Kingdom Fungi

Why Study?
Are microorganisms Can cause human disease (directly or by toxins) Can affect plants we eat
Wheat rust is a fungus The famous potato famine in Ireland was caused by a fungus
(Almost instantly destroyed the primary food source for the majority of the population. Approximately one million people died during the 5 years of the famine.)

(Unicellular)

(Multicellular)

Are Useful
Metabolic activities, particularly yeasts, are used in many industrial fermentation processes (beer, wine, cheese, bread) Used in other products Citric acid in Coke is produced by Aspergillus Used to produce Antibiotics and other drugs
Penicillium Streptomycium Cephalosporin Cyclosporin

Mycology = Study of Fungus

Mycosis = A fungal disease

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FUNGI AND BACTERIA

CHARACTERISTIC Cell Wall Classification BACTERIA Peptidoglycan Prokaryotes (pre-nucleus or no nucleus) Yes Variable growth Variable Variable Unicellular Some bacteria can make own food Chitin Eukaryotes (true nuclei) Yes Grows well Tolerate less moisture (although like humidity) Non motile Unicellular/Multicellular Heterotrophs/chemoheterotrophs (Obtain nutrients by adsorbing dissolved
organic material through cell wall and plasma membrane)

FUNGI

Exoenzyme Acidic conditions Moisture Motility # of cells Nutrition

CHARACTERISTIC
Organelles Osmotic Pressure Oxygen Requirements Primary identification Reproduction Size Spores Structural Complexity Temperature No

BACTERIA

FUNGI
Yes Specialized structures with specific functions Tolerate higher osmotic pressure (sugar, salt) Molds Aerobic Yeast - Facultative anaerobe Morphology Asexual (mitotic) Sexual (Meiotic) Larger Reproduction More Complex Tolerate wide range

Grow in a wide variety of environmental conditions

Soil Water Fruits Jelly Refrigerator Humidity Dry climate

Variable Aerobic & Anaerobic Metabolism & Morphology Asexual (Binary fission) Smaller Survival Less Complex Mostly mesophiles

Function
Decomposition of organic matter Recycle nutrients Capable of ingesting complex carbohydrates such as lignin (composed of wood) that bacteria cannot use for nutrients Can grow on walls, shoe leather, & old newspaper, etc

Yeasts
Non-filamentous Unicellular Widely distributed in nature Frequently found on fruits, leaves, and bark as a white, powdery coating

Yeasts
Widely used in the food industry

Yeasts asexual reproduction

Yeasts
Pseudohypha occurs when buds fail to detach themselves resulting in a short chain

Yeasts Sexual reproduction by spore formation

Budding Yeast

Pseudohypha

Candida albicans
Common pathogenic yeast Candidiasis refers to a Candida infection
Moniliasis another name for Candidiasis

Features & Descriptive Terms Used to Classify fungus and fungal growth
Morphology
Thallus Mycelium Haustorium Hyphal Organization Sexual Spores Asexual Spores

Mucocutaneous candidiasis

Dimorphism
Monilial intertrigo Oral candidiasis = thrush

Thallus Macroscopic mold colony Mycelia Mass of strands forming the thallus Haustorium - A rootlike attachment in parasitic plants including fungi that penetrates and obtains food from the host

Hypha Strand of a mycelia (Hypha = singular / Hyphae = pleural)

Vegetative Hyphae grows in or on surface of growth medium Reproductive Hyphae / Aerial Hyphae Originates from vegetative hyphae and produce spores Septate Hyphae Hyphal strand composed of individual cells by a crosswalk or septum Coenocytic Hyphae (non septate) Mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei

Type of hyphae

Septate Hyphal strand composed of individual cells by a crosswalk or septum

Coenocytic (Non-septate) Hypha lack septum. Composed of a mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei

Reproductive or aerial hyphae

The mold you see on bread is reproductive hyphae with spores. Actually have mold before you see it (vegetative hyphae)

Vegetative Hyphae

Septate Hyphae

Sexual Spores

Asexual spores

Ascospores

Basidiospores

Sporangiospores

Conidiospores

Oospores

Zygospores

Chlamydiospores

Zoospores

Dimorphism difference in structure among the same species

Fungal dimorphism refers to the ability of some fungi to exhibit different characteristics when grown at different temperatures Example; Histoplasma capsulatum

4 major fungal phyla

Ascomycota

Basidiomycota

Is a Unicellular yeast at 370C

Is a filamentous mold/hypha at 250C

Omycota

Zygomycota

Zygomycota
Conjugation Fungi/Produce Zygospores

Zygomycota
Conjugation Fungi Saprophytic Molds Coenocytic hypha Zygospores (sexual spore formation) Sporangiospores (asexual spore formation) Examples
Rhizopus Mucor

Ascomycota
Sac Fungi/Produce Ascospores

Ascomycota
Sac Fungi Septate Hyphae Ascospores = Sexual spore formation Conidiospores = Asexual spore formation Examples Alternaria Aspergillus Fusarium Penicillium Sordaria

