Ethnologue

Ethnologue
Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a comprehensive reference work cataloging all of the worlds known living languages. Since 1951, the Ethnologue has been an active research project involving hundreds of linguists and other researchers around the world. It is widely regarded to be the most comprehensive source of information of its kind. The information in the Ethnologue will be valuable to anyone with an interest in cross-cultural communication, bilingualism, literacy rates, language planning and language policy, language development, language relationships, endangered languages, writing systems and to all with a general curiosity about languages. Language descriptions in the Ethnologue

are organized by world area, UN region, and country indicate region of use within countries list alternate language and dialect names specify the three-letter code from ISO 639-3 estimate speaker populations give genetic classification of the language describe language use and viability identify writing scripts used cite availability of literature and other products of language development

Other key features of the site:

statistical summaries by world area, language size, language status, language family, and country extensive bibliography of references cited over 200 color language maps

Ethnologue

SIL International
Ethnologue: Languages of the World is compiled and published by SIL International, a nonprofit organization committed to serving ethnolinguistic minority communities worldwide and building capacity for sustainable language-based development by means of research, translation, training and materials development. Since its beginning in 1934, SIL Internationals linguistic investigation has exceeded 1850 languages spoken by over 1.2 billion people in more than 70 countries. Its more than 5,000 workers come from over 60 countries. As a nongovernmental organization, SIL has special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations and with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It has also been designated by the International Organization for Standardization as the Registration Authority for the ISO 639-3 standard, which provides over 7,500 three-letter codes to uniquely identify every known human language, past and present. Visit our web site at: www.sil.org

ISO 639-3
This is the home page for Part 3 of the ISO 639 family of standards, Codes for the representation of names of languages. ISO 639-3 attempts to provide as complete an enumeration of languages as possible, including living, extinct, ancient, and constructed languages, whether major or minor, written or unwritten. ISO 639-3 is a code that aims to define three-letter identifiers for all known human languages. At the core of ISO 639-3 are the individual languages already accounted for in ISO 639-2. The large number of living languages in the initial inventory of ISO 639-3 beyond those already included in ISO 639-2 was derived primarily from Ethnologue(15th edition). Additional extinct, ancient, historic, and constructed languages have been obtained from Linguist List. SIL International has been designated as the ISO 639-3/RA for the purpose of processing requests for alpha-3 language codes comprising the International Standard, Codes for the representation of names of languages - Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages. The ISO 639-3/RA receives and reviews applications for requesting new language codes and for the change of existing ones according to criteria indicated in the standard. It maintains an accurate list of information associated with registered language codes which can be viewed on or downloaded from this website, and processes updates of registered language codes. Notification of pending and adopted updates are also distributed on a regular basis to subscribers and other parties.

Ethnologue

This is the official site of the ISO 639-3 Registration Authority and thus is the only one authorized by ISO. If you have questions concerning ISO 639-3 please contact us at: SIL International ISO 639-3 Registrar 7500 W. Camp Wisdom Rd. Dallas, TX 75236 E-mail: iso639-3@sil.org

Phone: +1 972 708 7575

Ethnologue

Language Family

Language Name Language Code Language Family Map Title

Afro-Asiatic Algic Altaic Amto-Musan Andamanese Arafundi Arai (Left May) Arauan Australian Austro-Asiatic Austronesian Aymaran Barbacoan Bayono-Awbono Border Bororoan Botocudoan Caddoan Cahuapanan Cariban Central Solomons Chapacuran Chibchan Chimakuan Chinookan Chipaya-Uru Chocoan Cholonan

East Birds Head-Sentani Mapudungu East Geelvink Bay Mascoyan East New Britain Matacoan Eastern Trans-Fly Maxakalian Eskimo-Aleut Mayan Eyak-Athabaskan Maybrat Fas Misumalpan Guajiboan Miwok-Costanoan Guaykuruan Mixe-Zoquean Haida Mixed language Harkmbut Mongol-Langam Hmong-Mien Mosetenan Huavean Muran Indo-European Muskogean Iroquoian Nambiquaran Jabutian Niger-Congo Japonic Nilo-Saharan Jean Nimboran Jicaquean North Bougainville Jivaroan North Caucasian Kamakanan Otomanguean Karaj Paezan Kartvelian Palaihnihan Katukinan Panoan Kaure Pauwasi Kaweskaran Piawi Keresan Pidgin Khoisan Pomoan

Sino-Tibetan Siouan-Catawban Skou Somahai South Bougainville South-Central Papuan Tacanan Tai-Kadai Takelman Tarascan Tequistlatecan Tiniguan Tor-Kwerba Torricelli Totonacan Trans-New Guinea Tsimshian Tucanoan Tupian Unclassified Uralic Uto-Aztecan Wakashan West Papuan Wintuan Witotoan Yaguan Yanomaman

Ethnologue

Chon Kiowa-Tanoan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Kwomtari Chumashan Lakes Plain Cochim-Yuman Language isolate Constructed language Lencan Coosan Lower Mamberamo Creole Maiduan Deaf sign language Maipurean Dravidian Mairasi

Puinavean Yele-West New Britain Purian Yeniseian Quechuan Yokutsan Ramu-Lower Sepik Yuat Sahaptian Yukaghir Salish Yukian Slivan Zamucoan Senagi Zaparoan Sepik

Ethnologue

Indo-European

+ Albanian (4) + Armenian (1) + Baltic (4) + Celtic (6) + Germanic (48) + Greek (6) + Indo-Iranian (312) + Italic (44) + Slavic (19)

- Albanian (4) o - Gheg (1) Albanian, Gheg [aln] (A language of Serbia) o - Tosk (3) Albanian, Arbresh [aae] (A language of Italy) Albanian, Arvanitika [aat] (A language of Greece) Albanian, Tosk [als] (A language of Albania) - Armenian (1) o Armenian [hye] (A language of Armenia) - Baltic (4) o - Eastern (3) Latgalian [ltg] (A language of Latvia) Latvian, Standard [lvs] (A language of Latvia) Lithuanian [lit] (A language of Lithuania) o - Western (1) Prussian [prg] (A language of Poland) - Celtic (6) o - Insular (6) - Brythonic (3) Breton [bre] (A language of France) Cornish [cor] (A language of United Kingdom) Welsh [cym] (A language of United Kingdom) - Goidelic (3) Gaelic, Scottish [gla] (A language of United Kingdom) Irish [gle] (A language of Ireland) Manx [glv] (A language of Isle of Man) - Germanic (48) o Hunsrik [hrx] (A language of Brazil) o - North (6) - East Scandinavian (4) - Danish-Swedish (4) - Danish-Bokmal (1)

Ethnologue

Norwegian [nor] (A language of Norway) - Danish-Riksmal (2) - Danish (2) Danish [dan] (A language of Denmark) Jutish [jut] (A language of Denmark) - Swedish (1) Swedish [swe] (A language of Sweden) - West Scandinavian (2) Faroese [fao] (A language of Denmark) Icelandic [isl] (A language of Iceland) o - West (41) - English (2) English [eng] (A language of United Kingdom) Scots [sco] (A language of United Kingdom) - Frisian (3) Frisian, Northern [frr] (A language of Germany) Frisian, Western [fry] (A language of Netherlands) Saterfriesisch [stq] (A language of Germany) - High German (21) - German (19) - Middle German (10) - East Middle German (4) German, Standard [deu] (A language of Germany) Saxon, Upper [sxu] (A language of Germany) Silesian, Lower [sli] (A language of Poland) Wymysorys [wym] (A language of Poland) - West Middle German (6) German, Pennsylvania [pdc] (A language of United States) - Eastern Franconian (1) Frankish [frk] (A language of Germany) - Moselle Franconian (1) Luxembourgeois [ltz] (A language of Luxembourg) - Rhenisch Franconian (2) Limburgish [lim] (A language of Netherlands) Pfaelzisch [pfl] (A language of Germany) - Ripuarian Franconian (1) Klsch [ksh] (A language of Germany) - Upper German (9)

Ethnologue

Mainfrnkisch [vmf] (A language of Germany) - Alemannic (4) German, Colonia Tovar [gct] (A language of Venezuela) German, Swiss [gsw] (A language of Switzerland) Swabian [swg] (A language of Germany) Walser [wae] (A language of Switzerland) - Bavarian-Austrian (4) Bavarian [bar] (A language of Austria) Cimbrian [cim] (A language of Italy) Hutterisch [geh] (A language of Canada) Mcheno [mhn] (A language of Italy)

- Yiddish (2) Yiddish, Eastern [ydd] (A language of Israel) Yiddish, Western [yih] (A language of Germany) - Low Saxon-Low Franconian (15) Frisian, Eastern [frs] (A language of Germany) - Low Franconian (4) Afrikaans [afr] (A language of South Africa) Dutch [nld] (A language of Netherlands) Vlaams [vls] (A language of Belgium) Zeeuws [zea] (A language of Netherlands) - Low Saxon (10) Achterhoeks [act] (A language of Netherlands) Drents [drt] (A language of Netherlands) Gronings [gos] (A language of Netherlands) Plautdietsch [pdt] (A language of Canada) Sallands [sdz] (A language of Netherlands) Saxon, Low [nds] (A language of Germany) Stellingwerfs [stl] (A language of Netherlands) Twents [twd] (A language of Netherlands) Veluws [vel] (A language of Netherlands) Westphalien [wep] (A language of Germany)

- Greek (6) o - Attic (5) Cappadocian Greek [cpg] (A language of Greece) Greek [ell] (A language of Greece) Greek, Ancient [grc] (A language of Greece) Pontic [pnt] (A language of Greece) Yevanic [yej] (A language of Israel) o - Doric (1) Tsakonian [tsd] (A language of Greece)

Ethnologue

- Indo-Iranian (312) o - Indo-Aryan (225) Sanskrit [san] (A language of India) - Central zone (77) Domaaki [dmk] (A language of Pakistan) Powari [pwr] (A language of India) - Bhil (19) Bareli, Palya [bpx] (A language of India) Bareli, Pauri [bfb] (A language of India) Bareli, Rathwi [bgd] (A language of India) Bauria [bge] (A language of India) Bhilali [bhi] (A language of India) Bhili [bhb] (A language of India) Chodri [cdi] (A language of India) Dhodia [dho] (A language of India) Dubli [dub] (A language of India) Dungra Bhil [duh] (A language of India) Gamit [gbl] (A language of India) Garasia, Adiwasi [gas] (A language of India) Garasia, Rajput [gra] (A language of India) Mawchi [mke] (A language of India) Nahali [nlx] (A language of India) Noiri [noi] (A language of India) Pardhi [pcl] (A language of India) Rathawi [rtw] (A language of India) Wagdi [wbr] (A language of India) - Dom (1) Domari [rmt] (A language of Iran) - Gujarati (9) Aer [aeq] (A language of Pakistan) Gujarati [guj] (A language of India) Jandavra [jnd] (A language of Pakistan) Koli, Kachi [gjk] (A language of Pakistan) Koli, Parkari [kvx] (A language of Pakistan) Koli, Wadiyara [kxp] (A language of India) Saurashtra [saz] (A language of India) Vaghri [vgr] (A language of Pakistan) Vasavi [vas] (A language of India) - Khandesi (3) Ahirani [ahr] (A language of India) Dhanki [dhn] (A language of India) Khandesi [khn] (A language of India) - Panjabi (1) Panjabi, Eastern [pan] (A language of India) - Rajasthani (18) - Marwari (10)

