2012 Second International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies

An Investigation of Quantum Teleportation

Shaifali Singhal1 Anjali Jain2 Anil Kr Gankotiya3 Kadambari Aggarwal 4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology for Women Ghaziabad, India 1 shaifalisinghal16@gmail.com, 2anjali.j170391@gmail.com 3 anilgankotiya@ieee.org, 4kadambri_agarwal@rediffmail.com

Abstract Teleportation also called, as Quantum Teleportation is a technique, which involves the duplication or re-creation of physical properties using light beams. Teleportation involves the transfer of quantum States between two separate atoms. It relies on a strange behaviour that exists at the atomic scale known as "entanglement", whereby two particles can have related properties even when they are far apart. Entanglement allows particles to have a much closer relationship than is possible in classical physics. If two particles are entangled, we can know the state of one particle by measuring the state of the other. For example, two particles can be entangled such that the spin of one particle is always "up" when the spin of the other is "down", and vice versa. An additional feature of quantum mechanics is that the particle can exist in a superposition of both these states at the same time. The landmark experiments are being viewed as a major advance in the quest to achieve ultra-fast computers, inside which teleportation could provide a form of invisible "quantum wiring". These machines would be able to handle far bigger and more complex loads than today's super-computers, and at many times their speed. Here in this report, we are going to discuss about the technique involved in quantum computing, quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation and in specific Quantum Computers along with its advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, the future aspects of quantum teleportation such as human teleportation have also been overviewed. Keywords
INTRODUCTION I. This is the dream of teleportation - the ability to travel from place to place without having to pass through the tedious intervening miles accompanied by a physical vehicle and airline-food rations. Although the teleportation of large objects or humans is still remains a fantasy, quantum teleportation has become a laboratory reality for photons, the individual particles of light. Quantum teleportation exploits some of the most basic features of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics invented in the first quarter of the 20th century to explain processes that occur at the

level of individual atoms. From the beginning, theorists realized that quantum physics led to a plethora of new phenomena, some of which defy common sense. Technological progress in the final quarter of the 20th century has enabled researchers to conduct many experiments that not only demonstrate fundamental, sometimes bizarre aspects of quantum mechanics but, as in the case of quantum teleportation, apply them to achieve previously inconceivable feats. II. QUANTUM TELEPORTATION

Quantum teleportation, or entanglement-assisted teleportation, is a process by which a qubit (the basic unit of quantum information) can be transmitted exactly (in principle) from one location to another, without the qubit being transmitted through the intervening space. It is useful for quantum communication and computation. It does not transport the system itself, nor does it allow communication of information at superluminal speed. Neither does it concern rearranging the particles of a macroscopic object to copy the form of another object.

Figure 1: Representation of Quantum Teleportation In quantum teleportation the original object is scanned in such a way as to extract all the information from it, then this information is transmitted to the receiving location and used to construct the replica, not necessarily from the actual

978-0-7695-4640-7/12 $26.00 2012 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ACCT.2012.23

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material of the original, but perhaps from atoms of the same kinds, arranged in exactly the same pattern as the original. A. Quantum

In physics, a quantum is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction. Behind this, one finds the fundamental notion that a physical property may be "quantized," referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization". This means that the magnitude can take on only certain discrete values. There is a related term of quantum number. An example of an entity that is quantized is particles of the energy transfer of elementary matter (called fermions) and of photons and other bosons.

Helmholtz used quantum with reference to heat in his article on Mayer's work, and indeed, the word quantum can be found in the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics by Mayer in his letter dated July 24, 1841. Max Planck used "quanta" to mean "quanta of matter and electricity", gas, and heat. In 1905, in response to Planck's work and the experimental work of Lenard, who explained his results by using the term "quanta of electricity", Albert Einstein suggested that radiation existed in spatially localized packets which he called "quanta of light" ("Lichtquanta"). The concept of quantization of radiation was discovered in 1900 by Max Planck, who had been trying to understand the emission of radiation from heated objects, known as black body radiation. By assuming that energy can only be absorbed or released in tiny, differential, discrete packets he called "bundles" or "energy elements,", Planck accounted for the fact that certain objects change colour when heated. On December 14, 1900, Planck reported his revolutionary findings to the German Physical Society and introduced the idea of quantization for the first time as a part of his research on black body radiation. As a result of his experiments, Planck deduced the numerical value of h, known as the Planck constant, and could also report a more precise value for the Avogadro-Loschmidt number, the number of real molecules in a mole and the unit of electrical charge, to the German Physical Society. After his theory was validated, Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 for his discovery.

