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Properties of Metals (Lesson Plan)

(Mass, Volume, Density, Deflection, and Stiffness)


Suggested Grade Level 8-10

Standard Statements 3.1.10 D Apply scale as a way of relating concepts and ideas to one another by some measure. 3.2.10 B Apply process nowledge and organi!e scientific and technological phenomena in "aried ways. 3.#.10 $ Distinguish among the principles of force and motion. Content Objectives Students will know that 1. %he "olume of a metal bar is obtained by multiplying the bar&s length' width' and height. 2. Density is calculated as mass di"ided by "olume. 3. Deflection is the bending that a beam undergoes from the weight of a load. #. %he (oung modulus for elasticity' )' is a *uantitati"e way to describe the stiffness of a metal. %he higher the modulus "alue' the stiffer the metal. +. %he modulus can be calculated using the property of deflection. ,. %he properties of steel' aluminum' and titanium ma e them useful in the design and manufacture of a "ariety of items people encounter e"ery day. Process Objectives Students will be able to 1. $alculate "olume and density of metals. 2. -erform unit con"ersions .i.e. g g/ cmm/ -a0-a1. 3. 2easure deflection of a metal. #. $alculate a metal&s modulus. +. $ompare the moduli' )' of two metals and determine which metal is more stiff. ,. 3se appropriate "alues in the (oung modulus e*uation for elasticity. Assessment Strategies 1. )"aluation of completed student handouts. 2. 0roup discussion of ey ideas. 3. )"aluation of a reflecti"e essay. Materials Per group or per individual4 5teel and aluminum flat bars .suggested dimensions are4 168 inch thic ' 1 inch wide' 18 inches long1 5cales or balances appropriate for obtaining the masses .in grams1 of the metal bars 2eter stic s $alculators 7ater bottles .or other weights1 5tring to hang water bottles Des or table to which metal bars can be clamped $lamps to affi8 the bars to a des or table
Properties of Metals Lesson Plan

Procedures Part (!" min) 1. Distribute a steel bar and an aluminum bar to each group. 2. Discuss how to con"ert units of measurement .i.e. cm to m1. Also discuss the concepts of "olume and density if not pre"iously co"ered in your class. 3. 9a"e students measure the mass and dimensions of each metal bar' and perform con"ersions from grams to ilograms and from centimeters to meters. #. As students to calculate the "olume and density of the steel and aluminum bars. Part # (#" min) 1. Demonstrate to students what deflection is either using a diagram or by doing a short demonstration. )8plain that deflection is the bending which an ob:ect undergoes from the weight of a load. As students to thin about real-life situations in which deflection of materials would be important to consider .building 6 home construction' etc1. 2. 9a"e students e8plain what deflection means in their own words' and draw a picture that illustrates the concept. 3. As the students to de"ise a way to measure the deflection of their steel and aluminum bars if pro"ided with a weight. 9a"e them illustrate their idea' and then attempt to measure deflection of both bars. Allow them to construct a table that organi!es the measurements they need to find deflection. Part ! (!" min) 1. )8plain that deflection of a metal is related to stiffness. 5tiffness is the ability of a material to resist a change in shape. )ngineers calculate stiffness of a material using (oung&s modulus of elasticity e*uation. 2. Discuss what each of the "ariables in the e*uation means. -oint out that the higher the modulus "alue' the stiffer the material. 3. 9a"e students find the stiffness of the aluminum and steel bars by calculating the modulus. As which is stiffer. #. Allow students to e8amine a table that compares the mass' and modulus of each 1m 8 1m 8 1m bloc of steel' aluminum' and titanium. %hen ha"e the students read about the properties and uses of these three metals in the $dditional %esources section of the 5tudent 9andout. As them to write a few sentences comparing and contrasting them. Part & (#" min) 1. 0i"e the students the tas of designing something of their choosing .i.e. a bridge' a new toy' a car' etc1. As them to decide which metal they would chose to utili!e in their designs. 7hy did they choose this particular metal o"er the others; .i.e. 7hat properties of this metal ma e it more suited for the design;1