Ethnologue

10

Dhatki [mki] (A language of Pakistan) Dhundari [dhd] (A language of India) Goaria [gig] (A language of Pakistan) Godwari [gdx] (A language of India) Loarki [lrk] (A language of Pakistan) Marwari [rwr] (A language of India) Marwari [mve] (A language of Pakistan) Merwari [wry] (A language of India) Mewari [mtr] (A language of India) Shekhawati [swv] (A language of India) - Unclassified (8) Bagri [bgq] (A language of India) Gujari [gju] (A language of India) Gurgula [ggg] (A language of Pakistan) Haroti [hoj] (A language of India) Lambadi [lmn] (A language of India) Lohar, Gade [gda] (A language of India) Malvi [mup] (A language of India) Nimadi [noe] (A language of India) - Romani (7) - Balkan (1) Romani, Balkan [rmn] (A language of Serbia) - Northern (5) Romani, Baltic [rml] (A language of Poland) Romani, Carpathian [rmc] (A language of Czech Republic) Romani, Kalo Finnish [rmf] (A language of Finland) Romani, Sinte [rmo] (A language of Serbia) Romani, Welsh [rmw] (A language of United Kingdom) - Vlax (1) Romani, Vlax [rmy] (A language of Romania) - Unclassified (5) Mewati [wtm] (A language of India) Parya [paq] (A language of Tajikistan) Sonha [soi] (A language of Nepal) Tharu, Dangaura [thl] (A language of Nepal) Tharu, Kathariya [tkt] (A language of Nepal) - Western Hindi (12) - Bundeli (1) Bundeli [bns] (A language of India) - Hindustani (4) Hindi [hin] (A language of India) Urdu [urd] (A language of Pakistan) - Sansi (2)

Ethnologue

11

Kabutra [kbu] (A language of Pakistan) Sansi [ssi] (A language of India) - Unclassified (7) Bhaya [bhe] (A language of Pakistan) Braj Bhasha [bra] (A language of India) Chamari [cdg] (A language of India) Ghera [ghr] (A language of Pakistan) Gowli [gok] (A language of India) Haryanvi [bgc] (A language of India) Kanauji [bjj] (A language of India) - East Central zone (5) Awadhi [awa] (A language of India) Bagheli [bfy] (A language of India) Chhattisgarhi [hne] (A language of India) Hindi, Fiji [hif] (A language of Fiji) Surgujia [sgj] (A language of India) - Eastern zone (46) - Bengali-Assamese (19) Assamese [asm] (A language of India) Bengali [ben] (A language of Bangladesh) Bishnupriya [bpy] (A language of India) Chakma [ccp] (A language of Bangladesh) Chittagonian [ctg] (A language of Bangladesh) Hajong [haj] (A language of India) Halbi [hlb] (A language of India) Kayort [kyv] (A language of Nepal) Kharia Thar [ksy] (A language of India) Kurmukar [kfv] (A language of India) Lodhi [lbm] (A language of India) Mal Paharia [mkb] (A language of India) Mirgan [zrg] (A language of India) Nahari [nhh] (A language of India) Rajbanshi [rjs] (A language of Nepal) Rangpuri [rkt] (A language of Bangladesh) Rohingya [rhg] (A language of Myanmar) Sylheti [syl] (A language of Bangladesh) Tangchangya [tnv] (A language of Bangladesh) - Bihari (11) Bhojpuri [bho] (A language of India) Hindustani, Caribbean [hns] (A language of Suriname) Kudmali [kyw] (A language of India) Magahi [mag] (A language of India) Maithili [mai] (A language of India) Majhi [mjz] (A language of Nepal) Musasa [smm] (A language of Nepal) Panchpargania [tdb] (A language of India)

Ethnologue

12

Sadri [sck] (A language of India) Sadri, Oraon [sdr] (A language of Bangladesh) Surjapuri [sjp] (A language of India) - Oriya (9) Bhatri [bgw] (A language of India) Bhunjia [bhu] (A language of India) Bodo Parja [bdv] (A language of India) Desiya [dso] (A language of India) Kupia [key] (A language of India) Oriya [ory] (A language of India) Oriya, Adivasi [ort] (A language of India) Reli [rei] (A language of India) Sambalpuri [spv] (A language of India) - Unclassified (7) Angika [anp] (A language of India) Bote [bmj] (A language of Nepal) Buksa [tkb] (A language of India) Degaru [dgu] (A language of India) Tharu, Chitwania [the] (A language of Nepal) Tharu, Kochila [thq] (A language of Nepal) Tharu, Rana [thr] (A language of Nepal) - Northern zone (22) - Central Pahari (1) Kumaoni [kfy] (A language of India) - Eastern Pahari (4) Dotyali [dty] (A language of Nepal) Jumli [jml] (A language of Nepal) Nepali [npi] (A language of Nepal) Palpa [plp] (A language of Nepal) - Garhwali (1) Garhwali [gbm] (A language of India) - Western Pahari (16) Bhadrawahi [bhd] (A language of India) Bhattiyali [bht] (A language of India) Bilaspuri [kfs] (A language of India) Chambeali [cdh] (A language of India) Churahi [cdj] (A language of India) Dogri [dgo] (A language of India) Gaddi [gbk] (A language of India) Hinduri [hii] (A language of India) Jaunsari [jns] (A language of India) Kangri [xnr] (A language of India) Kinnauri, Pahari [kjo] (A language of India) Mandeali [mjl] (A language of India) Pahari, Kullu [kfx] (A language of India) Pahari, Mahasu [bfz] (A language of India)

Ethnologue

13

Pangwali [pgg] (A language of India) Sirmauri [srx] (A language of India) - Northwestern zone (41) - Dardic (27) - Chitral (2) Kalasha [kls] (A language of Pakistan) Khowar [khw] (A language of Pakistan) - Kashmiri (1) Kashmiri [kas] (A language of India) - Kohistani (8) Bateri [btv] (A language of Pakistan) Chilisso [clh] (A language of Pakistan) Gowro [gwf] (A language of Pakistan) Kalami [gwc] (A language of Pakistan) Kohistani, Indus [mvy] (A language of Pakistan) Tirahi [tra] (A language of Afghanistan) Torwali [trw] (A language of Pakistan) Wotapuri-Katarqalai [wsv] (A language Afghanistan) - Kunar (4) Dameli [dml] (A language of Pakistan) Gawar-Bati [gwt] (A language of Afghanistan) Grangali [nli] (A language of Afghanistan) Shumashti [sts] (A language of Afghanistan) - Pashayi (4) Pashayi, Northeast [aee] (A language Afghanistan) Pashayi, Northwest [glh] (A language Afghanistan) Pashayi, Southeast [psi] (A language Afghanistan) Pashayi, Southwest [psh] (A language Afghanistan) - Shina (8) Brokskat [bkk] (A language of India) Kalkoti [xka] (A language of Pakistan) Kundal Shahi [shd] (A language of Pakistan) Palula [phl] (A language of Pakistan) Savi [sdg] (A language of Afghanistan) Shina [scl] (A language of Pakistan) Shina, Kohistani [plk] (A language of Pakistan) Ushojo [ush] (A language of Pakistan) - Lahnda (8) Hindko, Northern [hno] (A language of Pakistan) Hindko, Southern [hnd] (A language of Pakistan) Jakati [jat] (A language of Ukraine)

of

of of of of

Ethnologue

14

Khetrani [xhe] (A language of Pakistan) Pahari-Potwari [phr] (A language of Pakistan) Panjabi, Mirpur [pmu] (A language of India) Panjabi, Western [pnb] (A language of Pakistan) Seraiki [skr] (A language of Pakistan) - Sindhi (6) Jadgali [jdg] (A language of Pakistan) Kachchi [kfr] (A language of India) Lasi [lss] (A language of Pakistan) Sindhi [snd] (A language of Pakistan) Sindhi Bhil [sbn] (A language of Pakistan) - Nuristani (6) Ashkun [ask] (A language of Afghanistan) Kamviri [xvi] (A language of Afghanistan) Kati [bsh] (A language of Afghanistan) Prasuni [prn] (A language of Afghanistan) Tregami [trm] (A language of Afghanistan) Waigali [wbk] (A language of Afghanistan) - Sinhalese-Maldivian (3) Maldivian [div] (A language of Maldives) Sinhala [sin] (A language of Sri Lanka) Veddah [ved] (A language of Sri Lanka) - Southern zone (12) Marathi [mar] (A language of India) - Konkani (7) Katkari [kfu] (A language of India) Konkani [knn] (A language of India) Konkani, Goan [gom] (A language of India) Kukna [kex] (A language of India) Phudagi [phd] (A language of India) Samvedi [smv] (A language of India) Varli [vav] (A language of India) - Unclassified (4) Bhalay [bhx] (A language of India) Deccan [dcc] (A language of India) Gowlan [goj] (A language of India) Varhadi-Nagpuri [vah] (A language of India) - Unclassified (12) Andh [anr] (A language of India) Chinali [cih] (A language of India) Danuwar [dhw] (A language of Nepal) Darai [dry] (A language of Nepal) Kanjari [kft] (A language of India) Kumhali [kra] (A language of Nepal) Lohar, Lahul [lhl] (A language of India) Memoni [mby] (A language of Pakistan)

Ethnologue

15

o

Mina [myi] (A language of India) Od [odk] (A language of Pakistan) Pali [pli] (A language of India) Vaagri Booli [vaa] (A language of India)

