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Leopard, Panthera pardus
Once common across southern Asia and most of Africa,
most leopards exist today in sub-Saharan Africa in rain
forests and deserts. They are the smallest of the big
catstigers, lions, jaguars, and leopards. Leopards
are known for their ability to climb trees while carry-
ing prey.
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Contents in Brief
Scientific Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 2
Unit 1
Life: Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 1 Classifying and Exploring Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 3 From a Cell to an Organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Chapter 4 Reproduction of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Unit 2
Life: Changes and Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Chapter 5 Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Chapter 6 The Environment and Change Over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
Chapter 7 Human Body Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
Chapter 8 Plant Processes and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
Chapter 9 Interactions of Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306
Unit 3
Energy and Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Chapter 10 Foundations of Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Chapter 11 The Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388
Chapter 12 Using Energy and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424
Unit 4
Earth: A Dynamic Planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Chapter 13 The Earth System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466
Chapter 14 Earths Changing Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498
Chapter 15 Using Natural Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534
Chapter 16 Earths Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570
Chapter 17 Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .612
Chapter 18 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .648
Unit 5
Exploring the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684
Chapter 19 Motion, Forces, and Newtons Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688
Chapter 20 The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .724
Chapter 21 Exploring Our Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .760
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Authors and Contributors
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Lecturer
The Ohio State University
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The Ohio State University
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Jonathan D. W. Kahl, PhD
Professor of Atmospheric Science
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Professor of Soil Science
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Authors
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Series Consultants
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Table of Contents
Scientifc Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 2
Lesson 1 Understanding Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 4
Lesson 2 Measurement and Scientific Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 12
Skill Practice How can you build your own scientific instrument? . . . NOS 19
Lesson 3 Case Study: Biodiesel from Microalgae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 20
Lab How can you design a bioreactor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 28
Unit 1 Life: Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 1 Classifying and Exploring Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lesson 1 Characteristics of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Lesson 2 Classifying Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Skill Practice How can you identify a beetle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Lesson 3 Exploring Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Lab Constructing a Dichotomous Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Lesson 1 Cells and Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Lesson 2 The Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Skill Practice How are plant cells and animal cells similar
and how are they different? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Lesson 3 Moving Cellular Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Skill Practice How does an objects size affect the
transport of materials? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Lesson 4 Cells and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Lab Photosynthesis and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Chapter 3 From a Cell to an Organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Lesson 1 The Cell Cycle and Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Lesson 2 Levels of Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Lab Cell Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Chapter 4 Reproduction of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Lesson 1 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Lesson 2 Asexual Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Lab Mitosis and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
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Table of Contents
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Unit 2 Life: Changes and Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Chapter 5 Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Lesson 1 Mendel and His Peas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Lesson 2 Understanding Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Skill Practice How can you use Punnett squares to
model inheritance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Lesson 3 DNA and Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Lab Gummy Bear Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Chapter 6 The Environment and Change Over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Lesson 1 Fossil Evidence of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Skill Practice Can you observe changes through time
in collections of everyday objects? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Lesson 2 Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Lesson 3 Biological Evidence of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Lab Model Adaptations in an Organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Chapter 7 Human Body Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Lesson 1 Transport and Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Skill Practice How can you model the function of blood cells? . . . . . . . . . . 243
Lesson 2 Structure, Movement, and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Lesson 3 Reproduction and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Lab Model the Body Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Chapter 8 Plant Processes and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Lesson 1 Energy Processing in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Lesson 2 Plant Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Skill Practice What happens to seeds if you change
the intensity of light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Lesson 3 Plant Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Lab Design a Stimulating Environment for Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Chapter 9 Interactions of Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Lesson 1 Ecosystems and Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Lesson 2 Populations and Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Skill Practice Can you make predictions about a population size? . . . . . . . 323
