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Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation

Course Code: 11ME301 Course Title: Kinematics Of Machinery Name of Programme: Bachelor of Engineering Sem: V Date: 00.0 .!013 Duration: 3 hours

Test-I

Part- A (15X1=15 Marks)

Answer All Questions

Ma"imum Mar#s: $%

14. Determine the no.of e!rees of free om.

1. Pantographs are used for --------------drawings and maps. 2. &he e"am'le of lo(er 'air is))))))))))))))))))) 3. &he e"am'le of s'herical 'air is)))))))))))))))))))) 4. &he e"am'le of rolling 'air is))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 5. *ectilinear motion of 'iston is con+erted into))))))))))))))))))) 6. , circular -ar mo+ing in a round hole is an e"am'le of)))))))))))))) 7. .f some lin#s are connected such that motion -et(een them can ta#e 'lace in more than one direction/ it is called))))))))))))))))))) 8. Link which is connected to other links at four points 9. Ratchets are used to transform motion of rotation or translation into Part- B Short answer Questions (5X2=10 Marks) 16. Define degrees of freedom. 1 . Classify the onstrained motion. 1!. !hat is "antogra"h# 1". !hat is meant $y transmission angle#

1". Determine the no.of e!rees of free om.

---------------------or translation 10. Toggle mechanisms are used, where large resistances are to be overcome through--------------------11. Hooke s !oins is used to connect two ----------but intersecting shafts. 12. The steering mechanism is used in automobiles for changing the directions of the-----------with reference to the chassis, so as to move the automobile in the desired path. 13. "etermine the no of degrees of freedom .

20. !rite the different ty"es of gra"hi al method. Part- # $es%ri&ti'e Questions (5X10=50 Marks) 21. Des ri$e different in%ersions of do&$le slider ran' hain 22. a) Define the follo(ing i) *in' of a ma hine ii) +inemati ,air iii) Com"letely onstrained motion i%) +inemati hain %) Pantograph. ()

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*) &ith the help of a neat sketch e$plain Ackermann steering gear mechanism.

*) #$plain different t%pes of Link. 2+. a) !hat is a 'inemati "air# -."lain different ty"es of

'inemati

"airs.

()

*) &ith the help of a neat sketch e$plain the working of &hitworth

'uick return mechanism

2,. a) Des ri$e different in%ersions of /&adri () *) #$plain (traight line mechanism with neat sketch. 25. a) &ith the help of a neat sketch e$plain the working of )rank and

y le hain.

(lotted lever mechanism

CCE1 %ns&er Keys Course Code: 11ME%0% Course Title: Computer Inte!rate Manufacturin! Name of Programme: Bachelor of Engineering Sem: V Date: 00.0 .!013

Part- B (5X2=10 Marks)

Short answer Questions

16. Define degrees of freedom. 0t is defined as the n&m$er of in"&t "arameters (hi h m&st $e ontrolled inde"endently in order to $ring the de%i e into a "arti &lar "osition. 1he degrees of freedom of a me hanism 2n) is gi%en $y

Part- A (15X1=15 Marks)

Duration: 3 hours

Answer All Questions

Ma"imum Mar#s: $%

1. )e-u%in. or /nlar.in. 2. Sli-in. +. So%ket an- *all arran.e0ent ,. Belt an- &ulle1 5. )otation 0otion o2 the 2l1wheel 6. 3n%o0&letel1 %onstraine- 0otion . 3n%o0&letel1 %onstraine- 0otion !. Quaternar1 link ". 3nter0ittent 10. Short -istan%e 11. 4on &arallel 12. 5heel a6les 1+. 1 1,. 0 15. 1

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* 3 6&m$er of lin's 5 3 6&m$er of 5oints h 3 6&m$er of higher "airs. 1 . Classify the onstrained motion. 1here are three ty"es. 1) Com"letely onstrained motion 2eg. 7/&are $ar mo%ing in a s/&are hole) 2) 0n om"letely onstrained motion 2 eg. Cir &lar shaft in a hole) 3) 7& essf&lly onstrained motion 2eg. ,iston and ylinder) 1!. !hat is "antogra"h# ,antogra"h is a de%i e (hi h is &sed to re"rod& e a dis"la ement e.a tly in an enlarged or red& ed s ale. 0t is &sed in dra(ing offi es8 for d&"li ating the dra(ings8 ma"s8 "lans8 et . 0t (or's on the "rin i"le of 4 $ar hain me hanism.

1". !hat is meant $y transmission angle# 0n a fo&r $ar hain me hanism the angle $et(een the o&"ler and the follo(er lin' is alled as the transmission angle.

20. !rite the different ty"es of gra"hi al method. 1) 9elati%e %elo ity method. 2) 0nstantaneo&s Centre method Part- # $es%ri&ti'e Questions (5X10=50 Marks) 21. Des ri$e different in%ersions of do&$le slider ran' hain

2ig.,./1 Inversions of double slider crank mechanism: Elliptical trammel. This is a device which is used for generating an elliptical profile.