Properties of Metals

Lesson Plan

Properties of Metals (Teac er !otes)


(Mass, Volume, Density, Deflection, and Stiffness)
Part 'otes
mass volume

"olume and densit#$ <olume of a rectangular solid = l w h Density =

Part # 'otes %eflection and stiffness$ (This explanation pertains to Question 2a in the Student Handout.) Deflection is the bending which a beam undergoes from the weight of a load. >n structural engineering' such loads can include wind' earth*ua es' gra"ity' and weights of other ob:ects the beam must support. 5tiffness is the ability to resist deformation' or changing shape. %he modulus for elasticity *uantitati"ely describes the stiffness of a gi"en material. <ery stiff materials such as steel girders .ma:or structural supports1 used in buildings do not permanently change shape when sub:ected to hea"y loads and therefore ha"e high moduli of elasticity. ?n the other hand' a material such as gold has a low modulus of elasticity because it is considered @softA .relati"ely spea ing1. A building made of gold would surely collapse. Measurement of deflection$ ((his e)planation pertains to *uestions #b to #c in the Student +andout,) Bigure 1 illustrates the type of set-up that students should be guided to employ. After the students understand what deflection is' they should be gi"en the opportunity to thin about how they would go about measuring the deflection of a metal bar if they were pro"ided with a weight. 18 in = 0.#+C m Position A .no weight1

Bigure 1. 5et-up of metal bar to measure deflection.

%es'

Clamp

Position & .with weight1

Bigure 1 suggests that measuring deflection can be obtained through the following steps4 1. Decord the position of the metal bar without the weight .-osition A on Bigure 11. 2. Add the weight to the end of the bar' and then record -osition B. 3. $alculate the difference between -osition A and -osition B to obtain the deflection. %he length of the bar that hangs past the table is needed in the modulus calculation' so it is important that students record this distance. -eneral .esson 'otes Steel$ 5teel is an alloy of iron and carbon' with the presence of other elements .manganese' silicon' phosphorus' sulfur' and o8ygen1 depending on the type of steel. %he carbon content impacts the specific characteristics of a gi"en grade of steel. 3sed in the manufacture of cars' construction products' refrigerators' washing machines' and hospital surgery e*uipment' steel is one of the most important engineering and construction materials in the world. 5teel can be recycled o"er and o"er again without losing any of its properties. %he steel in your car might ha"e once been a panel from a washing machineE %he automoti"e industry ma es up the second largest sector in the steel mar et and uses the alloy in the manufacture of chassis' engine parts' transmissions' and e8haust systems. 5teel comprises appro8imately ++ to C0 percent of a car&s weight. A popular type of steel is stainless steel' which is manufactured by adding nic el and chromium to steel. Aluminum$ Aluminum is also used in the manufacture of cars' and is useful because it is lightweight' yet strong. 5tudents should reali!e from loo ing at the data in %able F that although aluminum has a smaller mass than steel' it has a higher strength "alue. 7hen aluminum is combined with other metals .copper' magnesium' and manganese1' its hardness and strength can be increased. Aluminum is used in the manufacture of car frames and bodies' pistons' "al"es' bumpers' wheel parts' and other car e*uipment. Gi e steel' aluminum is also recyclable' and because of its relati"ely low melting point' only +H of the energy used for its primary processing is re*uired in its recycling. Because of these en"ironmentally friendly characteristics' aluminum is often called the @green metal.A Titanium$ %itanium is the strongest of the three metals listed in %able F' and has a modulus of elasticity "alue that is intermediate between aluminum and steel. Gi e aluminum' titanium is strong and light' and so therefore has found to be useful in aircraft' :et engines' and professional bicycles. 3nfortunately' the high cost of processing titanium has pre"ented its more e8tensi"e use in the automoti"e industry. ?ne of its distinguishing characteristics that in some ways ma es it superior to steel is its resistance to corrosion' especially in salt-water. (o) to derive t e modulus of elasticit# for a rectangular section bar$ ((his e)planation pertains to *uestions !a to !b in the Student +andout,) (ou could deri"e this in class and ha"e your students follow along by filling in the blan s in the Additional Desources section of the 5tudent 9andout. o (oung&s modulus for elasticity' /' is defined as follows4 /=
1 .3 3 D 0