- Iranian (86) Avestan [ave] (A language of Iran) - Eastern (14) - Northeastern (2) Ossetic [oss] (A language of Russia) Yagnobi [yai] (A language of Tajikistan) - Southeastern (12) - Pamir (8) Ishkashimi [isk] (A language of Afghanistan) Munji [mnj] (A language of Afghanistan) Sanglechi [sgy] (A language of Afghanistan) Wakhi [wbl] (A language of Afghanistan) Yidgha [ydg] (A language of Pakistan) - Shugni-Yazgulami (3) Sarikoli [srh] (A language of China) Shughni [sgh] (A language of Tajikistan) Yazgulyam [yah] (A language of Tajikistan) - Pashto (4) Pashto, Central [pst] (A language of Pakistan) Pashto, Northern [pbu] (A language of Pakistan) Pashto, Southern [pbt] (A language of Afghanistan) Waneci [wne] (A language of Pakistan) - Western (71) - Northwestern (54) Khalaj [kjf] (A language of Azerbaijan) - Balochi (5) Balochi, Eastern [bgp] (A language of Pakistan) Balochi, Southern [bcc] (A language of Pakistan) Balochi, Western [bgn] (A language of Pakistan) Bashkardi [bsg] (A language of Iran) Koroshi [ktl] (A language of Iran) - Caspian (3) Gilaki [glk] (A language of Iran) Mazanderani [mzn] (A language of Iran) Shahmirzadi [srz] (A language of Iran) - Central Iran (12) Ashtiani [atn] (A language of Iran) Dari, Zoroastrian [gbz] (A language of Iran) Fars, Northwestern [faz] (A language of Iran) Gazi [gzi] (A language of Iran) Khunsari [kfm] (A language of Iran) Natanzi [ntz] (A language of Iran)

Ethnologue

16

Nayini [nyq] (A language of Iran) Parsi [prp] (A language of India) Parsi-Dari [prd] (A language of Iran) Sivandi [siy] (A language of Iran) Soi [soj] (A language of Iran) Vafsi [vaf] (A language of Iran) - Kurdish (4) Kurdish, Central [ckb] (A language of Iraq) Kurdish, Northern [kmr] (A language of Turkey) Kurdish, Southern [sdh] (A language of Iran) Laki [lki] (A language of Iran) - Ormuri-Parachi (2) Ormuri [oru] (A language of Pakistan) Parachi [prc] (A language of Afghanistan) - Semnani (4) Lasgerdi [lsa] (A language of Iran) Sangisari [sgr] (A language of Iran) Semnani [smy] (A language of Iran) Sorkhei [sqo] (A language of Iran) - Talysh (16) Alviri-Vidari [avd] (A language of Iran) Eshtehardi [esh] (A language of Iran) Gozarkhani [goz] (A language of Iran) Harzani [hrz] (A language of Iran) Kabatei [xkp] (A language of Iran) Kajali [xkj] (A language of Iran) Karingani [kgn] (A language of Iran) Khoini [xkc] (A language of Iran) Koresh-e Rostam [okh] (A language of Iran) Maraghei [vmh] (A language of Iran) Razajerdi [rat] (A language of Iran) Rudbari [rdb] (A language of Iran) Shahrudi [shm] (A language of Iran) Takestani [tks] (A language of Iran) Talysh [tly] (A language of Azerbaijan) Taromi, Upper [tov] (A language of Iran) - Unclassified (1) Dezfuli [def] (A language of Iran) - Zaza-Gorani (6) Bajelani [bjm] (A language of Iraq) Gurani [hac] (A language of Iraq) Sarli [sdf] (A language of Iraq) Shabak [sdb] (A language of Iraq) Zazaki, Northern [kiu] (A language of Turkey) Zazaki, Southern [diq] (A language of Turkey) - Southwestern (17)

Ethnologue

17

- Fars (2) Fars, Southwestern [fay] (A language of Iran) Lari [lrl] (A language of Iran) - Luri (4) Bakhtiri [bqi] (A language of Iran) Kumzari [zum] (A language of Oman) Luri, Northern [lrc] (A language of Iran) Luri, Southern [luz] (A language of Iran) - Persian (9) Aimaq [aiq] (A language of Afghanistan) Bukharic [bhh] (A language of Israel) Dari [prs] (A language of Afghanistan) Dehwari [deh] (A language of Pakistan) Dzhidi [jpr] (A language of Israel) Hazaragi [haz] (A language of Afghanistan) Pahlavani [phv] (A language of Afghanistan) Persian, Iranian [pes] (A language of Iran) Tajiki [tgk] (A language of Tajikistan) - Tat (2) Judeo-Tat [jdt] (A language of Russia) Tat, Muslim [ttt] (A language of Azerbaijan)

- Unclassified (1) Badeshi [bdz] (A language of Pakistan) Luwati [luv] (A language of Oman) - Italic (44) o - Latino-Faliscan (1) Latin [lat] (A language of Vatican) o - Romance (43) - Eastern (4) Aromanian [rup] (A language of Greece) Romanian [ron] (A language of Romania) Romanian, Istro [ruo] (A language of Croatia) Romanian, Megleno [ruq] (A language of Greece) - Italo-Western (34) - Italo-Dalmatian (5) Istriot [ist] (A language of Croatia) Italian [ita] (A language of Italy) Judeo-Italian [itk] (A language of Italy) Napoletano-Calabrese [nap] (A language of Italy) Sicilian [scn] (A language of Italy) - Western (29) - Gallo-Iberian (28) - Gallo-Romance (15) - Gallo-Italian (6) Emilian [egl] (A language of Italy) Ligurian [lij] (A language of Italy)
o

Ethnologue

18

Lombard [lmo] (A language of Italy) Piemontese [pms] (A language of Italy) Romagnol [rgn] (A language of Italy) Venetian [vec] (A language of Italy) - Gallo-Rhaetian (9) - Ol (6) - French (5)

French [fra] (A language of France) French, Cajun [frc] (A language of United States) Picard [pcd] (A language of France) Walloon [wln] (A language of Belgium) Zarphatic [zrp] (A language of France)

- Southeastern (1)

Arpitan [frp] (A language of France)

- Rhaetian (3) Friulian [fur] (A language of Italy) Ladin [lld] (A language of Italy) Romansch [roh] (A language of Switzerland) - Ibero-Romance (13) - East Iberian (1) Cataln [cat] (A language of Spain) - Oc (2) Occitan [oci] (A language of France) Shuadit [sdt] (A language of France) - West Iberian (10) - Asturo-Leonese (2) Asturian [ast] (A language of Spain) Mirandese [mwl] (A language of Portugal)

Ethnologue

19

- Castilian (4) Extremaduran [ext] (A language of Spain) Ladino [lad] (A language of Israel) Spanish [spa] (A language of Spain) Spanish, Loreto-Ucayali [spq] (A language of Peru) - Portuguese-Galician (4) Fala [fax] (A language of Spain) Galician [glg] (A language of Spain) Minderico [drc] (A language of Portugal) Portuguese [por] (A language of Portugal) - Pyrenean-Mozarabic (1) - Pyrenean (1) Aragonese [arg] (A language of Spain)

- Southern (5) - Corsican (1) Corsican [cos] (A language of France) - Sardinian (4) Sardinian, Campidanese [sro] (A language of Italy) Sardinian, Gallurese [sdn] (A language of Italy) Sardinian, Logudorese [src] (A language of Italy) Sardinian, Sassarese [sdc] (A language of Italy)

- Slavic (19) o - East (4) Belarusan [bel] (A language of Belarus) Russian [rus] (A language of Russia) Rusyn [rue] (A language of Ukraine) Ukrainian [ukr] (A language of Ukraine) o - South (8) - Eastern (3) Bulgarian [bul] (A language of Bulgaria) Macedonian [mkd] (A language of Macedonia) Slavonic, Old Church [chu] (A language of Russia) - Western (5) Bosnian [bos] (A language of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Croatian [hrv] (A language of Croatia) Serbian [srp] (A language of Serbia) Slavomolisano [svm] (A language of Italy) Slovene [slv] (A language of Slovenia)

Ethnologue

20

- West (7) - Czech-Slovak (2) Czech [ces] (A language of Czech Republic) Slovak [slk] (A language of Slovakia) - Lechitic (3) Kashubian [csb] (A language of Poland) Polish [pol] (A language of Poland) Silesian [szl] (A language of Poland) - Sorbian (2) Sorbian, Lower [dsb] (A language of Germany) Sorbian, Upper [hsb] (A language of Germany)

Ethnologue

21

Rohingya
A language of Myanmar ISO 639-3 rhg Alternate Names : Rohinja Population : 800,000 in Myanmar (2012). Due to unrest, numbers are very uncertain. Population total all countries: 1,800,000. Location : North Rakhine State, Maungdaw and Buthidaung townships; Sittwe and Rathedaung townships. Also in Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand. Language Maps : Bangladesh , Central Myanmar Language Status : 6a (Vigorous). Classification : Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese Dialects : Not much contact between dialect groups living in different townships; intelligibility situation is not clear. Dialects differ by river valleys. Language Use : Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive attitudes. Also use Rakhine [rki]. Those with
education are literate in Burmese [mya].

Language Development : Literacy rate in L1: Below 1%. Language Resources : OLAC resources in and about Rohingya Writing : Arabic script. Latin script. Rohingya Hanifi script, some development in immigrant communities for all three scripts. Other Comments About 1,000,000 refugees went to Bangladesh in recent years, the majority of whom have dispersed to other countries. Most refugees in UNHCR-controlled camps in Bangladesh were repatriated back to Myanmar, but many of these have returned to Bangladesh unofficially. Muslim. Also spoken in : Bangladesh Language name : Rohingya Population : 200,000 in Bangladesh (2006).

Ethnologue

22

Location : Coxs Bazaar district. Alternate Names : Rohinga Status : 6b (Threatened). Other Comments : Muslim.

Rohingya in the Language Cloud

This graph shows the place of Rohingya within the cloud of all living languages. Each language in the world is represented by a small dot that is placed on the grid in relation to its population (in the vertical axis) and its level of development or endangerment (in the horizontal axis), with the largest and strongest languages in the upper left and the smallest and weakest languages (down to extinction) in the lower right. The population value is the estimated number of first language (L1) speakers; it is plotted on a logarithmic scale (where 100 = 1; 102 = 100; 104 = 10,000; 106 = 1,000,000; 108 = 100,000,000). The value for the development versus endangerment dimension is the estimated level on the EGIDS scale. (See the pages on Development and Endangerment for a fuller explanation.) Rohingya is represented by a large, colored dot. When the population is unknown, a color-coded question mark appears at the bottom of the grid. When there are no known L1 speakers, an X appears at the bottom of the grid. The color coding matches the color scheme used in the summary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. In this scheme, the EGIDS levels are grouped as follows:

Purple = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community.

Ethnologue

23

Blue = Developing (EGIDS 5) The language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable. Green = Vigorous (EGIDS 6a) The language is unstandardized and in vigorous use among all generations. Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7) Intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home. Red = Dying (EGIDS 8a-9) The only fluent users (if any) are older than childbearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed. Black = Extinct (EGIDS 10) The language has fallen completely out of use and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language.

