M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.

0
2002 Question 1
(a) 2 marks
exp (2 ti/6)
e
2
cos(t/6) i sin(t/6)} (Unit A2, Section 4, Para. 1)
i 3
2
e
2
+
(b) 2 marks
Log(2 2i) log
e
,2 2i, i Arg(2 2i) (Unit A2, Section 5, Para. 1)
4 / i 2 log 4 / i 2 2 log
e 2
3
e
t = t = .
(c) 2 marks
-i exp(-it/2)
ThereIore the square roots oI i are (Unit A1, Section 3, Para. 5) are
exp(-it/4) cos (-t/4) i sin (-t/4) i 1
2
1

and -exp(-it/4) i 1
2
1
+
(d) 2 marks (Unit A2, Example 5.3(c))
i
i
exp(i Log i) (Unit A2, Section 5, Para. 3)
exp (i log
e
,i, i Arg i}) (Unit A2, Section 5, Para. 1)
exp (i0 it/2})
exp(-t/2)
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
2002 Question 2
(a) 3 marks
A
B
C
| 0} is included in the deIinition oI B as Arg z is not deIined when z 0 (Unit A1, Section 2,
Para. 5).|
(b) 2 marks
A and C are regions (Unit A3, Section 4, Paras. 6 and 7).
B is not a region as it is not open.
(a) 2 marks
A is not simply-connected.
C is simply-connected. (Unit B2, Section 1, Para. 3).
(d) 1 mark
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
2002 Question 3
(a) 3 marks
The standard parametrization (Unit A2, Section 2, Para. 3) Ior C is
(t) 2(cos t i sin t), t e |0, 2t| ( 2e
it
is easier. See 2000 Qu. 3)
and
/
(t) 2( - sin t i cos t).
As is diIIerentiable on |0, 2t|,
/
is continuous on |0, 2t|, and
/
is non-zero on |0, 2t| then is a
smooth path (Unit A4, Section 4, Para. 3).
As is a smooth path then (Unit B1, Section 2, Para. 1)
dt t cos i t sin - 2 t sin i t cos 2 dz z
2
0 C
+ + =
} }
t
dt t cos i t sin - t sin i t cos 4
2
0
+ =
}
t
i 8 dt i 4 dt t sin t cos i 4
2
0
2
0
2 2
t = = + =
} }
t
t
(b) 5 marks
The length oI the contour C, L 2t * 2 4t.
Using the Triangle Inequality (Unit A2, Section 5, Para. 2a) then Ior z on the contour C
iz iz
2
1
e e z cos

+ = (Unit A2, Section 4, Para. 4)

z Im z Im
2
1
iz iz
2
1
e e e e + = + s

(Unit A2, Section 4, Para. 2b)

2 2 2
2
1
e e e = + < as ,z, 2.
Using the Backwards Iorm oI the Triangle Inequality (Unit A2, Section 5, Para. 2b) then Ior z e C
7 8 1 z 1 z 1
3
3
= > >
Putting
3
z 1
z os c
z I

= then on Cwe have M

7
e
z I
2
= s .
By the Quotient Rule (Unit A3, Section 2, Para. 5) I(z) is continuous on z e : ,z, ~ 1} and
hence on the contour C. ThereIore by the Estimation Theorem (Unit B1, Section 4, Para. 3)
. e
7
4
4 *
7
e
ML dz
z 1
z cos
2
2
C
3
t = t = s

}
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
2002 Question 4
(a) 3 marks
I(z) has a pole oI order 3 at z -i.
Let # z : ,z, 1}. As # is a simply-connected region (Unit B2, Section 1, Para. 3) and I is
analytic on # and C is a closed contour in # then by Cauchy`s Theorem (Unit B2, Section 1, Para.
4)
0 dz z I
C
=
}
(b) 5 marks
Let # and g(z) z
3
e
z
. # is a simply-connected region (Unit B2, Section 1, Para. 3), g is
analytic on # and C is a simple-closed contour in #.
As i lies inside C then by Cauchy`s nth Derivative Iormula (Unit B2, Section 3, Para. 1)
with n 2 and o -i, we have




i g i i g
! 2
i 2
dz
i z
e z
2 2
C
3
z 3
2
t =
t
=
+
}
g
(1)
(z) (3z
2
z
3
) e
z
g
(2)
(z) (6z 3z
2
} 3z
2
z
3
}) e
z
(6z 6z
2
z
3
) e
z
g
(2)
(-i) (-6i - 6 i) e
-i
-(6 5i) e
-i
-(6 5i) (cos 1 - i sin 1)
- (6 cos 1 5 sin 1) i (5 cos 1 - 6 sin 1)}
ThereIore

