1. Therefore, G = <3> G is cyclic.
(b) |G| =4. By Lagranges theorem, the possible orders for subgroups of G are 1, 2 and 4.The subgroups
of G are {1}, <32> = <9> = {1,9} (since 2 is a prime number, any subgroup of order 2 is cyclic) and G.
Q3
(b) The required position vector, r = (4,-3) + (1 - )(1,3) = (4 + 1 - ,-3 +3 - 3 ) =
(3 + 1,-6 +3), [0,1] (assuming the line segment AB).
(c) A vector parallel to AB is b a = (-3,6). We have (-3,6).(2,1) = -6 + 6 = 0. Hence, OC is perpendicular to
AB.
Q4
(a) The standard basis for R2 is {(1,0),(0,1)}.
1 2
.
Hence, the matrix is
3 1

t(1,0) = (1,3) and t(0,1) = (2,-1).

3 4
.
(b) t(1,1) = (3,2) and t(2,-3) = (-4,9). Hence, the matrix is
2 9
(c) t(1,1) = (3,2) = a(1,1) + b(2,-3) a + 2b = 3 and a - 3b = 2. Solving, a = 13/5 and b = 1/5.
Also, t(2,-3) = (-4,9) = c(1,1) + d(2,-3) c + 2d = -4 and c - 3d = 9. Solving, c = 6/5 and d = -13/5.
13 / 5 6 / 5
.
Hence, the matrix is
1 / 5 13 / 5
Q5
5
2
(a) The characteristic equation is:
= 0. ... 2 - 13 + 36 = 0 ( - 9)( - 4) = 0.
2 8
Hence, the eigenvalues of A are 4 and 9.
(b) The eigenvector equations are: (5 - )x 2y = 0 and -2x + (8 - )y = 0.
For = 4, we have x 2y = 0 and -2x + 4y = 0. x = 2y.
Hence, the corresponding eigenvectors are of the form (2k,k), kR*.
For = 9, we have -4x 2y = 0 and -2x - y = 0. y = -2x.
Hence, the corresponding eigenvectors are of the form (k,-2k), kR*.
(c) (2,1) and (1,-2) are representative eigenvectors and (2,1).(1,-2) = 2 2 = 0. Hence, these eigenvectors are
orthogonal to each other.
Q6
(a) We have an+1/an = (3(n + 1)2(n + 1)!)/((n + 2)!(3n2)) = (n2 + 2n + 1)/(n3 + 2n2) =
(1/n + 2/n2 + 1/n3)/(1 + 2/n). Since {1/n}, {1/n2} and {1/n3} are basic null sequences and using the

Combination Rules, an+1/an 0 (0 0 < 1) as n . Hence, by the Ratio Test, an is convergent.

n= 1

(b) We have, |1 + 2cos(n)| 1 + 2|cos(n)| (by the Triangle Inequality) 1 + 2 = 3.

Hence, |an| = |1 + 2cos(n)|/(3n2 + 5) 3/(3n2 + 5) 3/(3n2) = 1/n2, n =1,2,...

Since 1/n2 is a basic convergent series and 0 |an| 1/n2 for n = 1,2,..., by the Comparison Test, |an|
n= 1

n= 1

is convergent and by the Absolute Convergence Test, an is convergent.

n= 1

Q7
Let I = (-,1/2), g(x) = 1/(1-2x) and h(x) = ex.
The functions f, g and h are defined on the open interval I and 0I
1. f(x) = g(x), for xI, x<0 and f(x) = h(x), for xI, x>0.
2. g(0) = f(0) = h(0) = 1.
3. g(x) (rational) and h(x) are (basic) continuous functions at 0.
Therefore, by the Glue Rule, f is continuous at 0.
Q8
(a) g = (1 3 5)(2 4 6), g2 = (1 5 3)(2 6 4) and h = (2 6)(3 5).
(b) ghg-1 = (g(2) g(6))(g(3) g(5)) = (4 2)(5 1) = (1 5)(2 4). This is a reflection of the hexagon in the line
through the vertices at locations 3 and 6.
(c) The symmetry (1 6)(2 5)(3 6) is a reflection of the hexagon in the line bisecting the lines joining the
vertices 1&6 and 3&4 respectively. The symmetry (1 4)(2 5)(3 6) is a rotation of the hexagon through
about its centre. These symmetries are not of the same type; hence, they are not conjugate in G.
Q9
(a) We have H = <a>; therefore, H is a subgroup of G.
(b) The left cosets of H in G are: {e,a}, {b,c},{d,f} and {g,h}.
(c) Because the Cayley table for G is symmetrical about the main diagonal, the group G is Abelian.
Therefore, all its subgroups in particular, H are normal.
(d) The order of G/H is 4 and its elements are H, bH, dH and gH. |H| = 1, |bH| = 4, |dH| = 4 and |gH| = 2.
Therefore, G/H is isomorphic to C4.
Q10
(a) For every z1, z2 in C we have,