Double slider crank chain: *t is a kinematic chain consisting of two turning pairs and two sliding pairs. Scotch Yoke mechanism. Turning pairs + ,-., .-/0 (liding pairs + /-1, 1-,.

2ig.,./8
22. a) $e2ine the 2ollowin. i) 7ink o2 a 0a%hine

2ig.,./3 *n fig. ,./3, if 4) 5 p and 6) 5 ', then, $ 5 '.cos7 and % 5 p.sin7. Rearranging, cos. sin. , This is the e'uation of an ellipse. The path traced b% point ) is an ellipse, with ma!or a$is and minor a$is e'ual to .p and .' respectivel%. Oldham coupling. This is an inversion of double slider crank mechanism, which is used to connect two parallel shafts, whose a$es are offset b% a small amount.

ink or element: *t is the name given to an% bod% which has motion relative to another.4ll materials have some elasticit%. 4 rigid link is one, whose deformations are so small that the% can be neglected in determining the motion parameters of the link. ii) 8ine0ati% Pair 1he geometrical forms b% which two members of a mechanism are !oined together, so that the relative motion between these two is consistent are known as pairing elements and the pair so formed is called kinematic pair. #ach individual link of a mechanism forms a pairing element
iii) #o0&letel1 %onstraine- 0otion *f the constrained motion is achieved b% the pairing elements themselves, then it is called completel% constrained motion i') 8ine0ati% %hain 4 kinematic chain is a group of links either !oined together or arranged in a manner that permits them to move relative to one another. *f the links are connected in such a wa% that no motion is possible, it results in a locked chain or structure ') !antograph.

Pantographs are used for reducing or enlarging drawings and maps. The% are also used for guiding cutting tools or torches to fabricate complicated shapes.
() 22. *) E"plain different t#pes of ink.

%#pes of kinematic pairs: 'i( $ased on nature of contact bet)een elements: 'a( o)er pair. *f the !oint b% which two members are connected has surface contact,the pair is known as lower pair. #g. pin !oints, shaft rotating in bush, slider in slider crank mechanism.

ink or element: *t is the name given to an% bod% which has motion relative to another. 4ll materials have some elasticit%. 4 rigid link is one, whose deformations are so small that the% can be neglected in determining the motion parameters of the link. 2ig.,.8 Lower pairs 'b( *igher pair. *f the contact between the pairing elements takes place at a point or along a line, such as in a ball bearing or between two gear teeth in contact, it is known as a higher pair.

2ig.,./ $inar# link: Link which is connected to other links at two points.92ig.,./a: %ernar# link: Link which is connected to other links at three points. 92ig.,./ b: &uaternar# link: Link which is connected to other links at four points 92ig,./ c:
2+. a) 5hat is a kine0ati% &air9 /6&lain -i22erent t1&es

2ig.,.; Higher pairs 'ii( $ased on relative motion bet)een pairing elements: 'a( Siding pair. (liding pair is constituted b% two elements so connected that one is constrained to have a sliding motion relative to the other."<2 5,

o2 kine0ati%

&airs.

'b( %urning pair 'revolute pair(. &hen connections of the two elements are such that onl% a constrained motion of rotation of one element with respect to the other is possible, the pair constitutes a turning pair. "<2 5 , 'c( +#lindrical pair. *f the relative motion between the pairing elements is the combination of turning and sliding, then it is called as c%lindrical pair. "<2 5 .

2ig.,.,? )%lindrical pair 'd( ,olling pair. &hen the pairing elements have rolling contact, the pair formed is called rolling pair. #g. 6earings, 6elt and pulle%. "<2 5 ,

2ig.,.= (liding pair

2ig.,.> Turning pair

2ig.,.,, 9a: 6all bearing

2ig.,.,,9b: 6elt and pulle%

'e( Spherical pair. 4 spherical pair will have surface contact and three degrees of freedom. #g. 6all and socket !oint. "<2 5 / 'f( *elical pair or scre) pair. &hen the nature of contact between the elements of a pair is such that one element can turn about the other b% screw threads, it is known as screw pair. #g. @ut and bolt. "<2 5 ,

'a( +losed pair. #lements of pairs held together mechanicall% due to their geometr% constitute a closed pair. The% are also called form-closed or selfclosed pair. 'b( -nclosed or force closed pair. #lements of pairs held together b% the action of e$ternal forces constitute unclosed or force closed pair .#g. )am and follower.

. 2ig.,.,. 6all and socket !oint

2ig.,.,1 )losed pair

2ig. ,.,3 2orce closed pair 9cam - follower:

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2ig.,.,/ (crew pair 'iii( $ased on the nature of mechanical constraint.