< 1 sin 5 1 cos 6 i 1 sin 6 1 cos 5 dz
i z
e z
2
C
3
z 3
+ t =
+
}
|Seems a strange answer.|
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
2002 Question 5
(a) 3 marks
I is an analytic Iunction with simple poles at z -1/3, and z -3.


.
8
1
3 3
1
z I z
z
lim
, I Res
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
=
+
= +

= Unit C1, Section 1, Para. 1


.
8
1
1 3 3
1
z I 3 z
3 z
lim
3 , I Res =
+
= +

=
(b) 5 marks
I shall use the strategy given in Unit C1, Section 2, Para. 2.

} }
t
+ +
=
+
C
1
2
1
2
0
dz
iz
1
z z 3 5
dt
t cos 3 5
1
, where C is the unit circle z : ,z, 1}.

} }
+ +
=
+ +
=
C C
2
dz
3 z 1 z 3
1
i 2 dz
3 z 3 z 10
1
i 2
I is analytic on the simply-connected region except Ior a Iinite number oI singularities. C is a
simple contour in not passing through any oI the singularities. Since only the singularity at z -
1/3 is inside the circle C then, by Cauchy`s Residue Theorem (Unit C1, Section 2, Para. 1), we
have

2
* 4 , I es R i 2 * i 2 dt
t cos 3 5
1
8
1
3
1
2
0
t
= t = t =
+
}
t
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
2002 Question 6
(a) 3 marks
(a)(i)
A point in the halI-plane % can be represented as in both
t
and
2t
(Unit C2, Section 1, Para. 5)
as
z r e
iu
where 0 u t.
ThereIore Ior z e % we have (Unit A2, Section 5, Para. 6)
z Log z iArg z log z iArg z log z Log
2 2 e e t t t t
= + = + =
(a)(ii)
Log
t
(z) and Log
2t
(z) have the domains
t
and
2t
respectively. Since % c
t

2t
and
Log
t
(z) Log
2t
(z) when z e % (part (a)(i)
then Log
2t
and Log
t
are direct analytic continuations oI each other. (Unit C3, Section 1, Para. 1)
(b) 5 marks (or see Unit C3, Problem 2.2a)
Let ' z : Im z 0}.
A point in the halI-plane ' can be represented as in both C
2t
and C
3t
(Unit C2, Section 1, Para.
5) as
z r e
iu
where t u 2t.
ThereIore Ior z e ' we have (Unit A2, Section 5, Para. 6)
z Log z iArg z log z iArg z log z Log
3 3 e 2 e 2 t t t t
= + = + =
Log
2t
(z) and Log
3t
(z) have the domains
2t
and
3t
respectively. Since ' c
2t
and
3t
and
Log
2t
(z) Log
3t
(z) when z e '
then Log
2t
and Log
3t
are direct analytic continuations oI each other. (see Unit C3, Section 1,
Para. 1)
ThereIore (I
1
,
t
), (I
1
,
2t
), and (I
1
,
3t
) Iorm a chain (Unit C3, Section 2, Para. 3),
and since
t

3t
then it is a closed chain.
As I
1
(1) 0 0 i 0 1 iArg 1 log 1 Log
e
= + = + =
t t
, and
I
3
(1) i 2 2 i 0 1 iArg 1 log 1 Log
3 e 3
t = t + = + =
t t
,
then I
1
= I
3
.
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
2002 Question 7
(a) 1 mark
q is a steady continuous 2-dimensional velocity Iunction on the region and the conjugate
velocity Iunction iz ) z ( q = is analytic on ThereIore q is a model Iluid Ilow on (Unit D2,
Section 1, Para. 14).
(b) 6 marks
The complex potential Iunction O is a primitive oI ) z ( q (Unit D2, Section 2, Para. 1). ThereIore
the complex potential Iunction 2 / iz z
2
= O and the stream Iunction
z Im y , x O = + (Unit D2, Section 4, Para. 4)