The EGIDS level indicated by the large, colored dot may be higher than the EGIDS level reported in the main entry for the language. This is because a separate EGIDS estimate is made for every country in which a language is used. Our method for calculating the EGIDS level for the language as a whole is not to take an average of all countries, but to report the highest level (that is, most safe) for any country. The logic here is that if the EGIDS level of a language is taken as a predictor of its likely longevity, then its longevity will be determined by where it is the strongest. Each dot in the cloud is gray at the level of 20% black. As dots are superimposed on each other, the spot gets darker. Thus a spot of total black indicates that at least 5 languages are at the same spot in the cloud. The population scale is continuous; thus the placement in the vertical axis corresponds exactly to population. The EGIDS scale, however, is discrete. Rather than placing all of the dots for a given EGIDS level exactly on the grid line for that level, the dots are jittered (that is, the horizontal placement is random within a band around the grid line for the level).

Ethnologue

24

Sino-Tibetan

+ Chinese (14) + Tibeto-Burman (447)

- Chinese (14) o Chinese, Gan [gan] (A language of China) o Chinese, Hakka [hak] (A language of China) o Chinese, Huizhou [czh] (A language of China) o Chinese, Jinyu [cjy] (A language of China) o Chinese, Mandarin [cmn] (A language of China) o Chinese, Min Bei [mnp] (A language of China) o Chinese, Min Dong [cdo] (A language of China) o Chinese, Min Nan [nan] (A language of China) o Chinese, Min Zhong [czo] (A language of China) o Chinese, Pu-Xian [cpx] (A language of China) o Chinese, Wu [wuu] (A language of China) o Chinese, Xiang [hsn] (A language of China) o Chinese, Yue [yue] (A language of China) o Dungan [dng] (A language of Kyrgyzstan)

- Tibeto-Burman (447) o - Central Tibeto-Burman (24) - Digarish (2) Digaro-Mishmi [mhu] (A language of India) Idu-Mishmi [clk] (A language of India) - Hrusish (2) Hruso [hru] (A language of India) Miji [sjl] (A language of India) - Keman (1) Zakhring [zkr] (A language of China) - Kho-Bwa (6) Bugun [bgg] (A language of India) Chug [cvg] (A language of India) Lish [lsh] (A language of India) Puroik [suv] (A language of India) Sartang [onp] (A language of India) Sherdukpen [sdp] (A language of India) - Lepcha (1) Lepcha [lep] (A language of India) - Mijish (1) Miju-Mishmi [mxj] (A language of India)

Ethnologue

25

- Nungish (4) Anong [nun] (A language of Myanmar) Drung [duu] (A language of China) Lama [lay] (A language of China) Rawang [raw] (A language of Myanmar) - Tani (7) Adi [adi] (A language of India) Adi, Galo [adl] (A language of India) Apatani [apt] (A language of India) Mising [mrg] (A language of India) Na [nbt] (A language of India) Nyishi [njz] (A language of India) Tagin [tgj] (A language of India) o - Karenic (21) - Central (7) Karen, Bwe [bwe] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Geba [kvq] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Geko [ghk] (A language of Myanmar) Kayah, Eastern [eky] (A language of Myanmar) Kayah, Western [kyu] (A language of Myanmar) Kayaw [kvl] (A language of Myanmar) Manumanaw [kxf] (A language of Myanmar) - Northern (5) Kayan [pdu] (A language of Myanmar) Lahta [kvt] (A language of Myanmar) Yinbaw [kvu] (A language of Myanmar) Yintale [kvy] (A language of Myanmar) Zayein [kxk] (A language of Myanmar) - Peripheral (5) Karen, Phrae Pwo [kjt] (A language of Thailand) Karen, Pwo Eastern [kjp] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Pwo Northern [pww] (A language of Thailand) Karen, Pwo Western [pwo] (A language of Myanmar) Pao [blk] (A language of Myanmar) - Southern (4) Karen, Mobwa [jkm] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Paku [jkp] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Sgaw [ksw] (A language of Myanmar) Wewaw [wea] (A language of Myanmar) o - Ngwi-Burmese (113) - Burmish (13) - Northern (6) Achang [acn] (A language of China) Hpon [hpo] (A language of Myanmar) Lashi [lsi] (A language of Myanmar) Lhao Vo [mhx] (A language of Myanmar)

Ethnologue

26

Pela [bxd] (A language of China) Zaiwa [atb] (A language of China) - Southern (7) Burmese [mya] (A language of Myanmar) Danu [dnv] (A language of Myanmar) Intha [int] (A language of Myanmar) Marma [rmz] (A language of Bangladesh) Rakhine [rki] (A language of Myanmar) Taungyo [tco] (A language of Myanmar) Tavoyan [tvn] (A language of Myanmar) - Mru (2) Chin, Anu-Hkongso [anl] (A language of Myanmar) Mru [mro] (A language of Bangladesh) - Ngwi (98) - Central (25) Hlersu [hle] (A language of China) Jinuo, Buyuan [jiy] (A language of China) Jinuo, Youle [jiu] (A language of China) Kucong [lkc] (A language of Vietnam) Lahu [lhu] (A language of China) Lahu Shi [lhi] (A language of China) Lalo, Central [ywt] (A language of China) Lalo, Dongshanba [yik] (A language of China) Lalu, Eastern [yit] (A language of China) Lalu, Western [ywl] (A language of China) Lamu [llh] (A language of China) Lange [yne] (A language of China) Lawu [lwu] (A language of China) Limi [ylm] (A language of China) Lipo [lpo] (A language of China) Lisu [lis] (A language of China) Lolopo [ycl] (A language of China) Lolopo, Southern [ysp] (A language of China) Mili [ymh] (A language of China) Miqie [yiq] (A language of China) Nusu [nuf] (A language of China) Sani [ysn] (A language of China) Talu [yta] (A language of China) Tanglang [ytl] (A language of China) Zauzou [zal] (A language of China) - Northern (14) Aluo [yna] (A language of China) Awu [yiu] (A language of China) Ayizi [yyz] (A language of China) Chesu [ych] (A language of China) Gepo [ygp] (A language of China)

Ethnologue

27

Katso [kaf] (A language of China) Naluo [ylo] (A language of China) Nasu, Wumeng [ywu] (A language of China) Nasu, Wusa [yig] (A language of China) Nuosu [iii] (A language of China) Samatao [ysd] (A language of China) Samei [smh] (A language of China) Sanie [ysy] (A language of China) Yi, Wuding-Luquan [ywq] (A language of China) - Southeastern (38) Ache [yif] (A language of China) Alugu [aub] (A language of China) Axi [yix] (A language of China) Azha [aza] (A language of China) Azhe [yiz] (A language of China) Bokha [ybk] (A language of China) Kathu [ykt] (A language of China) Khlula [ykl] (A language of China) Kua-nsi [ykn] (A language of China) Kuamasi [yku] (A language of China) Laghuu [lgh] (A language of Vietnam) Mantsi [nty] (A language of Vietnam) Moji [ymi] (A language of China) Muji, Northern [ymx] (A language of China) Muji, Qila [ymq] (A language of China) Muji, Southern [ymc] (A language of China) Muzi [ymz] (A language of China) Nisi [yso] (A language of China) Nisu, Eastern [nos] (A language of China) Nisu, Northern [yiv] (A language of China) Nisu, Northwestern [nsf] (A language of China) Nisu, Southern [nsd] (A language of China) Nisu, Southwestern [nsv] (A language of China) Phala [ypa] (A language of China) Phola [ypg] (A language of China) Phola, Alo [ypo] (A language of China) Pholo [yip] (A language of China) Phowa, Ani [ypn] (A language of China) Phowa, Hlepho [yhl] (A language of China) Phowa, Labo [ypb] (A language of China) Phula [phh] (A language of Vietnam) Phuma [ypm] (A language of China) Phupa [ypp] (A language of China) Phupha [yph] (A language of China) Phuza [ypz] (A language of China) Sonaga [ysg] (A language of China)

Ethnologue

28

Thopho [ytp] (A language of China) Zokhuo [yzk] (A language of China) - Southern (19) Akeu [aeu] (A language of China) Akha [ahk] (A language of Myanmar) Bisu [bzi] (A language of China) Biyo [byo] (A language of China) Chepya [ycp] (A language of Laos) Cng [cnc] (A language of Vietnam) Enu [enu] (A language of China) Hani [hni] (A language of China) Honi [how] (A language of China) Kaduo [ktp] (A language of China) Laomian [lwm] (A language of China) Lopi [lov] (A language of China) Mpi [mpz] (A language of Thailand) Muda [ymd] (A language of China) Phana [phq] (A language of Laos) Phunoi [pho] (A language of Laos) Pyen [pyy] (A language of Myanmar) Sangkong [sgk] (A language of China) Sila [slt] (A language of Laos) - Unclassified (2) Laopang [lbg] (A language of Laos) Ugong [ugo] (A language of Thailand) o - Northeastern Tibeto-Burman (23) - Bai (4) Bai, Central [bca] (A language of China) Bai, Northern [bfc] (A language of China) Bai, Southern [bfs] (A language of China) - Baima (1) Baima [bqh] (A language of China) - Ersuish (1) Ersu [ers] (A language of China) - Naic (4) Namuyi [nmy] (A language of China) Narua [nru] (A language of China) Naxi [nxq] (A language of China) Shixing [sxg] (A language of China) - Qiangic (8) Guiqiong [gqi] (A language of China) Muya [mvm] (A language of China) Pumi, Northern [pmi] (A language of China) Pumi, Southern [pmj] (A language of China) Qiang, Northern [cng] (A language of China) Qiang, Southern [qxs] (A language of China)

Ethnologue

29

Queyu [qvy] (A language of China) Zhaba [zhb] (A language of China) - rGyalrongic (4) Horpa [ero] (A language of China) Jiarong [jya] (A language of China) Lavrung [jiq] (A language of China) sTodsde [jih] (A language of China) - Tujia (2) Tujia, Northern [tji] (A language of China) Tujia, Southern [tjs] (A language of China) o - Sal (122) - Bodo-Garo-Northern Naga (28) - Bodo-Koch (15) Deori [der] (A language of India) - Bodo-Garo (10) Megam [mef] (A language of Bangladesh) - Bodo (8) Bodo [brx] (A language of India) Dimasa [dis] (A language of India) Kachari [xac] (A language of India) Kok Borok [trp] (A language of India) Riang [ria] (A language of India) Tippera [tpe] (A language of Bangladesh) Tiwa [lax] (A language of India) Usoi [usi] (A language of Bangladesh) - Garo (1) Garo [grt] (A language of India) - Koch (4) Atong [aot] (A language of India) Koch [kdq] (A language of India) Rabha [rah] (A language of India) Ruga [ruh] (A language of India) - Northern Naga (13) Naga, Chang [nbc] (A language of India) Naga, Khiamniungan [kix] (A language of India) Naga, Konyak [nbe] (A language of India) Naga, Kyan-Karyaw [nqq] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Lao [nlq] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Leinong [lzn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Makyan [umn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Nocte [njb] (A language of India) Naga, Phom [nph] (A language of India) Naga, Ponyo-Gongwang [npg] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Tase [nst] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Tutsa [tvt] (A language of India) Naga, Wancho [nnp] (A language of India)