1 = load in Iewtons .in our case 1 = mg' where m is the mass applied to the bar1

. = length of the bar .meters1 that hangs past the table D = deflection of the bar .meters1 o 0 = moment of inertia for a rectangular cross section J in this case4 0=
.w t 3 1 12

w = the width of the metal bar .in meters1 t = the thic ness of the metal bar .in meters1 o At this point it should be determined whether or not the students would be able to manipulate the two e*uations abo"e and use the necessary "alues. Although the substitutions are fairly straightforward' it could present ma:or difficulty for some students. >f the teacher ascertains that this would be the case' -art 3 of the acti"ity can be eliminated. -arts 1 and 2 do not in"ol"e calculating the modulus. Alternati"ely' the tas of calculating the modulus can be reduced to substituting two "alues into :ust one e*uation. Bour "alues .g, ., w, and t1 and the two factors .3 and 121 can be combined into one constant' as outlined below. %his constant will' howe"er' change according to the width and thic ness of the metal bars being used and also the length of the bar that will be hanging past the des or table. An e8ample using bars that are 1 inch wide and 168 inch thic and hang past the table 18 inches during the measurement of deflection is pro"ided below. 7hen we substitute4 *) F = mg +) I ,
.w t 3 1 12

>nto the e*uation for /' we obtain4


m g .3 # m g .3 1 .3 -, , wt3 , 3 D 0 3 D D wt3 12

7e can rewrite the / then becomes4

# m g .3 # g .3 m # g .3 e8pression as and define as @$.A w t3 D wt3 wt3 D


$m D

-,

>f the beam is 1A wide and 168A thic and the length of the bar that hangs past the table is 18 inches' we can use following "alues to define @$A numerically4 g 2 F.8 meters 3 sec# . 218A 2 #+.C cm 20.#+C meters w 2 1A = 0.02+# meters t 2 168A = 0.00318 meters

A,

# g .3 , .$/012 3 *14 s5+ 3 wt


#.+80, 10 F s 2 m D

-,

7here m is in kg' D is in m' and / ends up with the units of Pa. o T is final e6uation could be given directl# to students negating t e need for a derivation if necessar#$ T e onl# t)o values re6uired )ould be mass and deflection$ 'otes on Materials %he flat metal bars needed for this acti"ity should be a"ailable at most local hardware stores.

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Properties of Metals
(Mass, Volume, Density, Deflection, and Stiffness)
4verview $ertain materials are useful because of their ability to withstand applied forces. 7hen designing a building' a new model car' or a new bridge' engineers must analy!e the forces will act upon these items in all possible scenarios' and then ma e decisions about what materials to use to construct them. >n this acti"ity' you will e8amine a few of the properties that engineers consider when ma ing decisions about materials. Part (Mass, Volume, and Density) 11 Bind the mass .in grams1 of each metal bar' and record it in %able 1. $on"ert the mass in grams to ilograms .refer to the unit con"ersions listed in $dditional %esources if needed1. Table * 2ass of 2etal Bars Steel &ar Mass (g) Mass ('g) a1 7hich bar is hea"ier; KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Aluminum &ar

b1 Bind the dimensions .length' width' and height1 of each bar in centimeters and record these "alues in %able 2. Table + Dimensions of 2etal Bars in cm.. Steel Bar Length cm Length m Width cm Width m Height cm Height m c1 $on"ert the dimensions from centimeters to meters and record the "alues in %able 2 .if needed' refer to $dditional %esources for assistance1. Aluminum Bar

Properties of Metals Penn State University GREATT Project

Student Handout

d1 7hat is the formula for calculating the "olume of a rectangular solid; <olume = e1 $alculate the "olume of each bar in units of cubic meters .m31. 5how how you calculated these "alues' and record them in %able 3.

Table 7$ <olume of 2etal Bars in m3 Steel &ar 7 "olume (m )

Aluminum &ar

f1 9ow do we calculate density; Density = g1 Iow calculate the density of each bar in units of g6m3' and record it in %able #.