Lesson 3 Energy and Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Lab Can you observe part of the carbon cycle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
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Unit 3 Energy and Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Chapter 10 Foundations of Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Lesson 1 Classifying Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Lesson 2 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Skill Practice How can following a procedure help you
solve a crime? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Lesson 3 Physical Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Skill Practice How can known substances help you
identify unknown substances? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Lesson 4 Chemical Properties and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Lab Design an Experiment to Solve a Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Chapter 11 The Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Lesson 1 Using the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Skill Practice How is the periodic table arranged? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Lesson 2 Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Lesson 3 Nonmetals and Metalloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Lab Alien Insect Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Chapter 12 Using Energy and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Lesson 1 Forms of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Skill Practice How can you classify different types of energy? . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Lesson 2 Energy Transfers and Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Lesson 3 Particles in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Lab Power a Device with a Potato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Unit 4 Earth: A Dynamic Planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Chapter 13 The Earth System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Lesson 1 Earth Systems and Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Lesson 2 The Geosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Lab Design an Earth-System Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Chapter 14 Earths Changing Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Lesson 1 Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Skill Practice How are rocks evidence of plate motion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Lesson 2 Earthquakes and Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Lesson 3 Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Lab Processes That Change Earths Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
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Chapter 15 Using Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Lesson 1 Earths Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Lesson 2 Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Skill Practice How can you communicate about pollution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Lesson 3 Protecting Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Lab How can you conserve a natural resource? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Chapter 16 Earths Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Lesson 1 Describing Earths Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Lesson 2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Skill Practice Can you conduct, convect, and radiate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Lesson 3 Air Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Skill Practice Can you model global wind patterns? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Lesson 4 Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Lab Radiant Energy Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Chapter 17 Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Lesson 1 Describing Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Lesson 2 Weather Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Skill Practice Why does the weather change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Lesson 3 Weather Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Lab Can you predict the weather? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Chapter 18 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Lesson 1 Climates of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Skill Practice Can reflection of the Suns rays change the climate? . . . . . . . 658
Lesson 2 Climate Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Lesson 3 Recent Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Lab The greenhouse effect is a gas! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Unit 5 Exploring the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Chapter 19 Motion, Forces, and Newtons Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Lesson 1 Describing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
Lesson 2 Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Skill Practice What factors affect friction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Lesson 3 Newtons Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Lab Design an amusement park attraction using Newtons laws . . . . . . . . 716
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Chapter 20 The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Lesson 1 Earths Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
Skill Practice How does Earths tilted rotation axis affect
the seasons? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Lesson 2 Earths Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Lesson 3 Eclipses and Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
Lab Phases of the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Chapter 21 Exploring Our Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
Lesson 1 Our Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
Lesson 2 Life in the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Skill Practice What solar system objects beyond Earth
might have conditions that support life? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
Lesson 3 Human Space Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
Lab Design Your Own Egg Lander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
Student Resources
Science Skill Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-2
Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-2
Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-11
Safety in the Science Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-12
Math Skill Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-14
Math Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-14
Science Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-24
Foldables Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-29
Reference Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-40
Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-40
Topographic Map Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-42
Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-43
Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-44
Weather Map Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-46
Use and Care of a Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-47
Diversity of Life: Classification of Living Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-48
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-2
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2
Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2
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Inquiry