Ethnologue

30

- Dhimalish (2) Dhimal [dhi] (A language of Nepal) Toto [txo] (A language of India) - Jingpho-Luish (7) - Jingpho (4) Jingpho [kac] (A language of Myanmar) Singpho [sgp] (A language of India) Taman [tcl] (A language of Myanmar) Turung [try] (A language of India) - Luish (3) Chak [ckh] (A language of Myanmar) Kadu [zkd] (A language of Myanmar) Kanan [zkn] (A language of Myanmar) - Kuki-Chin-Naga (85) - Angami-Pochuri (9) Naga, Angami [njm] (A language of India) Naga, Chokri [nri] (A language of India) Naga, Khezha [nkh] (A language of India) Naga, Mao [nbi] (A language of India) Naga, Northern Rengma [nnl] (A language of India) Naga, Pochuri [npo] (A language of India) Naga, Poumei [pmx] (A language of India) Naga, Southern Rengma [nre] (A language of India) Naga, Sumi [nsm] (A language of India) - Ao (4) Naga, Ao [njo] (A language of India) Naga, Lotha [njh] (A language of India) Naga, Sangtam [nsa] (A language of India) Naga, Yimchungru [yim] (A language of India) - Karbi (2) Amri Karbi [ajz] (A language of India) Karbi [mjw] (A language of India) - Kuki-Chin (51) Chin, Thaiphum [cth] (A language of Myanmar) - Central (9) Chin, Bawm [bgr] (A language of India) Chin, Bualkhaw [cbl] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Falam [cfm] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Haka [cnh] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Ngawn [cnw] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Tawr [tcp] (A language of Myanmar) Hmar [hmr] (A language of India) Mizo [lus] (A language of India) Pangkhua [pkh] (A language of Bangladesh) - Maraic (5) Chin, Lautu [clt] (A language of Myanmar)

Ethnologue

31

Chin, Mara [mrh] (A language of India) Chin, Senthang [sez] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Zotung [czt] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Zyphe [zyp] (A language of Myanmar) - Northern (21) Aimol [aim] (A language of India) Anal [anm] (A language of India) Biete [biu] (A language of India) Chin, Paite [pck] (A language of India) Chin, Siyin [csy] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Tedim [ctd] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Thado [tcz] (A language of India) Chiru [cdf] (A language of India) Gangte [gnb] (A language of India) Hrangkhol [hra] (A language of India) Kom [kmm] (A language of India) Lamkang [lmk] (A language of India) Naga, Chothe [nct] (A language of India) Naga, Kharam [kfw] (A language of India) Naga, Moyon [nmo] (A language of India) Naga, Purum [puz] (A language of India) Purum [pub] (A language of India) Ralte [ral] (A language of India) Simte [smt] (A language of India) Vaiphei [vap] (A language of India) Zo [zom] (A language of Myanmar) - Southern (15) Chin, Asho [csh] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Chinbon [cnb] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Daai [dao] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Eastern Khumi [cek] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Kaang [ckn] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Khumi [cnk] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Laitu [clj] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Matu [hlt] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Mro-Khimi [cmr] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Mn [mwq] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Rawngtu [weu] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Rungtu [rtc] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Songlai [csj] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Sumtu [csv] (A language of Myanmar) Shendu [shl] (A language of India) - Meitei (1) Meitei [mni] (A language of India)

Ethnologue

32

- Tangkhul (4) Naga, Khoibu [nkb] (A language of India) Naga, Maring [nng] (A language of India) Naga, Tangkhul [nmf] (A language of India) Naga, Tangkhul [ntx] (A language of Myanmar) - Unclassified (7) Naga, Akyaung Ari [nqy] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Inpui [nkf] (A language of India) Naga, Koki [nxk] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Long Phuri [lpn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Makuri [jmn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Para [pzn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Puimei [npu] (A language of India) - Zeme (7) Koireng [nkd] (A language of India) Naga, Liangmai [njn] (A language of India) Naga, Maram [nma] (A language of India) Naga, Mzieme [nme] (A language of India) Naga, Rongmei [nbu] (A language of India) Naga, Thangal [nki] (A language of India) Naga, Zeme [nzm] (A language of India)

- Unclassified (9) Darlong [dln] (A language of India) Khamba [kbg] (A language of India) Koro [jkr] (A language of India) Lui [lba] (A language of India) Naga, Monsang [nmh] (A language of India) Naga, Tarao [tro] (A language of India) Pao [ppa] (A language of India) Ranglong [rnl] (A language of India) Sakachep [sch] (A language of India) o - Western Tibeto-Burman (135) - Bodish (86) Gongduk [goe] (A language of Bhutan) Lhokpu [lhp] (A language of Bhutan) Monpa, Kalaktang [kkf] (A language of India) Olekha [ole] (A language of Bhutan) Tshangla [tsj] (A language of Bhutan) - Central Bodish (39) Choni [cda] (A language of China) Tseku [tsk] (A language of China)
o

Ethnologue

33

- Amdo (1) Tibetan, Amdo [adx] (A language of China) - Central (27) Tibetan, Central [bod] (A language of China) - gTsang (13) Dolpo [dre] (A language of Nepal) Helambu Sherpa [scp] (A language of Nepal) Humla [hut] (A language of Nepal) Jirel [jul] (A language of Nepal) Kagate [syw] (A language of Nepal) Kyerung [kgy] (A language of China) Lhomi [lhm] (A language of Nepal) Loke [loy] (A language of Nepal) Mugom [muk] (A language of Nepal) Nubri [kte] (A language of Nepal) Sherpa [xsr] (A language of Nepal) Tichurong [tcn] (A language of Nepal) Tsum [ttz] (A language of Nepal) - Southern (10) Adap [adp] (A language of Bhutan) Brokkat [bro] (A language of Bhutan) Brokpake [sgt] (A language of Bhutan) Chocangacakha [cgk] (A language of Bhutan) Dzongkha [dzo] (A language of Bhutan) Groma [gro] (A language of China) Lakha [lkh] (A language of Bhutan) Layakha [lya] (A language of Bhutan) Lunanakha [luk] (A language of Bhutan) Sikkimese [sip] (A language of India) - Western (3) Jad [jda] (A language of India) Spiti Bhoti [spt] (A language of India) Stod Bhoti [sbu] (A language of India) - Khams (1) Tibetan, Khams [khg] (A language of China) - Unclassified (3) Naaba [nao] (A language of Nepal) Thudam [thw] (A language of Nepal) Walungge [ola] (A language of Nepal) - Western (5) Balti [bft] (A language of Pakistan) Changthang [cna] (A language of India) Ladakhi [lbj] (A language of India) Purik [prx] (A language of India)

Ethnologue

34

Zangskari [zau] (A language of India) - East Bodish (9) Dakpakha [dka] (A language of Bhutan) Monpa, Tawang [twm] (A language of India) - Bumthang (7) Bumthangkha [kjz] (A language of Bhutan) Chalikha [tgf] (A language of Bhutan) Dzalakha [dzl] (A language of Bhutan) Khengkha [xkf] (A language of Bhutan) Kurtokha [xkz] (A language of Bhutan) Nupbikha [npb] (A language of Bhutan) Nyenkha [neh] (A language of Bhutan) - West Bodish (17) Dura [drq] (A language of Nepal) Kaike [kzq] (A language of Nepal) - Ghale (3) Ghale, Northern [ghh] (A language of Nepal) Ghale, Southern [ghe] (A language of Nepal) Kuke [ght] (A language of Nepal) - Gurung-Tamang (12) - Gurungic (7) Chantyal [chx] (A language of Nepal) Gurung, Eastern [ggn] (A language of Nepal) Gurung, Western [gvr] (A language of Nepal) Manangba [nmm] (A language of Nepal) Nar Phu [npa] (A language of Nepal) Seke [skj] (A language of Nepal) Thakali [ths] (A language of Nepal) - Tamang (5) Tamang, Eastern [taj] (A language of Nepal) Tamang, Eastern Gorkha [tge] (A language of Nepal) Tamang, Northwestern [tmk] (A language of Nepal) Tamang, Southwestern [tsf] (A language of Nepal) Tamang, Western [tdg] (A language of Nepal) - West Himalayish (16) - Almora (4) Byangsi [bee] (A language of Nepal) Chaudangsi [cdn] (A language of India) Darmiya [drd] (A language of India) Rangkas [rgk] (A language of India)

Ethnologue

35

- Kinauri (12) Gahri [bfu] (A language of India) Jangshung [jna] (A language of India) Kanashi [xns] (A language of India) Kinnauri [kfk] (A language of India) Kinnauri, Bhoti [nes] (A language of India) Kinnauri, Chitkuli [cik] (A language of India) Pattani [lae] (A language of India) Rongpo [rnp] (A language of India) Shumcho [scu] (A language of India) Sunam [ssk] (A language of India) Tinani [lbf] (A language of India) Tukpa [tpq] (A language of India) - Himalayan (49) - Central Himalayan (14) - Chepang-Bhujel (2) Bhujel [byh] (A language of Nepal) Chepang [cdm] (A language of Nepal) - Kham-Magar (6) - Kham (4) Kham, Eastern Parbate [kif] (A language of Nepal) Kham, Gamale [kgj] (A language of Nepal) Kham, Sheshi [kip] (A language of Nepal) Kham, Western Parbate [kjl] (A language of Nepal) - Magar (2) Magar, Eastern [mgp] (A language of Nepal) Magar, Western [mrd] (A language of Nepal) - Newar (1) Newar [new] (A language of Nepal) - Raute-Raji (3) Raji [rji] (A language of Nepal) Raute [rau] (A language of Nepal) Rawat [jnl] (A language of India) - Thangmi-Baraamu (2) Baram [brd] (A language of Nepal) Thangmi [thf] (A language of Nepal) - Kiranti (35) - Eastern (25) Athpariya [aph] (A language of Nepal) Bantawa [bap] (A language of Nepal) Belhariya [byw] (A language of Nepal) Chamling [rab] (A language of Nepal)