2
2
i
iy x Im + = , where z x iy

2 2
2
1
2 2
2
i
x y ixy 2 y x Im = + =
A streamline through 1 is given by
2
1
2 2
2
1
0 , 1 x y = + = .
ThereIore the streamline through i has the equation y
2
x
2
- 1.
At 1 the velocity Iunction q(1) i (positive y direction)
A streamline through 1 i is given by 0 1 , 1 x y
2 2
2
1
= + = or y
2
x
2
.
Since the streamline goes through 1 i we must have y x..
At 1 i the velocity Iunction q(1 i) i(1 - i) 1 i (north-east)
At 0 the velocity Iunction q(0) 0.
(c) 1 mark
Since q is a model Ilow on then the integral 0 dz z q =
}
I
Ior each simple-closed contour
surrounding 0 (Unit D2, Section 1, Para. 13). ThereIore 0 is neither a source or a vortex (Unit D1,
Section 1, Para. 15).
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
2002 Question 8
(a) 3 marks | Unit D3, Exercise 1.2 (b) |
II o is a Iixed point (Unit D3, Section 1, Para. 3) then
I(o) 2o(1 - o) o.
Since o (1 - 2o) 0 then the Iixed points are at o 0 and o .
I
/
(z) 2 4z.
When z 0 then , I
/
(z) , 2. ThereIore 0 is a repelling Iixed point (Unit D3 Section 1, Para. 5).
When z then , I
/
(z) , 0. ThereIore is a super-attracting Iixed point.
(b) 5 marks
(b)(i)
i 3 0 P
2
1
c
+ = .
i i 3 i 2 i 3 i 3 0 P
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
4
1
2
c
= + + = + + + = .
i i 3 i i 3 i 0 P
2
1
4
9
2
1
4
3
2
1
2
2
1
2
c
= + + = + + = .
As 2 0 P
3
c
> then c does not lie in the Mandelbrot set (Unit D3, Section 4, Para. 5).
(b)(ii) . c
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
= + =
Hence . 3 4 8 c Re 8 c 8
4
9
4
25
2
1
2
2
5
2
2
3
2
< = = + = +
ThereIore P
c
has an attracting Iixed point (Unit D3, Section 4, Para. 9). Hence c belongs to the
Mandelbrot set (Unit D3, Section 4, Para. 8).
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
2002 Question 9
(a) 8 marks
(a)(i)
Putting z x iy we have
I(x iy) sin(x iy)
sin x cos(iy) cos x sin(iy) (Unit A2, Section 4, Para. 5)
sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y (Unit A2, Section 4, Para. 7)
u(x, y) i v(x, y)
where u(x,y) sin x cosh y, and v(x,y) - cos x sinh y.
(a)(ii)
y cosh * x cos y , x
x
u
=
c
c
, y sinh * x sin y , x
y
u
=
c
c
,
y sinh * x sin y , x
x
v
=
c
c
, y cosh * x cos y , x
y
v
=
c
c
II I is diIIerentiable the Cauchy-Riemann equations (Unit A4, Section 2, Para. 1) hold.
They will hold at (a, b) iI
b , a
y
v
b cosh * a cos b cosh * a cos b , a
x
u
c
c
= = =
c
c
, and
b , a
y
u
b sinh * a sin b sinh * a sin b , a
x
v
c
c
= = =
c
c
Eor real x, cosh x ~ 0. ThereIore to satisIy the 1
st
condition we must have cos a 0. To also
satisIy the 2
nd
equation then, as sin a 1, we must have sinh b 0 and hence b 0. ThereIore
both equations are satisIied when
z e (n )t : n e } A.
As I is deIined on the region , and the partial derivatives
y
v
,
x
v
,
y
u
,
x
u
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
1. exist on
2. are continuous at each z e A.
3. satisIy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at each z e A.
then, by the Cauchy-Riemann Converse Theorem (Unit A4, Section 2, Para. 3), I is diIIerentiable
on A.
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
(b) 10 marks
(b)(i) g(z) is analytic on the region i} (Unit A4, Section 3, Para. 4), and