Basidiomyocta
Club fungi/produce basidiospores

Basidiomycota
Fleshy Fungi
Club Fungi Mushrooms Septate hyphae Basidiospores = Sexual spore formation Fragmentation = Asexual spore formation Examples

Oomycota
Water molds/produce oospores & motile zoospores

Coprinus

Oomycota
Water Molds Aquatic habitat Coenocytic hyphae Oogonia with oospores = sexual spore formation Zoospores = asexual spore formation (motile/have flagella) Examples
Saprolegnia

CLASSIFICATION (Named by sexual reproduction)

Phylum Example Location or Description
Sac Fungi

SPORES
Sexual spore Formation
Ascospores Produced in a sac or ascus called a perithecium

Hyphal Organization
Septate

Asexual spore formation

Conidiospores Budding identical to parents

Ascomycota (Molds & some yeasts = Saccharomyces ) Bacidiomycota (Macroscopic species) Oomycota

Alternaria Aspergillus Fusarium Penicillium Sordaria Coprinus

Fleshy Fungi Club fungi (Mushrooms) Aquatic habitats Water Molds

Septate

Bacidiospores produced in club shaped cap called basidium Formed by fusion of 2 hyphae = oogonia with oospores inside Zygospores formed by fusion of 2 hyphae with mixing of DNA

Fragmentation

Saprolegnia

Coenocytic

Zoospores (Motile / have flagella) Sporangiospores Formed in a sporangium (spore sac) which is on the end of a sporangiophore)

Zygomycota

Mucor Rhizopus

Saphrophytic Molds Conjugation Fungi

Coenocytic

Non Classified - Physarium polycephalium

Also known as slime mold Feeds by phagocytosis / and cytoplasmic streaming Has properties like an amoeba
half amoeba/half mold

Observation Techniques

PLATE GROWTH (of Penicillium notatum)

WET MOUNT (of Saccharomyces cerrevisiae)

AGAR BLOCK/Slide culture

SPORE PRINT (of a gill fungus)

Media used to isolate yeast and other fungi

Sabouraud agar simple nutrients of glucose and peptone and a low pH which inhibits the growth of most other organisms Potato Dextrose Agar PDA Malt Extract Agar - MEA

Differences between molds & bacteria on agar plates

Mold on an agar plate

Bacteria on an agar plate

Saccharomyces cerevisiae on agar

Yeast used in making bread, wine, beer

Microscopic Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Microscopic Fusarium

Microscopic Mucor

Microscopic Sordaria

Microscopic Aspergillus

Microscopic Penicillium

Microscopic Alternaria

Microscopic Rhizopus

Whats the largest thing in the world?

It's..... a fungus! Scientific name Armillaria ostoyae Located in the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon. Carpets nearly 10 square kilometers (an area equivalent to about 1,600 football fields). Lives in soil and spreads mainly along tree roots by shoestring-like threads called rhizomorphs Only surface evidence are its fruiting bodies, known commonly as honey mushrooms. Up to 8,500 years old Causes large production losses due to root disease

Compounds used in treating superficial and systemic fungal infections

Superficial = at or near surface Systemic deep seated infections

Systemic Mycosis - Histoplasmosis

Nystatin, Miconazole

Ketoconazole, Itraconazole Amphotericin B (fungazone)

Histoplasma capsulatum A Dimorphic fungus

Systemic mycosis - Coccidioidomycosis

Systemic mycosis - Aspergillosis

Coccidioides immitis also called San Joaquin Valley Fever

Aspergillus spp similar infections are also caused by Rhizopus & Mucor

Systemic mycosis - Blastomycosis

Systemic mycosis - pneumocystis

Pneumocystis carnii Blastomyces dermatitidis originating as a respiratory infection, and usually spreading to the lungs, bones, and skin. Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia is the 2nd most common opportunistic infection of AIDS patients (Most common = tuberculosis)

Superficial subcutaneous mycosis typically results from fungus entering tissue via a wound.

Superficial subcutaneous mycosis Candidiasis Candida albicans

Sporotrichosis Sporothrix schenckii

More oral thrush

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Superficial Cutaneous Mycosis Caused by dermatophytes (dermatomycosis)

Stachybotrys
Has toxic spores that cause a multitude of symptoms including cognitive impairment and pulmonary hemorrhage Can grow in walls of homes

Tinea capitis or Ringworm of scalp

Tinea unguim or Nail infection

Tinea pedis or Athletes Foot

Tinea cruris or Jock Itch

Tinea corpora or Ringworm of the body

Tinea barbae or Barbers Itch A culture of Stachybotrys chartarum on PDA

Diseases/Conditions associated with the mycotoxins

Ergot Poisoning
Produces hallucinations and gangrene; associated with infected rye

Diagnosis

Aflatoxin
Carcinogen associated with peanuts and grains; Produced by Aspergillus flavus

Wood Lamp (UV) causes superficial fungal infections to fluoresce

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