2+. *) .ith the help of a neat sketch e"plain the )orking of

.hit)orth /uick return mechanism This is first inversion of slider mechanism, where, crank , is fi$ed. *nput is given to link., which moves at constant speed. Point ) of the mechanism is connected to the tool post " of the machine. "uring cutting stroke, tool post moves from ", to ",,. The corresponding positions of ) are ), and ),, as shown in the fig. ,./=. 2or the point ) to move from ), to ),,, point 6 moves from 6, to 6,,, in anti-clockwise direction. *.#.,cutting stroke takes place when input link moves through angle 6,<.6,, in anticlockwise direction and return stroke takes place when input link moves through angle 6,,<.6, in anti-clockwise direction.

2ig ,... 2our bar chain <ne of the most useful and most common mechanisms is the four-bar linkage. *n this mechanism, the link which can make complete rotation is known as crank 9link .:. The link which oscillates is known as rocker or lever 9link 1:. 4nd the link connecting these two is known as coupler 9link /:. Link , is the frame. Inversions of four bar chain:

2,. a) $es%ri*e -i22erent in'ersions o2 :ua-ri% %1%le

%hain

0our bar chain:

2ig.,../ *nversions of four bar chain. +rank1rocker mechanism: *n this mechanism, either link , or link / is fi$ed. Link . 9crank: rotates completel% and link 1 9rocker: oscillates. *t is similar to 9a: or 9b: of fig.,../.

Double crank mechanism. This is one t%pe of drag link mechanism, where, links ,- / are e'ual and parallel and links . - 1 are e'ual and parallel.

2ig.,..1 Drag link mechanism. Here link . is fi$ed and both links , and 1 make complete rotation but with different velocities. This is similar to ,../9c:.

2ig.,..8 Double rocker mechanism. *n this mechanism, link 1 is fi$ed. Link . makes complete rotation, whereas links / - 1 oscillate 92ig.,../d:.
() 2,. *) E"plain Straight line mechanism )ith neat sketch.

Straight line motion mechanisms (traight line motion mechanisms are mechanisms, having a point that moves along a straight line, or nearl% along a straight line, without being guided b% a plane surface. +ondition for e"act straight line motion: *f point 6 9fig.,.1?: moves on the circumference of a circle with center < and radius <4,then, point ), which is an e$tension of 46 traces a straight line perpendicular to 4<,provided product of 46 and 4) is constant.

2ig.,..3

Here, 4# is the input link and point # moves along a circular path of radius 4# 5 46.4lso, #) 5 #" 5 P) 5 P" and 6) 5 6". Point P of the mechanism moves along e$act straight line, perpendicular to 64 e$tended. AB AC AE const ifAB AC const butAD const To prove B, E and P lie on same straight line: Triangles 6)", #)" and P)" are all isosceles triangles having common base )" and ape$ points being 6, # and P. Therefore points 6, # and P alwa%s lie on the perpendicular bisector of )". Hence these three points alwa%s lie on the same straight line. To prove product of BE and BP is constant. *n triangles 62) and P2),BC. = FB. + FC. and PC. = PF . + FC. BC. PC. = FB. PF . = (FB + PF)(FB PF) = BP BE 6ut since 6) and P) are constants, product of 6P and 6# is constant, which is the condition for e$act straight line motion. Thus point P alwa%s moves along a straight line perpendicular to 64 as shown in the fig.,.1,. Appro"imate straight line motion mechanism: 4 few four bar mechanisms with certain modifications provide appro$imate straight line motions. ,obert2s mechanism

2ig.,.1? Locus of pt.) will be a straight line, A to 4# if, is constant !eaucellier e"act straight line motion mechanism:

2ig.,.1,

2ig.,.1.

This is a four bar mechanism, where, P)" is a single integral link. 4lso, dimensions 4),6", )P and P" are all e'ual. Point P of the mechanism moves ver% nearl% along line 46. 25. a) .ith the help of a neat sketch e"plain the )orking of +rank and Slotted lever mechanism

() 25.*) .ith the help of a neat sketch e"plain the Ackermann steering gear mechanism.

This is second inversion of slider mechanism, where, connecting rod is fi$ed. *nput is given to link ., which moves at constant speed. Point ) of the mechanism is connected to the tool post " of the machine. "uring cutting stroke, tool post moves from ", to ",,.The corresponding positions of ) are ), and ),, as shown in the fig. ,./>. 2or the point ) to move from ), to ),,, point 6 moves from 6, to 6,,, in anti-clockwise direction. *.#., cutting stroke takes place when input link moves through angle 6,<.6,, in anticlockwise direction and return stroke takes place when input link moves through angle 6,,<.6, in anti-clockwise direction

4ckerman steering mechanism, R(46 is a four bar chain as shown in fig.,.3?. Links R4 and (6 which are e'ual in length are integral with the stub a$les. These links are connected with each other through track rod 46. &hen the vehicle is in straight ahead position, links R4 and (6 make e'ual angles B with the center line of the vehicle. The dotted lines in fig.,.3? indicate the position of the mechanism when the vehicle is turning left.