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Chhintang [ctn] (A language of Nepal) Chhulung [cur] (A language of Nepal) Chukwa [cuw] (A language of Nepal) Dungmali [raa] (A language of Nepal) Kulung [kle] (A language of Nepal) Limbu [lif] (A language of Nepal) Lingkhim [lii] (A language of Nepal) Lohorung [lbr] (A language of Nepal) Lumba-Yakkha [luu] (A language of Nepal) Mewahang, Eastern [emg] (A language of Nepal) Mewahang, Western [raf] (A language of Nepal) Mugali [lmh] (A language of Nepal) Nachering [ncd] (A language of Nepal) Phangduwali [phw] (A language of Nepal) Puma [pum] (A language of Nepal) Saam [raq] (A language of Nepal) Sampang [rav] (A language of Nepal) Waling [wly] (A language of Nepal) Yakkha [ybh] (A language of Nepal) Yamphu [ybi] (A language of Nepal) Yamphu, Southern [lrr] (A language of Nepal) - Western (10) Bahing [bhj] (A language of Nepal) Dumi [dus] (A language of Nepal) Jerung [jee] (A language of Nepal) Khaling [klr] (A language of Nepal) Koi [kkt] (A language of Nepal) Sunwar [suz] (A language of Nepal) Thulung [tdh] (A language of Nepal) Tilung [tij] (A language of Nepal) Wambule [wme] (A language of Nepal) Wayu [vay] (A language of Nepal)

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Rakhine
A language of Myanmar ISO 639-3 rki Alternate Names : Arakanese, Mogh, Rakhain, Rakkhaine Population : 600,000 in Myanmar (1931 census). Population total all countries: 800,000. Location : Throughout Rakhine State; Chin State, Paletwa township. Also in Bangladesh. Language Maps : Bangladesh , Central Myanmar , Southern Myanmar Language Status : 3 (Wider communication). Classification : Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern Dialects : Chaungtha, Kyaukphyu, Man Aung (Chebuda Island), Mrauk-U, Sittwe (Akyab), Yangbye (Rambree, Yanbe, Yanbye, Yangye). Related to Marma [rmz] in Bangladesh. Intelligibility in Rakhine State of prestigious Sittwe dialect seems fairly high. Slight variations in north Rakhine speech in Sittwe, Kyauk Taw, Mrauk-U, Minpya, Punna Kyun, Buthidaung, and Maungdaw townships. The variety spoken in south Rakhine State townships of Kyauk Phyu, Yangbye, Thandwe, and Taungkuk noticeably different from the northern variety. The southern variety, particularly in Thandwe Township, is more similar to standard Burmese [mya]. Lexical similarity: among Rakhine and Marma varieties in both Myanmar and Bangladesh is over 85%. Lexical similarity: 91% with standard Burmese [mya]. Typology : SOV Language Use : Vigorous, but some shift toward Burmese [mya], especially in south Rakhine State.
All except formal domains. All ages. Positive attitudes. Also use Burmese [mya].

Language Development : . . .the literary (written) languages of Rakhine and standard Burmese are largely identical (Leider 2008:453). Rakhine pronunciation is closer to the literary language than modern spoken Burmese. Some Rakhine spell words according to Rakhine usage, but most use standard Burmese [mya] for writing. Newspapers. New media. Films. Language Resources : OLAC resources in and about Rakhine

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Writing : Myanmar (Burmese) script, informal and non-standardized use. Other Comments : Included in official ethnic group list. Buddhist.

Also spoken in :

Bangladesh

Language name : Rakhine Population : 200,000 in Bangladesh (2011 SIL). Location : Southeast, Chittagong district. Alternate Names : Mogh, Rakhain, Rakkhaine Dialects : Rakhine, Sitwe. Status : 5 (Developing). Language Use : All ages. Positive attitudes. Also use Burmese [mya]. Many men also use Bengali [ben]. Language Development : Literacy rate in L1: 80%. Literacy rate in L2: 60% Rakhine; 30% Marma. Other Comments : Buddhist, Muslim, Hindu.

Rakhine in the Language Cloud

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This graph shows the place of Rakhine within the cloud of all living languages. Each language in the world is represented by a small dot that is placed on the grid in relation to its population (in the vertical axis) and its level of development or endangerment (in the horizontal axis), with the largest and strongest languages in the upper left and the smallest and weakest languages (down to extinction) in the lower right. The population value is the estimated number of first language (L1) speakers; it is plotted on a logarithmic scale (where 100 = 1; 102 = 100; 104 = 10,000; 106 = 1,000,000; 108 = 100,000,000). The value for the development versus endangerment dimension is the estimated level on the EGIDS scale. (See the pages on Development and Endangerment for a fuller explanation.) Rakhine is represented by a large, colored dot. When the population is unknown, a color-coded question mark appears at the bottom of the grid. When there are no known L1 speakers, an X appears at the bottom of the grid. The color coding matches the color scheme used in the summary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. In this scheme, the EGIDS levels are grouped as follows:

Purple = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community. Blue = Developing (EGIDS 5) The language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable. Green = Vigorous (EGIDS 6a) The language is unstandardized and in vigorous use among all generations. Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7) Intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home. Red = Dying (EGIDS 8a-9) The only fluent users (if any) are older than childbearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed. Black = Extinct (EGIDS 10) The language has fallen completely out of use and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language.

The EGIDS level indicated by the large, colored dot may be higher than the EGIDS level reported in the main entry for the language. This is because a separate EGIDS estimate is made for every country in which a language is used. Our method for calculating the EGIDS level for the language as a whole is not to take an average of all countries, but to report the highest level (that is, most safe) for any country. The logic here is that if the EGIDS level of a language is taken as a predictor of its likely longevity, then its longevity will be determined by where it is the strongest. Each dot in the cloud is gray at the level of 20% black. As dots are superimposed on each other, the spot gets darker. Thus a spot of total black indicates that at least 5 languages are at the same spot in the cloud. The population scale is continuous; thus the placement in the vertical axis corresponds exactly to population. The EGIDS scale, however, is discrete. Rather than placing

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all of the dots for a given EGIDS level exactly on the grid line for that level, the dots are jittered (that is, the horizontal placement is random within a band around the grid line for the level).

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Languages of Myanmar
Union of Myanmar, Pyeidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw. Formerly Burma. 47,967,000. Tibeto-Burman speakers: 78% of the population, Daic languages 10%, Austro-Asiatic languages 7%, Hmong-Mien languages 6,000 (1991 J. Matisoff). National or official language: Burmese. Literacy rate: 66%78%; 79% over 15 years old (1991). Immigrant languages: Bisu, Eastern Tamang, Iu Mien, Malay (21,000), Sylheti. Also includes Chinese (1,015,000), Malay (21,000), and languages of Bangladesh and India (500,000). Information mainly from R. Burling 2003; D. Bradley 1997; B. Comrie 1987; A. Hale 1982; R. Jones 1988; F. Lebar, G. Hickey, J. Musgrave 1964; J. Matisoff, S. Baron and J. Lowe 1996. Blind population: 214,440. Deaf population: 2,684,514. Deaf institutions: 2. The number of individual languages listed for Myanmar is 113. Of those, 111 are living languages and 2 have no known speakers.

Achang

[acn] 35,000 in Myanmar (2007). Waimaw and Japhwi townships, east of Ayeyarwaddy (Irrawaddy) River near Bhamo (locally known as Manmaw), scattered among the Lashi [lsi]; Kachin state, China border. Alternate names: Acang, Anchan, Atsang, Chung, Mnghsa, Ngacang, Ngachang, Ngochang, Tai Sa. Dialects: Maingtha. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Akeu

[aeu] 1,000 in Myanmar (2004). Shan state, Kyang Tung, Mueng La districts. Alternate names: Aki, Akui. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Lolo, Southern

Akha

[ahk] 200,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007). Population total all countries: 563,960. Shan state, east Kengtung District. Also in China, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam. Alternate names: Ahka, Aini, Aka, Aka, Ekaw, Ikaw, Ikor, Kaw, Kha Ko, Khako, Khao Kha Ko, Ko, Yani. Dialects: Ako, Asong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southern

Anal

[anm] Possibly in Bangladesh. Alternate names: Namfau. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, KukiChin, Northern

Anu

[anl] 1,250. Chin state, east Paletwa Township. Dialects: Khongso.

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Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified

Bishnupriya

[bpy] Classification: Indo-European, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

Indo-Iranian,

Indo-Aryan,

Blang

[blr] 12,000 in Myanmar (1994). East Shan state, Mong Yang area, and Kengtung. Alternate names: Bulang, Kala, Kawa, Kontoi, Plang, Pula, Pulang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Bulang

Burmese

[mya] 32,000,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total all countries: 32,319,700. South, central, and adjacent areas. Also in Bangladesh, Malaysia (Peninsular), Thailand, United States. Alternate names: Bama, Bamachaka, Myanmar, Myen. Dialects: Merguese (Mergui, Beik), Yaw, Danu (Taruw), Burmese, Palaw. Diglossic high and low varieties. Preferred variety is spoken in Mandalay. Merguese (250,000), Danu (100,000), and Yaw (20,000) may be separate languages and are distinct varieties (Bradley 1997). Bangladesh speakers speak Bomang [mya], not Standard Burmese. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Chak

[ckh] 20,000 in Myanmar (2002). Population total all countries: 25,500. Rakhine (Arakan) Blue Mountains. Also in Bangladesh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jinghpo-Konyak-Bodo, Jinghpo-Luish, Luish

Chaungtha

[ccq] 122,000 (1983). Dialects: Related to Burmese [mya]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Chin, Asho

[csh] 10,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). Population total all countries: 12,340. Ayeyawaddy (Irrawaddy) River, lowlands. Also in Bangladesh. Alternate names: Asho, Ashu, Khyang, Kyang, Qin, Sho, Shoa. Dialects: Thayetmyo (Thayetmo), Minbu, Lemyo, Khyang.