(z1 + z2) = ( z1 + z 2 ) + ( z1 + z 2 ) = ( z1 + z 2 ) + ( z1 + z 2 ) = ( z1 + z1 ) + ( z 2 + z 2 ) = (z1) + (z2). Hence, is a

homomorphism.
_

(b) The codomains identity is 0. Hence, Ker() = {zC : z + z = 0 } = {zC : 2Re(z) = 0} and this is the
imaginary axis in the C plane.
_
Since z + z R, then Im() R. Also, every xR is the image of x/2 + iC. Hence, is onto and
Im() = R. By the Isomorphism Theorem, C/Ker() is isomorphic to (R,+).
Q13
Over the interval [0,/2], we have 0 sin(x) 1 0 sin3(x) 1
1 1 + xsin3(x) 1 + x (x 0 on [0,/2]) by using Inequality Rule for integrals(a) twice, we get:

/2

1dx

required.

/2

(1 + x sin 3 ( x ))dx

/2

(1 + x)dx [ x ] 0 / 2 I x + 2 x 2 / 2 0 /2 I /2 + 2/8 . As
/2

Q14
f(1) = 1/5;
f(x) = -2/(2x + 3)2 f(1) = -2/25;
f(x) = 8/(2x + 3)3 f(4) = 8/125.
Hence, T2(x) = f(1) + f(1)(x -1) + f(1)(x 1)2/2! = 1/5 - (2/25)(x 1) + (4/125)(x 1)2.
f(x) = -48/(2x + 3)4 by Taylors Theorem,

|R2(x)| = |(-48/(2c + 3)4).(1/3!).(x 1)3)| (for some c between 1 and x) (8/54)(1/2)3 = 1/625 < 1/500, on the
interval [1,1.5] (We take x = 1.5 and c = 1).
We conclude that T2(x) approximates f(x) with error not greater than 1/500 on the interval [1,1.5].
Q15
(a) The set A is the half-plane under and including the line y = 2x + 1.
10 + 10i 2 + i 20 + 10i + 20i + 10i 2 10 + 30i
(b) z1 =