Table .$ Density of 2etal Bars. Steel &ar 7 %ensit# ('g8m )

Aluminum &ar

h1 7hich material is more dense; KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Part # (Deflection and Stiffness) 21 After your teacher has demonstrated deflection' proceed to *uestion 2a. a1 >n your own words' what is deflection; KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
Properties of Metals Penn State University GREATT Project Student Handout

b1 Draw a picture that illustrates deflection. Diagram >llustrating Deflection

Properties of Metals Penn State University GREATT Project

Student Handout

c1 >f you were gi"en a load .or weight1' how would you go about measuring the deflection of a steel bar and an aluminum bar; Draw a diagram illustrating your idea. Diagram >llustrating 9ow to 2easure Deflection of the 2etal Bars

d1 $onstruct a table that organi!es the information you would use to measure the deflection of the metal bars. Assign your constructed table as %able +' and be sure to notate the units you used. Table /$ .

Properties of Metals Penn State University GREATT Project

Student Handout

e1 3se the procedure that you de"ised to measure the deflection of both the aluminum bar and steel bar.

f1 %he deflection of a gi"en material is useful to engineers because it can tell them about the metal&s stiffness. 7hy is it useful for engineers to now about stiffness of materials; KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Part ! (5alculating the modulus of elasticity) 31 %he modulus' )' is a "alue that describes the stiffness of a material. %he higher the modulus "alue' the greater the stiffness. %he e*uation for calculating modulus is4 )=
1 .3 3 D 0

1 = the applied force 6 load .in Iewtons'

kg m 1 s2

B=mLg m 2 the mass .in g1 applied to the bar .the weight hung from the bar1 g = F.8 m6s2 .gra"itational acceleration constant1 . = the length of the bar that hangs past the table .in meters1 D = deflection of the bar .in meters1 0 = moment of inertia .a "alue that ta es into account the thic ness and width of the piece of metal being measured1 0=
.w t 3 1 12

w = the width .in meters1 t = the thic ness .in meters1

a1 $omplete %able , to assist you in gathering the "alues you will need to calculate ).

Table 9$ $alculating the 2odulus$


Properties of Metals Penn State University GREATT Project Student Handout

Steel &ar Mass of t e )eig t ung from t e bar ('g) :orce (!) Lengt of t e bar t at angs past t e table (meters) %eflection (meters) ;idt of bar (meters) T ic'ness of bar (meters) < (m.)

Aluminum &ar

b1 Iow calculate modulus' )' using the appropriate "alues from %able C. %he units of this "alue will be -ascals' -a. Decord the "alues in %able 8. 0i"e %able 8 a title. Table 0$ Steel &ar Modulus (Pa) Modulus (GPa) c1 $on"ert -a to 0-a .see $dditional %esources1. Decord the "alues in %able 8. d1 7hat is the numerical meaning of the 0 in 0-a; KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK e1 7hich material is stiffest; KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK f1 %able F lists the properties of 1m 8 1m 8 1m bloc s of steel' aluminum' and titanium. After reading about these three metals in the $dditional %esources section' use the data in %able F and information you read to write a few sentences comparing and contrasting the properties of these metals Table 4$ -roperties of a 1m 8 1m 8 1m bloc of steel' aluminum' and titanium. Steel Aluminum Titanium Mass ('g) Modulus (GPa) C8,0 200 2C10 C0 #C30 11+
Student Handout

. Aluminum &ar

Properties of Metals Penn State University GREATT Project

Strengt (MPa)

#00

+00

830

Part & (6hich Metal to 7se8) %he properties of a material directly affect its potential uses. (our challenge is to thin about something you would li e to design. 2aybe you want to build a large structure such as a bridge' or something smaller such as a new model car' or e"en simpler still such as a new toy. (our possibilities are endless. Analy!e the type of physical forces this new design will ha"e to withstand. %hin about uses of the design that will affect the material you chose. Based on these analy!es' decide what which metal you would want to utili!e. 7rite a description of your design' the conditions it will encounter' and therefore' the reason why you chose the particular metal that you did.