2
i z
1
z g

= ' on i}.
On the region - i} since 0 z g = ' and g is analytic, then g is also conIormal on this region
(Unit A4, Section 4, Para. 6).
(b)(ii) As is in the domain oI
1
we have 1
2
1
1
= .
As 0 is in the domain oI
2
we have 1 0
2
= . ThereIore I
1
and I
2
meet at the point 1.
(b)(iii)
As g is analytic on - i} and g
/
(i) = 0 then a small disc centred at 1 is mapped
approximately to a small disk centred at
g(1) 1/(1 i) (1 i)/2 (Unit A4, Section 1, Para. 11).
The disc is rotated by Arg g
/
(1) Arg(-1/(1 - i)
2
) Arg(1/2i) -t/2, and scaled by the
Iactor , g
/
(1), .
In the diagram below g(I
2
) is the horizontal line (Unit A4, Section 4, Para. 4)
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
2002 Question 10
(a) 8 marks
(a)(i) z
3
2z
2
z z(z
2
2z 1) z (z - 1)
2
.
ThereIore I has a simple pole at z 0 and a pole oI order 2 at z 1 (Unit B4, Section 1, Para.
3).
(a)(ii)


)
`

=
1 z 1
1
1 z
1
z I
2
, when z e - 0, 1}

=
0 n
n n
2
1 z 1
1 z
1
, when 0 ,z 1, 1 (Unit B3, Section 3, Para. 5)

=
0 n
2 n n
1 z 1
ThereIore the Laurent series about 1 Ior I on z: 0 ,z - 1, 1} is

... 1 z 1 ... 1 z 1 z 1
1 z
1
1 z
1
2 n n 2
2
+ + + +

(b) 10 marks
(b)(i) By the Composition Rule (Unit B3, Section 4, Para. 3) the Taylor series Ior g about 0 on
is

=
+
)
`

0 n
n 2
0 m
1 m 2
m
n
! 1 m 2
z
1
! n 2
1
... ...
! 3
z
z
! 4
1
...
! 3
z
z
! 2
1
1
4
3
2
3

)
`

+ +
)
`

+ =
...
24
z 5
2
z
1 ...
24
z
...
6
z
2
z
1
4 2 4 4 2
+ =
)
`

+
)
`

+ = up to the term in z
4
.
Since g is analytic on then by Taylor`s Theorem (Unit B3, Section 3, Para. 1) then the
representation oI g is unique on all open discs centred at 0 in the sense that iI
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0

=
=
0 n
n
n
z a z g
then the coeIIicients a
n
are those Iound above.
z g(1/z) is analytic on the punctured disc - 0}.
The Laurent series about 0 Ior z g(1/z) on this disc is

=
= + = |
.
|

\
|
+
n
n
n
3 4 2
z a ...
z 24
5
z 2
1
z ...
z 24
5
z 2
1
1 z
ThereIore as C is a circle with centre 0 (Unit B4, Section 4, Para. 2)
}
t = |
.
|

\
|
t = t = |
.
|

\
|

C
1
i
2
1
i 2 ia 2 dz
z
1
zg
z
2
g(1/z) is analytic on the punctured disc - 0}.
The Laurent series about 0 Ior z
2
g(1/z) on this disc is

=
= + = |
.
|

\
|
+
n
n
n
2
2
4 2
2
z a ...
z 24
5
2
1
z ...
z 24
5
z 2
1
1 z
ThereIore as C is a circle with centre 0 (Unit B4, Section 4, Para. 2)
}
= t = |
.
|

\
|

C
1
2
0 ia 2 dz
z
1
g z
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
2002 Question 11
(a) 10 marks
(a)(i)
By the Triangle Inequality (Unit A1, Section 5, Para. 2a)
, e
z
5 , s , e
z
, 5
e
Re z
5 (Unit A2, Section 4, Para. 2b)
s e
2
5 when ,z, 2.
3
2
5 14 since e 3.
(a)(ii)
Let I(z) e
z
z
4
5. Then I is analytic on the simply-connected region .
Let I z : ,z, 1} and g(z) 5.
When z e I we have
, I(z) g(z) , , e
z
z
4
,
s , e
z
, , z
4
, Triangle inequality
e
Re z
, z
4
,
s e
1
1
5 g(z).
As I and g are analytic (Unit A4, Section 1, Para. 7) on the simply-connected region , and I is a
simple-closed contour in then by Rouch`s Theorem (Unit C2, Section 2, Para. 4) I has the
same number oI zeros inside I as g.
ThereIore I(z) 0 has no solutions inside the disc z : ,z, 1}.
By the Backwards Iorm oI the triangle inequality when ,z, 1 (Unit A1, Section 5, Para. 2b)
, 5 e
z
z
4
, > , ,5, - , e
z
z
4
, ,
> , 5 (e 1) ,
~ 0.
ThereIore there are no zeros on z : ,z, 1}.
Let I z : ,z, 2} and g(z) z
4
.
When z e I we have
, I(z) g(z) , , e
z
5 ,
s 14 using part (a)(i).
, z
4
, 16 g(z).
As I and g are analytic (Unit A4, Section 1, Para. 7) on the simply-connected region , and I is a
simple-closed contour in then by Rouch`s Theorem (Unit C2, Section 2, Para. 4) I has the
same number oI zeros inside I as g.
ThereIore I(z) 0 has 4 solutions inside the disc z : ,z, 2}.
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
ThereIore 4 solutions oI I(z) 0 lie in the annulus z : 1 ,z, 2}.
(a) 8 marks
I shall use the result in Unit C1, Section 3, Para. 9.
Let p(t) 1 t, q(t) (1 t
2
) t,