=
=
= 2 + 6i
2 i 2+ i
5
22 i 2
(c) For z1, x = 2 and y = 6. Since 6 (2 + 1)2, it follows that z1B. Also, 6 > 2 2 + 1, hence z1A. We
conclude that z1A B, as required.
(d) Let z (= x + iy)A y 2x + 1 y x2 + 2x + 1 (since x2 is positive) y (x + 1)2 zB A B.
Now, -3 + 0i is an element of B but is not an element of A A B. We conclude that A B, as required.
Q16
(a)
Let a = b = 0 0S.
Let v1 = (a1,b1,a1 + 2b1) and v2 = (a2,b2,a2 + 2b2) be any two elements of S.
Then, v1 + v2 = (a1 + a2,b1 + b2,(a1 + a2) + 2(b1 + b2)). This vector has the correct form to belong to S. So S is
closed under vector addition.
Let v = (a,b,a + 2b) be any element of S and let R. Then (a,b,a + 2b) = (a,b,a +2b). This vector has
the right form to belong to S. So S is closed under scalar multiplication. We conclude that S is a subspace of
R3.
(b)(i) In R, choose a = 2 and b = 1 (2,1,4)S; also, choose a = 1 and b = -1 (1,-1,-1)S.
(ii) Let (a,b,a + 2b) = (2,1,4) + (1,-1,-1) 2 + = a, - = b and 4 - = a + 2b. From the first two
equations, = (a + b)/3 and = (a 2b)/3. These values of and satisfy the third equation. We conclude
that (a,b,a + 2b) = (1/3)(a + b)(2,1,4) + (1/3)(a 2b)(1,-1,-1).
(iii) Since (2,1,4) and (1,-1,-1) are not multiples of each other, they are linearly independent; also, as we saw
in (ii) above, they span S. Hence, they form a basis for S.
(c)Let (a,b,a + 2b)S.
If (a,b,a + 2b) is orthogonal to (2,1,4) (a,b,a + 2b).(2,1,4) = 0 2a + b+ 4a + 8b = 0 6a + 9b = 0.
Choose a = 3 and b = -2 the vector (3,-2,-1) is orthogonal to (2,1,4) and is linearly independent of it. Also,
using a method similar to (d) below, {(2,1,4),(3,-2,-1)} spans S. We conclude that {(2,1,4),(3,-2,-1)} is an
orthogonal basis for S.
(d) Let (3,5,13) = x(2,1,4) + y(3,-2,-1) (3,5,13).(2,1,4) = 6 + 5 + 52 = 63 = x(2,1,4).(2,1,4) + 0 =
x(4 + 1 + 16) = 21x x = 3. Also, (3,5,13).(3,-2,-1) = 9 10 -13 = -14 = 0 + y(3,-2,-1)(3,-2,-1) =
y(9 + 4 + 1) = 14y y = -1. Therefore, (3,5,13) = 3(2,1,4) -1(3,-2,-1).
Q17
(a) an = (n3/3n + (2/3)n)/(n3/3n + 1), n = 1,2,...
Since {n3/3n} and {(2/3)n} are basic null sequences, by the Combination Rules, an 0 as n .
Therefore, {an} converges to 0.
(b) 1/an = (n3/n! + 3n/n!)/(2n/n! + 1), n = 1,2,...
Since {n3/n!}, {3n/n!} and {2n/n!} are basic null sequences, by the Combination Rules, 1/an 0 as n
Now, an>0 for n = 1,2,... and {1/an} is a null sequence; by the Reciprocal Rule, an and {an} diverges.
(c) We have, a2k = (2k + 22k)/(4k2 + 3(22k)) = (2k/4k + 1)/(4k2/4k + 3), k = 1,2,...
Since {k/4k}and {k2/4k} are basic null sequences, by the Combination Rules, a2k 1/3 as k .
Also, a2k+1 = (2k + 1 - 22k+1)/(4k2 +4k +1 + 3(22k+1)) = (2k/4k + 1/4k - 2)/(4k2/4k + 4k/4k + 6), k = 1,2,...
Since {1/4k},{k/4k}and{k2/4k} are basic null sequences, by the Combination Rules, a2k+1 -1/3 as k .
Hence, by the First Subsequence Rule, {an} is divergent.

Q18
1 a1 1
and u2 =
(a) Let u1 =
a1
0
1 a1 1 1 a 2 1

=
u1u2 =
0
a
0
a
1
2

1 a 2 1

be any two elements of U. Then,

a 2
0
1 a1 a 2 1

U. Thus, G1 is fulfilled.
0
a
a
1 2

1 0
U. Thus, G2 is fulfilled.
The identity matrix,
0 1
1 a 1
1 1 / a 1
of U, u-1 =
U. Thus, G3 is fulfilled.
For any element u =
a
0
0 1/ a
Since matrix multiplication is associative, G4 is fulfilled.
We conclude that U forms a group under matrix multiplication.
(b) (i) Orb((1,0)) = {(1 + 0,0)} = {(1,0)}. This is the point (1,0) in the x-y plane.
(ii) Orb((0,1)) = {(0 + (a 1),a) : aR*} = {(a -1, a) : aR*}. This is the line y = x + 1 excluding
the point (-1,0).
(iii) Orb((1,1)) = {(a,a) : aR*}. This is the line y = x excluding the origin.
When y1 = 0, we have, Orb((x1,0)) = {(x1,0)}: a point on the x axis.
When y1 0, we have, Orb((x1,y1)) = {(x1 + (a 1)y1, ay1) : aR*}. Therefore, x = y + (x1 y1); or
y = x + (y1 x1). This is the line with gradient 1 and y-intercept of (y1 x1) (excluding the point of intersection
with the x-axis) in the x-y plane. Each one of these lines is the orbit of (x1,y1).