Launch Labs
1-1 Is it alive? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1-2 How do you identify similar items? . . . . . . . .19
1-3 Can a water drop make objects
appear bigger or smaller? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
2-1 Whats in a cell? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
2-2 Why do eggs have shells? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
2-3 What does the cell membrane do? . . . . . . . .61
2-4 What do you exhale? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
3-1 Why isnt your cell like mine? . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
3-2 How is a system organized? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
4-1 Why do offspring look different? . . . . . . . . 117
4-2 How do yeast reproduce? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5-1 What makes you unique? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5-2 What is the span of your hand? . . . . . . . . . 163
5-3 How are codes used to
determine traits? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
6-1 How do fossils form? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6-2 Are there variations within your class? . . 203
6-3 How is the structure of a spoon
related to its function? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7-1 Which tool can transport
water quickly? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7-2 Why is the skeletal system so
important? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7-3 How do the sizes of egg and sperm
cells compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
8-1 How can you show the movement
of materials inside a plant? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8-2 How do plants respond to stimuli? . . . . . . 279
8-3 How can you identify fruits? . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
9-1 How do environments differ? . . . . . . . . . . . 309
9-2 What is the density of your
environment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
9-3 Where do you get energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
10-1 How do you classify matter? . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
10-2 Can you follow the clues? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
10-3 Where did it go? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
10-4 What can colors tell you? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
11-1 How can objects be organized? . . . . . . . . . 391
11-2 What properties make metals useful? . . . 401
11-3 What are some properties
of nonmetals? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
12-1 Can you transfer energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
12-2 How does a flashlight work? . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
12-3 Where is it the hottest? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
13-1 How do Earth systems interact? . . . . . . . . . 469
13-2 What can you learn from a
core sample? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
14-1 Can you put the pieces together? . . . . . . . 501
14-2 Was it built on solid ground? . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
14-3 How does temperature affect
weathering? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
15-1 Where does it come from? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
15-2 How do air pollutants move? . . . . . . . . . . . 547
15-3 How can you turn trash into art? . . . . . . . . 555
16-1 Where does air apply pressure? . . . . . . . . . 573
16-2 What happens to air as it warms? . . . . . . . 582
16-3 Why does air move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
16-4 How does acid rain form? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
17-1 Can you make clouds in a bag? . . . . . . . . . 615
17-2 How can temperature affect
pressure? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
17-3 Can you understand the
weather report? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
18-1 How do climates compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
18-2 How does Earths tilted axis
affect climate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
18-3 What changes climates? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
19-1 How can you describe motion? . . . . . . . . . 691
19-2 How can you change an objects
shape and motion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
19-3 How are forces and motion related? . . . . . 709
20-1 Does Earths shape affect
temperatures on Earths surface? . . . . . . . . 727
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Inquiry
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MiniLabs
20-2 Why does the Moon appear
to change shape? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
20-3 How do shadows change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
21-1 What makes planets layered? . . . . . . . . . . . 763
21-2 How are Earths organisms protected
from harmful solar energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
21-3 How well can you work
under pressure? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
1-1 Did you blink? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1-2 How would you name an unknown
organism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
1-3 How do microscopes help us compare
living things? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
2-1 How can you observe DNA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
2-2 How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
2-3 How is a balloon like a cell membrane? . . .63
3-1 How does mitosis work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
3-2 How do cells work together to make
an organism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4-1 How does one cell produce four cells? . . 119
4-2 What parts of plants can grow? . . . . . . . . . 133
5-1 Which is the dominant trait? . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5-2 Can you infer genotype? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5-3 How can you model DNA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6-1 How do species change over time? . . . . . 199
6-2 Who survives? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6-3 How related are organisms? . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
7-1 How much water do you lose
each day? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7-2 Does your sight help you keep
your balance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
8-1 Can you observe plant processes? . . . . . . 274
8-2 When will plants flower? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
8-3 How can you model a flower? . . . . . . . . . . . 294
9-1 How many living and nonliving
things can you find? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
9-2 How does a fish population change? . . . . 318
9-3 How is energy transferred in
a food chain? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
10-1 How can you model an atom? . . . . . . . . . . 350
10-2 Can the weight of an object change? . . . 360
10-3 Can you make ice without a freezer? . . . . 369
10-4 Can you spot the clues for
chemical change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
11-1 How does atom size change across
a period? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
11-2 How well do materials conduct
thermal energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
11-3 Which insulates better? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
12-1 How do waves transfer energy? . . . . . . . . . 431
12-2 How can you transfer energy? . . . . . . . . . . 438
12-3 What affects the transfer of
thermal energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
13-1 How does the biosphere affect