Figure 2: Photon Representation B. Teleportation A photon is a single quantum of light, and is referred to as a "light quantum". The energy of an electron bound to an atom (at rest) is said to be quantized, which results in the stability of atoms, and of matter in general. As incorporated into the theory of quantum mechanics, this is regarded by physicists as part of the fundamental framework for understanding and describing nature at the infinitesimal level. Normally quanta are considered to be discrete packets with energy stored in them. Max Planck considered these quanta to be particles that can change their form (meaning that they can be absorbed and released). This phenomenon can be observed in the case of black body radiation, when it is being heated and cooled. The word "quantum" comes from the Latin "quantus," for "how much." "Quanta" meaning short for "quanta of electricity" (or electron) was used in a 1902 article on the photoelectric effect by Philipp Lenard, who credited Hermann von Helmholtz for using the word in the area of electricity. However, the word quantum in general was well known before 1900. It was often used by physicians, such as the term quantum satis. Both Helmholtz and Julius von Mayer were physicians as well as physicists. Teleportation is the name given by science fiction writers to the feat of making an object or person disintegrate in one place while a perfect replica appears somewhere else. How this is accomplished is usually not explained in detail, but the general idea seems to be that the original object is scanned in such a way as to extract all the information from it, then this information is transmitted to the receiving location and used to construct the replica, not necessarily from the actual material of the original, but perhaps from atoms of the same kinds, arranged in exactly the same pattern as the original. A teleportation machine would be like a fax machine, except that it would work on 3-dimensional objects as well as documents, it would produce an exact copy rather than an approximate facsimile, and it would destroy the original in the process of scanning it. A few science fiction writers consider teleporters that preserve the original, and the plot gets complicated when the original and teleported versions of the same person meet; but the more common kind of teleporter destroys the original, functioning as a super transportation device, not as a perfect replicator of souls and bodies. Teleportation involves dematerializing an object at one point, and sending the details of that object's precise atomic

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configuration to another location, where it will be reconstructed. What this means is that time and space could be eliminated from travel-we could be transported to any location instantly, without actually crossing a physical distance.

Figure 4: Diagram for quantum teleportation of photon

IV.

TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO QUANTUM TELEPORTATION QUBIT

Figure 3: Quantum Teleportation Method

A.

III.

PREREQUISITES

The prerequisites for quantum teleportation are a qubit that is to be teleported, a conventional communication channel capable of transmitting two classical bits (i.e., one of four states), and means of generating an entangled EPR pair of qubits, performing a Bell measurement on the EPR pair, and manipulating the quantum state of one of the pair. The protocol is then as follows: An EPR pair is generated and distributed to two separate locations, A and B. At location A, a Bell measurement of the EPR pair qubit and the qubit to be teleported (for example, quantum state of a photon) is performed, yielding two classical bits of information. Both qubits are destroyed. Using the classical channel, the two bits are sent from A to B. (This is the only potentially timeconsuming step, due to speed-of-light considerations.) At location B, the EPR pair qubit is modified (if necessary), using the two bits to select the correct one of four possible quantum states. A qubit identical to that chosen for teleportation (for example, quantum state of a photon) results.

In quantum computing, a qubit or quantum bit is a unit of quantum information the quantum analogue of the classical bitwith additional dimensions associated to the quantum properties of a physical atom. The physical construction of a quantum computer is itself an arrangement entangled atoms, and the qubit represents both the state memory and the state of entanglement in a system. A quantum computation is performed by initializing a system of qubits with a quantum algorithm "initialization" here referring to some advanced physical process that puts the system into an entangled state. The qubit is described by a quantum state in a twostate quantum-mechanical system, which is formally equivalent to a two-dimensional vector space over the complex numbers. One example of a two-state quantum system is the polarization of a single photon: here the two states are vertical polarisation and horizontal polarisation. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other, but quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a superposition of both states at the same time, a property which is fundamental to quantum computing.

Figure : Basic Information of Qubit

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C. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT Quantum entanglement is a property of the state of a quantum mechanical system containing two or more degrees of freedom, whereby the degrees of freedom that make up the system are linked in such a way that the quantum state of any of them cannot be adequately described independently of the others, even if the individual degrees of freedom belong to different objects and are spatially separated. Peculiar non classical correlations can be observed in such systems Entanglement can be measured, transformed, purified, and teleported. A quantum system in an entangled state can be used as a quantum information channel to perform tasks that are impossible for classical systems, and is also required to achieve the exponential speed up of quantum computation.