ikt exp
t q
t p
t r = , where k 1.
Since (1) the degree oI q exceeds that oI p by more than 1.
(2) the only pole oI p/q on the real axis (at 0) is simple,


iT iS 2 dt ikt exp
t q
t p
t + t =
}

where S is the sum oI the residues oI the Iunction r(z) at those poles in the upper halI-plane, and T
is the sum oI the residues oI the Iunction r(z) at those poles on the real axis.
The only pole in the upper halI-plane is at z i and
S Res (r, i) z r i z
i z
lim

=



e 2
i 1
2
e i 1
i i i
i exp i 1
1 2

=
+

.
T Res (r, 0) 1 e
1
1
z r 0 z
0 z
lim
0
= =

= .
Hence


1 i
e 2
i 1
i 2 dt ikt exp
t q
t p
t +
)
`

t =
}

.
ThereIore taking the real part gives
e
dt
t
t cos
t 1
t 1
2
t
=
+

.
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
2002 Question 12
(a) 6 marks
(a)(i) %7:0.
d cz
b az
z
1
+
+
= where a 0, b 1, c 1, and d 0.
a, b, c, d : , and ad - bc -1 0 so 1/z is a Mbius transIormation (Unit D1, Section 1, Para.
1).
(a)(ii) ,80.
Selecting two diIIerent sets oI 3 points on the boundary oI the halI-plane and mapping them to the
same 3 points on the boundary oI the open unit disc will give diIIerent Mbius transIormations.
(a)(iii) ,80.
II there was such a transIormation I then I would be an entire Iunction.
Also I is bounded since ,I(z), 1.
By Liouville`s theorem (Unit B2, Section 2, Para. 2) then I must be a constant Iunction. ThereIore
there is no such transIormation.
(a) 12 marks
(b)(i)
The boundary oI the open halI-plane R on C
`
is the extended line which has inverse points 1 and
1.
I(1) 0, I(-1) , I(0) -1.
The inverse points are mapped to the inverse points oI the unit disc D (Unit D1, Section 3, Para.
6), and the boundary point 0 oI R is mapped to the boundary point oI the unit disc D (Unit D1,
Section 4 Para. 3). As 0 and are inverse points the 0 is the centre oI the circle (Unit D1, Section
3, Para. 5). As -1 is on the circle it has radius 1.
ThereIore the mapping oI these 3 points shows that I maps the halI-plane onto the unit disc D.
(b)(ii)
I maps the extended real axis to a generalized circle.
M337 2002 Exam Solutions Issue 1.0
As I(-1) , I(0) -1, and I(1) 0 then the extended real axis is mapped to the extended real
axis.
ThereIore the real axis is mapped to the real axis excluding the point (1, 0).
(b)(iii)
The principal square root Iunction
z z h = z e - x e : x s 0}
is a conIormal mapping (Unit A4, Section 4, Para. 6) Irom - x e : x s 0} onto # as
z 1 z h = ' = 0 on its domain.
ThereIore a conIormal mapping Irom - x e : x s 0} to is I
o
h.
g(z) (I
o
h)(z)
1 z
1 z
+

.
(b)(iv)
g
1
(I
o
h)
1
(h
1
o
I
-1
)
ThereIore
2
1
1 z
1 z
z g
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=