the carbon cycle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
13-2 Which mineral is which? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
14-1 How do tectonic plates move? . . . . . . . . . . 503
14-2 Why is a tsunami so dangerous? . . . . . . . . 511
14-3 Which will fall first? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
15-1 How clean is the water?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
15-2 How fast can you turn a sand castle
into sediment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
15-3 Whats in the air? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
16-1 Why does the furniture get dusty? . . . . . . 574
16-2 Can you identify a temperature
inversion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
16-3 Can you model the Coriolis effect? . . . . . . 593
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Inquiry
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16-4 Can being out in fresh air be
harmful to your health? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
17-1 When will dew form? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
17-2 How can you observe air pressure?. . . . . . 625
17-3 How is weather represented
on a map? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
18-1 Where are microclimates found? . . . . . . . . 656
18-2 How do climates vary? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
18-3 How much CO
2
do vehicles emit? . . . . . . . 673
19-1 How can velocity change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
19-2 How does friction affect an
objects motion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
19-3 How does inertia affect an object? . . . . . . 710
20-1 What keeps Earth in orbit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
20-2 How can the Moon be rotating
if the same side of the Moon is
always facing Earth? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
20-3 What does the Moons shadow
look like? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
21-1 How do the orbits of planets differ? . . . . . 765
21-2 What is one factor that makes Earth
just right for life? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
21-3 How hard is it to hit a target? . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Skill Practice
NOS 2 How can you build your own
scientific instrument? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NOS 19
1-2 How can you identify a beetle? . . . . . . . . . . .25
2-2 How are plant cells and animal cells
similar and how are they different?. . . . . . . .59
2-3 How does an objects size affect the
transport of materials? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
5-2 How can you use Punnett squares
to model inheritance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6-1 Can you observe changes
through time in collections of
everyday objects? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7-1 How can you model the function
of blood cells? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
8-2 What happens to seeds if you change
the intensity of light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
9-2 Can you make predictions about
a population size? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
10-2 How can following a procedure
help you solve a crime? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
10-3 How can known substances help
you identify unknown substances? . . . . . . 372
11-1 How is the periodic table arranged? . . . . . 399
12-1 How can you classify different
types of energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
14-1 How are rocks evidence of
plate motion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
15-2 How can you communicate
about pollution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
16-2 Can you conduct, convect,
and radiate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
16-3 Can you model global wind patterns? . . . 596
17-2 Why does the weather change? . . . . . . . . . 633
18-1 Can reflection of the Suns rays
change the climate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
19-2 What factors affect friction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
20-1 How does Earths tilted rotation
axis affect the seasons? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
21-2 What solar system objects beyond Earth might
have conditions that support life? . . . . . . . . 779
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Inquiry
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Labs
NOS 3 How can you design a bioreactor? . . .NOS 28
1-3 Constructing a Dichotomous Key . . . . . . . . .32
2-4 Photosynthesis and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
3-2 Cell Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4-2 Mitosis and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5-3 Gummy Bear Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6-3 Model Adaptations in an Organism . . . . . 220
7-3 Model the Body Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
8-3 Design a Stimulating Environment
for Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
9-3 Can you observe part of the
carbon cycle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
10-4 Design an Experiment to Solve
a Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
11-3 Alien Insect Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
12-3 Power a Device with a Potato . . . . . . . . . . 454
13-2 Design an Earth-System Game . . . . . . . . . . 490
14-3 Processes That Change Earths Surface . . 526
15-3 How can you conserve a
natural resource? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
16-4 Radiant Energy Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
17-3 Can you predict the weather? . . . . . . . . . . . 640
18-3 The greenhouse effect is a gas! . . . . . . . . . 676
19-3 Design an amusement park
attraction using Newtons laws . . . . . . . . . . 716
20-3 Phases of the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
21-3 Design Your Own Egg Lander . . . . . . . . . . . 788
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Features
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3-1 DNA Fingerprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5-1 Pioneering the Science of Genetics . . . 161
7-2 Bone Marrow Transplants . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
11-2 Fireworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
17-1 Is there a link between
hurricanes and global warming? . . . . . . 621
20-2 Return to the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
1-1 The Amazing Adaptation of
an Air-Breathing Catfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4-1 The Spider Mating Dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6-2 Peter and Rosemary Grant . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
9-1 All for One, One for All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
14-2 Will it erupt again? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
16-1 A Crack in Earths Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
18-2 Frozen in Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
8-1 Deforestation and Carbon
Dioxide in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . 277
12-2 Biomass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
13-1 Tracking Carbon Among
Earth Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
15-1 Clean Energy from Underground . . . . . 545
10-1 U.S. Mint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
19-1 Its Moving! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
21-1 Detecting Space Junk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
2-1 A Very Powerful Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
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