Figure 5: Qubit B. EPR EFFECT The EPR paradox (or EinsteinPodolskyRosen paradox) is a topic in quantum physics and the philosophy of science concerning the measurement and description of microscopic systems by the methods of quantum physics. It refers to the dichotomy that either the measurement of a physical quantity in one system must affect the measurement of a physical quantity in another, spatially separate, system or the description of reality given by a wave function must be incomplete. This challenge to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics that only the position or momentum of a particle, but not both, can be known with certainty was originated from the consequences of a thought experiment in 1935 by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen. The paper they authored indicated what seemed to be a flaw in the interpretation. The experiment involved two systems that initially interact with each other and are then separated. Then the position or momentum of one of the systems is measured, and due to the known relationship between the (measured) value of the first particle and the value of the second particle, the observer is aware of that value in the second particle. A measurement of the other value is then made on the second particle, and, once again, due to the relationship between the two particles, that value is then known in the first particle. This outcome seems to violate the uncertainty principle, as both the position and momentum of a single particle would be known with certainity.

Figure 7: photon quantum entanglement

V.

APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM TELEPORTATION

A. Quantum Computer A quantum computer is a device for computation that makes direct use of quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers are different from traditional computers based on transistors. The basic principle behind quantum computation is that quantum properties can be used to represent data and perform operations on these data. A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine, also known as the universal quantum computer.

Figure 6: EPR pair

Figure 8: Quantum Computer Chip

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B. Quantum Cryptography Until modern times, cryptography referred almost exclusively to encryption, which is the process of converting ordinary information into unintelligible gibberish . Decryption is the reverse, in other words, moving from the unintelligible cipher text back to plaintext.

recreate the travelers' memories, emotions, hopes and dreams. So,the travellers s would still exist, but they would do so in a new body, of the same atomic structure as the original body, programmed with the same information.

VII. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE A. Advantages Teleportation Technology is now being used by organizations across the world to enable people to be in two (or more) places at once. These organizations have recognized the substantial communication benefits of the technology. Genuine eye-to-eye contact with individuals or audiences in the distant location, which means we can make that personal connection count wherever we are. The quality of the communication means that we are able to see and respond to the mood and body language of the person to whom we are speaking to, to build trust and understanding.

Figure 9:

VI.

FUTURE ASPECTS OF QUANTUM TELEPORTATION

HUMAN TELEPORTATION For a person to be transported, a machine would have to be built that can pinpoint and analyse all of the 10 to the power 28 atoms that make up the human body. That's a more than a trillion atoms. This machine would then have to send this information to another location, where the person's body would be reconstructed with exact precision. Molecules couldn't be even a millimetre out of place, lest the person arrive with some severe neurological or physiological defect. There is a natural two-way communication with no audio interference or discernable latency even if the communication is across twelve time zones. The financial benefits are significant too. Substantial savings in travel and accommodation costs.

B.

Disadvantages Quantum mechanics makes the application much more fragile against noise. While doing human teleportation in future, the person may arrive with some severe neurological or physiological defect.

Figure 10: Human Teleportation

Teleportation would combine genetic cloning with digitization. In this biodigital cloning, tele-travelers would have to die, in a sense. Their original mind and body would no longer exist. Instead, their atomic structure would be recreated in another location, and digitization would

Figure 11: Disadvantge of Human Teleportation

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VIII. CONCLUSION Quantum teleportation is a direct descendant of the scenarios debated by Einstein and Bohr. It does something very unique in the annals of science. It shows that it is possible for one thing to effect another without any intervening mechanism involved. This has been the one gauntlet that has always been tossed by scientists towards believers in things like psychism, magic, miracles, astrology, etc. But like all technologies, scientists are sure to continue to improve upon the ideas of teleportation, to the point that we may one day be able to avoid such harsh methods. Teleportation technology is fast becoming an integral part of the future. The researchers and scientists makes it clear that the teleportation technology "opens the way for innovation and new ways of teaching and learning".

REFERENCES
[1]. http://www.zamandayolculuk.com/cetinbal/QUANT UMTELEPORT [2]. http://www.research.ibm.com/quantuminfo/teleportat ion/ [3]. http://technovate.org/web/articles/quantumthought.ht ml [4]. http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-quantumteleportation [5]. http://qso.lanl.gov/qc/ [6]. http://ewh.ieee.org/r10/bombay/news4/Quantum_Co mputers.htm [7]. http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2010/12/quantu m-teleportation-finds-a-place-in-quantumcomputers.ars

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