Properties of Metals Penn State University GREATT Project

Student Handout

$dditional resources %eflection$ Deflection is the bending which a beam undergoes from the weight of a load. >n structural engineering' such loads can include wind' earth*ua es' gra"ity' and weights of other ob:ects the beam must support. Stiffness$ 5tiffness is the ability to resist deformation' or changing shape. Modulus of elasticit#$ %he modulus of elasticity *uantitati"ely describes the stiffness of a gi"en material. <ery stiff materials such as steel girders .ma:or structural supports1 used in buildings do not permanently change shape when sub:ected to hea"y loads and therefore ha"e high moduli of elasticity. ?n the other hand' a material such as gold has a low modulus of elasticity and is considered to be a @softA .relati"ely spea ing1 material. A building made of gold would surely collapse. A elp on converting units$ >t is often helpful to thin of unit relationships in terms of ratios or con"ersion factors. %he numerator and denominator of a con"ersion factor are e*ual *uantities. 7hen trying to con"ert from one unit to another' choose one or more con"ersion factors that will cancel all units e8cept those desired. >n other words'
beginning unit final unit = final unit beginning unit

(elpful unit conversions 1 g = 1000 g' or 1 m = 100 cm' or


1kg 1000 g

1m 100cm
1-Pa 1'000'000'000 Pa

1 0-a = 1'000'000'000 -a' or

Steel$ 5teel is an alloy .alloy4 a mi8ture of two or more metals1 of iron and carbon' with the presence of other elements .manganese' silicon' phosphorus' sulfur' and o8ygen1 depending on the type of steel. %he carbon content impacts the specific characteristics of a gi"en grade of steel. 3sed in the manufacture of cars' construction products' refrigerators' washing machines' and hospital surgery e*uipment' steel is one of the most important engineering and construction materials in the world. 5teel can be recycled o"er and o"er again without losing any of its properties. %he steel in your car might ha"e once been a panel from a washing machineE %he automoti"e industry ma es up the second largest sector in the steel mar et and uses the alloy in the manufacture of chassis' engine parts' transmissions' and e8haust systems. 5teel comprises appro8imately ++ to C0 percent of a car&s weight. A popular type of steel is stainless steel' which is manufactured by adding nic el and chromium to steel. Aluminum$ Aluminum is also used in the manufacture of cars' and is useful for being lightweight' yet strong. 7hen aluminum is combined with other metals .copper' magnesium' and manganese1' its hardness and strength can be increased e"en further. Aluminum is used in the manufacture of car frames and bodies' pistons' "al"es' bumpers' wheel parts' and other car e*uipment. Gi e steel' aluminum is also recyclable' and because of its relati"ely low melting
Student Handout

Properties of Metals Penn State University GREATT Project

point' only +H of the energy used for its primary processing is re*uired in its recycling. Because of these en"ironmentally friendly characteristics' aluminum is often called the @green metal.A Titanium$ Gi e aluminum' titanium is strong and light' and so therefore has found to be useful in such things as aircraft' :et engines' and professional bicycles. 3nfortunately' the high cost of processing titanium has pre"ented its more e8tensi"e use in the automoti"e industry. ?ne of its distinguishing characteristics that in some ways ma es it superior to steel is its resistance to corrosion' especially in salt-water. (o) to derive t e stiffness formula for a rectangular section bar$ %he stiffness is related to the (oung modulus for elasticity' /4 /=
1 .3 3 D 0

1 = load in Iewtons .in our case 1 = mg' where m is the mass applied to the bar1 . = length of the bar .meters1 that hangs past the table D = deflection of the bar .meters1 0 = moment of inertia for a rectangular cross section J in this case4 0=
.w t 3 1 ' where w = the width/ t = the thic ness. 12

7hen we substitute4 11 1 2 mg 21 0 =
.w t 3 1 12

into the e*uation for /' we obtain4


m g .3 # m g .3 1 . 3 )= = = wt 3 D 0 3 D D wt3 12
3

/ ends up in the units of -a' and can then be con"erted to 0-a.

Properties of Metals Penn State University GREATT Project

Student Handout

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