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Similar to Saingbaung Chin. Also related to Shendu [shl] and Chinbon [cnb]. Lemyo, Thayetmo, Minbu, and Khyang dialects may be separate languages. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-ChinNaga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Sho

Chin, Bawm

[bgr] 3,580 in Myanmar (2000). South Chin Hills. Alternate names: Bawm, Bawn, Bawng, Bom. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Chin, Bualkhaw

[cbl] 2,500. Chin state, Falam Township, north of Falam town. Alternate names: Bualkhaw-Chin. Dialects: Most similar to Falam Chin [cfm]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-ChinNaga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Sho

Chin, Chinbon

[cnb] 19,600 (1983). Kanpetlet, Yaw, Seidoutia, and Paletwa townships. Alternate names: Chinbon, Chindwin Chin, Sho, tb. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 50% with Asho Chin [csh]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, KukiChin, Southern, Sho

Chin, Daai

[dao] 30,000 (1994 UBS). Matupi, Paletwa, Kanpetlet townships. Alternate names: Daai, Dai, Mkaang. Dialects: Matupi Daai, Paletwa Daai, Kanpetlet Daai. 2 subgroups: one is Tuishiip, or Shiip. Daai reportedly has 6 main subgroups. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

Chin, Falam

[cfm] 100,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). 9,000 Tashon, 16,000 Zanniat, 7,000 Khualshim, 4,000 Lente, 14,400 Zahao, 18,600 in Laizao (1983). Population total all countries: 121,000. Falam District, Chin Hills. Also in Bangladesh, India. Alternate names: Falam, Fallam, Halam, Hallam Chin. Dialects: Zanniat, Taisun (Tashon, Tashom, Shunkla, Sunkhla), Laizo (Laiso, Laizao, Laizo-Shimhrin), Zahao (Zahau, Yahow, Zahau-Shimhrin, Lyen-Lyem), Khualshim (Kwelshin), Lente (Lyente). Chorei [cfm-in India] and Zanniat may be separate languages. In India, other dialect or clan names are: Choral, Dap, Eauglong, Ranjkho, Bong, Bongcher, Kaljang, Korbong, Langkai, Moosephang (Machaphang), Migli, Mitahar. Collectively

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called Baro Halam. Rupini and Koloi reportedly quite different from the others; Tapong reported to have difficult intelligibility for other dialect speakers. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, KukiChin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Chin, Haka

[cnh] 100,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). 2,000 Zokhua, 60,100 Lai (1983). Population total all countries: 131,260. Chin Hills, Haka area. Also in Bangladesh, India. Alternate names: Baungshe, Haka, Hakha, Lai. Dialects: Klangklang (Thlantlang), Zokhua, Shonshe. Shonshe may be separate language. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Chin, Khumi

[cnk] 60,000 in Myanmar (2006). Population total all countries: 62,090. Rakhine (Arakan) Hills, Akyab area. Also in Bangladesh, India. Alternate names: Khami, Khimi, Khumi, Khuni, Khweymi. Dialects: Khimi, Yindi (Yindu), Khami. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Khumi

Chin, Khumi Awa

[cka] 60,000 (2006). Upper Rakhine state, Arakan Hills, and coastal area; Chin state. Dialects: The coastal dialect differs from inland Khumi [cnk]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, KukiChin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Khumi

Chin, Mara

[mrh] 20,000 in Myanmar (1994). Lushai Hills. Alternate names: Lakher, Mara, Maram, Mira, Zao. Dialects: Tlongsai, Hlawthai, Sabeu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, KukiChin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

Chin, Mro

[cmr] 138,000 (2000). Rakhine (Arakan) state. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 13% with Mru [mro] of Bangladesh and Myanmar. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, KukiChin, Southern

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Chin, Mn

[mwq] 30,000 (1991 UBS). Chin Hills, west. Alternate names: Cho, Mindat, Mn, Ngmen. Dialects: Ngmen, Nitu. Related to Daai Chin [dao]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

Chin, Ngawn

[cnw] 15,000 (1984). Chin Hills, Falam area. Alternate names: Ngawn, Ngon, Ngorn. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Chin, Paite

[pck] 13,000 in Myanmar (2007). Tiddim area, Chin Hills. Alternate names: Hainte, Oarte, Paite, Paithe, Vuite. Classification:SinoTibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Chin, Senthang

[sez] 32,000 (2007). Haka, Chin Hills. Alternate names: Hsemtang, Senthang. Dialects: Surkhua, Sakta, Khuapi. Classification: SinoTibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Chin, Siyin

[csy] 10,000 (1991 UBS). Chin Hills. Alternate names: Siyang, Siyin, Sizang. Dialects: Similar to Paite Chin [pck]. Classification: SinoTibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Chin, Tawr

[tcp] 700 (1996 D. Van Bik). Falam, Haka, Chin Hills. Alternate names: Tawr, Torr. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Chin, Tedim

[ctd] 189,000 in Myanmar (1990). Population total all countries: 344,000. Chin Hills state, Upper Chindwin, Tiddim area. Also in India. Alternate names: Tedim, Tiddim. Dialects: Sokte, Kamhau (Kamhow, Kamhao). Other area Chin languages or dialects are Saizang [pck], Teizang [pck], Zou [zom]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Chin, Thado

[tcz] 26,200 in Myanmar (1983). Sagaing Division. North Chin state,

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India border area. Alternate names: Kuki, Kuki-Thado, Thado-Pao, Thado-Ubiphei, Thadou. Dialects: Baite, Paite, Changsen, Jangshen, Kaokeep, Khongzai, Kipgen, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngen, Hawkip. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-ChinNaga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Chin, Zotung

[czt] 40,000 (1990 UBS). Chin Hills, South of Haka Township. Alternate names: Bandzhogi, Banjogi, Zobya, Zotung. Dialects: Reportedly intelligible with Haka [cnh]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Danau

[dnu] 10,000 (1984). Shan state, Kalaw area, Ang Pan village, on road to He Ho. Alternate names: Danaw. Dialects: Most similar to RiangLang [ril]. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Danau

Gangte

[gnb] May be in Tamu Township in Sagaing Division. Alternate names: Gante. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, KukiChin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Hmong Njua

[hnj] 10,000 in Myanmar (Hattaway 2000). Northeast adjacent to Thailand. Alternate names: Mong Ntsua, Hmong Nzhua, Blue Hmong, Blue Meo, Tak Miao, Green Hmong, Green Meo, Qing Miao, Ching Miao, Lu Miao; Meo Dam, Meo Lai, Hmong Lens, Hmoob Leeg. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Hpon

[hpo] A few hundred speakers (Bradley 1997). Ethnic population: 2,254 (2000 WCD). Upper Irrawaddy gorges, north of Bhamo. Alternate names: Hpn, Megyaw, Phon, Phn, Phun, Samong. Dialects: North Hpon, South Hpon. Classification:SinoTibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Hrangkhol

[hra] 8,120 in Myanmar (2000), decreasing. Population total all countries: 26,820. Assam; Tripura; a few in Manipur and Mizoram.

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Also in India. Alternate names: Rangkhol. Dialects: Most similar to Biete [biu]; Dialect differences between Assam and Tripura but mostly intelligible. Manipur dialects strongly influenced by Hmar [hmr], those in Mizoram by Mizo [lus]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Intha

[int] 90,000 (2000 D. Bradley). South Shaun state, Taunggyi District, Inle Lake area. Alternate names: Inntha. Dialects: A well-known variety of nonstandard Burmese [mya] with profound pronunciation and vocabulary differences from Burmese. Classification: SinoTibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Jingpho

[kac] 900,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Population total all countries: 940,060. Kachin state. Also in China, United States. Alternate names: Chingpo, Chingpaw, Jinghpaw, Kachin. Dialects: Hkaku (Hka-Hku), Kauri (Hkauri, Gauri), Dzili (Jili), Dulong. Dzili may be a separate language. Hkaku and Kauri are only slightly different than Jingpho. Lexical similarity: 50% with Singhpo [sgp] of India. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Jingpho

Kadu

[kdv] 37,000 (2007). 7,000 Kanan. Sagaing Division just west of Mandalay, Banmauk, Pinlebu and Indaw townships (Kadu, with Gaanan farther west); Rakhine state (Thet). Alternate names: Asak, Gadu, Gemaan, Kado, Kadu-Ganaan, Kato, Katu, Kudo, Mawteik, Puteik, Sak, That, Thet, Woni. Dialects: Settaw, Mawkhwin, Nanza (Kanan). The Kadu, Kanan, Chakpa, and Phayeng dialects may all be separate languages. Lexical similarity: 90% between Kadu and Kanan dialects. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, JingphoKonyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Luish

Karen, Brek

[kvl] 16,600 (1983). Southwestern Kayah state. Alternate names: Bre, Brec , Kayaw Brek , Laku, Pramano, Pre. Dialects: Reportedly Kayaw who want to talk with Bwe [bwe] use Sgaw Karen [ksw]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, SgawBghai, Brek

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Karen, Bwe

[bwe] 15,700 (1983). Kybogyi area of Kayah state, Thandaunggyi Township, Kayin (Karen) state. Alternate names: Baghi, Bghai Karen, Bwe. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, SgawBghai, Bghai, Unclassified

Karen, Geba

[kvq] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Thandaunggyi Township of northern Kayin (Karen) state; Pekon and Pinlong townships of south Shan state. Alternate names: Eastern Bwe, Geba, Kaba, Karenbyu, Kayinbyu, White Karen. Dialects: May be part of the same dialect subgroup with Bwe [bwe] and Brek Karen [kvl]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Western

Karen, Geko

[ghk] 9,500 (1983). Yamethin District of Mandalay Division, Toungoo District of Bago Division, Thandaunggyi Township of north Kayin (Karen) state, Moby area of south Shan state. Alternate names: Gaikho, Geko, Gekho, Ghekhol, Ghekhu, Gheko, Kekaungdu, Kekhong, Keku, Padaung. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Unclassified

Karen, Lahta

[kvt] 9,550 (2000). Southern Shan state. Alternate names: Khahta, Lahta, Peu, Taru, Tarulakhi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Eastern

Karen, Manumanaw

[kxf] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Western Kybogyi area of Kayah state. Alternate names: Man, Manu, Manumanaw, Monu. Classification: SinoTibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

Karen, Paku

[kpp] 5,300 (1983). Southern hills east of Taungoo in Kayin (Karen) state. Alternate names: Mogpha, Mogwa, Monebwa, Monnepwa, Mopaga, Mopha, Mopwa, Pagu, Paku, Thalwepwe. Dialects: Bilichi, Dermuha, Paku, Mopwa. Similar to Sgaw [ksw]. Some reports indicate the Paku and Mopwa dialects are separate languages. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Sgaw

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Karen, Pao

[blk] 560,000 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries: 560,740. Southwestern Shan state and east of the Gulf of Martaban in Taninthayi (Tenasserim) Division. Also in Thailand. Alternate names: Black Karen, Northern Taungthu, Pa Oh, Pao, Pa-O, Pa-U. Dialects: Southern Pao, Northern Pao. Southern Pao is in Myanmar, Northern Pao in Thailand. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Karen, Pao

Karen, Pwo Eastern

[kjp] 1,000,000 in Myanmar (1998). Population total all countries: 1,050,000. Kayin (Karen) state, Mon state, Taninthayi (Tensserim) Division. Also in Thailand. Alternate names: Moulmein Pwo Karen, Phlou. Dialects: Paan (Moulmein, Inland Pwo Eastern Karen), Kawkareik (Eastern Border Pwo Karen), Tavoy (Southern Pwo Karen). Not intelligible with other Pwo Karen varieties. Lexical similarity: 91%97% among dialects, 63%65% with other Pwo Karen varieties. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo

Karen, Pwo Western

[pwo] 210,000. Ayeyawaddy (Irrawaddy) Delta. Alternate names: Bassein Pwo Karen, Delta Pwo Karen, Mutheit, Phlong Sho. Dialects: Bassein, Tuan Tet, Maubin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo

Karen, Sgaw

[ksw] 1,280,000 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries: 1,480,000. Ayeyawaddy (Irrawaddy) delta area, Taninthayi (Tenasserim) Division, the Pegu range between the Irrawaddy and Sittang rivers, the eastern hills Kayin (Karen) state. Also in Thailand. Alternate names: Burmese Karen, Kanyaw, Kyetho, Paganyaw, Pchcknya, Pwakanyaw, Sgau, Sgaw, Sgaw Kayin, White Karen, Yang Khao. Dialects: Panapu, Palakhi (Palachi). Similar to Paku [kpp]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, SgawBghai, Sgaw

Karen, Yinbaw

[kvu] 7,300 (1983). Shan Plateau of eastern Shan state. Alternate names: Yeinbaw, Yinbaw. Dialects: Reportedly a variety of Geko [ghk]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, SgawBghai, Kayah

Ethnologue

50

Karen, Yintale

[kvy] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Bawlakh District of Kayah state. Alternate names: Taliak, Yangatalet, Yangtadai, Yintale, Yintalet. Dialects: Reportedly a variety of Kayah [eky]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

Karen, Zayein

[kxk] 9,300 (1983). Between the towns of Moby and Phekon in southern Shan state. Alternate names: Gaungtou, Khaungtou, Zayein. Dialects: May be a subgroup of Latha Karen [kvt]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Unclassified

Kayah, Eastern

[eky] 8,000 in Myanmar (2007). Population does not include 15,000 refugees in Thailand (Thailand Burma Border Consortium 2007). Population total all countries: 26,000. Kayah state. Also in Thailand. Alternate names: Karenni, Karennyi, Kayah Li, Kayay, Red Karen. Dialects: Upper Eastern Kayah, Lower Eastern Kayah. Distinct from but related to Bwe Karen [bwe] (Bghai), forming a dialect subgroup. Difficulty understanding Western Kayah [kyu]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, SgawBghai, Kayah

Kayah, Western

[kyu] 100,000 (2007). 2,000 refugees encamped in Thailand, a dialect of 400 people in 4 villages east of Bawlake in Kayah state. Kayah and Kayin (Karen) states, west of Pong River. Alternate names: Karenni, Karennyi, Karieng Daeng, Kayah Li, Red Karen, Yang Daeng. Dialects: Distinct from but related to Bwe Karen [bwe], forming a dialect continuum from Thailand (Eastern Kayah) to western Kayah state. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

Kayan

[pdu] 40,900 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries: 41,080. Kayah state, Moby area; south Shan state, Phekon Township; hills east of Toungoo. Also in Thailand. Alternate names: Kayang, Padaung, Padaung Karen. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Eastern

Ethnologue

51

Khamti

[kht] 4,240 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries: 13,120. Northwestern Myanmar. Possibly also in China. Also in India. Alternate names: Hkamti, Kam Ti, Khampti, Khampti Shan, Khamti Shan, Khandi Shan, Tai Kam Ti, Tai-Khamti. Dialects: Assam Khamti, North Burma Khamti, Sinkaling Hkamti. Related to Shan [shn]. Some similarities to northern Shan. In India, related to Phakaes, Aiton [aio], Khamyang [ksu], Singpho (Turung) [sgp]. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

Khmu

[kjg] 100 in Myanmar (2008). Eastern Shan state, Mong Yawng Township. Alternate names: Kamhmu, Kammu, Kamu, Khamuk, Khmu, Khomu, Kmhmu, Lao Terng, Mou, Pouteng, Pu Thenh, Tenh, Theng. Dialects: Yuan, Lue, Khuen. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu, Khmu

Khn

[kkh] 115,000 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries: 121,280. Main Kentung Valley in the center of Shan state. Also in Thailand. Alternate names: Gon Shan, Hkun, Khuen, Khun Shan, Khyn, Tai Khun, Tai-Khuen. Dialects: Similar to L [khb] and Northern Tai or southern Shan [shn]. The Lanna and Khun spoken dialects are considered similar by their speakers. Classification: TaiKadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

Kiorr

[xko] Alternate names: Col, Con, Saamtaav. Classification: AustroAsiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic

Lahu

[lhu] 125,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone 1993). Shan state, Kentung District. Alternate names: Lahuna, Launa, Lohei, Muhso, Museu, Musso, Mussuh. Dialects: Na (Black Lahu, Musser Dam, Northern Lahu, Loheirn), Nyi (Red Lahu, Southern Lahu, Musseh Daeng, Luhishi, Luhushi), Shehleh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central

Lahu Shi

[lhi]

60,000

in

Myanmar

(2007). Kentung

District.

Ethnologue

52

Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central

Lama

[lay] 3,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Dialects: Dialect or closely related language to Norra [nrr]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Nungish

Lamkang

[lmk] Betukshangreng village, 20 kms. from the border with southeast Manipur, India. Alternate names: Hiroi-Lamgang , Lamgang , Lamkaang, Lamkang Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Laopang

[lbg] 9,550 (2000). Alternate names: Laopa. Classification: SinoTibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Unclassified

Lashi

[lsi] 30,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total all countries: 31,800. Htawgaw Subdivision, Kachin state. Also in China. Alternate names: Acye, Chashan, Lachik, Lachikwaw, Lacid, Lacik, Lashi-Maru, Lasi, Lechi, Leqi, Letsi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Lhao Vo

[mhx] 100,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 1997). Population total all countries: 103,500. Kachin state, eastern border area, widely dispersed, north Myanmar. Also in China. Alternate names: Diso, Lang, Langsu, Laungaw, Laungwaw, Lawng, Lhaovo, Malu, Maru, Mulu, Zi. Dialects: Dago Lawng Bit, Zagaran Mran, Gawan Naw, Hlolan, Laking, Wa Khawk, Lawng Hsu. Lawng Hsu may have difficult intelligibility with the other dialects. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Lisu

[lis] 126,000 in Myanmar (1987). Around Lashio in Shan state, in Wa state, around Myitkyina and Bhamo in Kachin state, around Putao towards Assam border, around Loilem area in Shan state. Alternate names: Central Lisu, Li-Hsaw, Li-Shaw, Lisaw, Lu-Tzu, Southern Lisu, Yao Yen, Yaw Yin, Yaw-Yen, Yeh-Jeh. Dialects: Hwa Lisu (Flowery Lisu), Black Lisu, White Lisu, Lu Shi Lisu.

Ethnologue

53

Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Lisu

Lopi

[lov] 4,780 (2000). Possibly also in China. Classification: SinoTibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Unclassified

[khb] 200,000 in Myanmar (1981). Kengtung District of Shan state. Alternate names: Lue, Pai-I, Shu-Ai-I, Tai Lu. Classification: TaiKadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

Lui

[lba] 200. Alternate names: Loi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Unclassified

Meitei

[mni] 6,000 in Myanmar (1931). Alternate names: Kathe, Kathi, Manipuri, Meiteiron, Meithe, Meithei, Menipuri, Mitei, Mithe, Ponna. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Meitei

Mizo

[lus] 12,500 in Myanmar (1983). Northwestern portion of Falam Township, Chin state. Alternate names: Hualngo, Le, Lusai, Lushai, Lushei, Whelngo. Dialects: Dulien, Ngente, Mizo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Moken

[mwt] 7,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone 1993). Mergui Archipelago, Dung, and other islands in south Myanmar. Also in Thailand. Alternate names: Basing, Chau Ko, Lawta, Mawken, Orang Laut, Salon, Salong, Selong, Selung. Dialects:Dung, Ja-It, Lbe. Most similar to Moklen [mkm]. Related to Urak Lawoi [urk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Moklen

Mon

[mnw] 743,000 in Myanmar (2004). Population total all countries: 851,000. Eastern delta region from east of Rangoon as far as Ye in Southern Mon state. Also in Thailand. Alternate names: Mun, Peguan, Talaing. Dialects: Mataban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu

Ethnologue

54

(Northern Mon, Mon Tang), Ye (Southern Mon, Mon Nya). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Monic

Mru

[mro] 20,000 in Myanmar (1999 ABWE). Rakhine (Arakan) Hills and adjacent area. Alternate names: Mrung, Murung, Niopreng. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Mru

Naga, Leinong

[lzn] 8,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, Khamti District, Lahe Township near Lahe town, Khamti Township. Alternate names: Lainong Naga; Lenaung Naga; Yao Dyang Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Naga, Unclassified [lpn] 2,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, Khamti District, Layshi Township. Alternate names: Longpfuri, Longpfuru, Mimi, Amimi Naga. Dialects: Similar to Makuri Naga [jmn]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Naga, Unclassified

Naga, Long Phuri

Naga, Makyan

[umn] 3,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, Khamti District, scattered within Lahe Township. Alternate names: Macham Naga; Leinong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, KukiChin-Naga, Naga, Unclassified

Naga, Para

[pzn] 2,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, Khamti District, Layshi Township and Homalin Township. Alternate names: Bara Naga, Jejara Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Naga, Unclassified

Naga, Tase

[nst] 55,400 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries: 100,400. Northwestern Myanmar. Also in India. Alternate names: Cham Chang, Rangpan, Tangsa, Tase, Tasey. Dialects: Gashan, Hkaluk, Sangche, Saukrang, Langshin, Mawrang, Myimu, Sangtai, Tulim, Longri. A grouping of many Naga speech varieties, some of which are separate languages. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-

Ethnologue

55

Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Konyak

Nga La

[hlt] 40,000 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries: 60,000. Also in India. Alternate names: Matu Chin, Thlan Tan. Dialects: Va Lang (Warang), Tlam Tlaih. Not intelligible with Chin Haka [cnh]. Southern Matu [hlt] (India) considered the main dialect. Mizoram Matu reportedly not intelligible with Myanmar side. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

Norra

[nrr] 6,210 (2000). Northern Myanmar near Tibet. Alternate names: Nora, Noza, Nurra. Dialects: Nora, Byabe, Kizolo. Lama [lay] (3,000) may be a dialect. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish

Nung

[nun] 400 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total all countries: 790. Ethnic population: 6,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). North Myanmar. Thanlwin (Salween) (Nu) River. Also in China. Alternate names: Anong, Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuchye, Khanung, Khupang, Kiutze, Kwingsang, Kwinpang, Lu, Lutze, Lutzu, Nu. Dialects: Cholo, Gwaza, Miko. 15 or 16 dialects, mostly mutually inherently intelligible. Some understand the Mutwang dialect of Rawang. They may be the same as Nu River Drung in China. Lexical similarity: 70% with Rawang [raw]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish

Palaung, Ruching

[pce] 258,000 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries: 272,000. Southern Shan state area near Kalaw. 10,000 square mile area. In Kyawkme area in the northern Shan state. Lashio up to the China border. East of Lashio to the Salween. Some villages east of Salween River in Kokaing area. Also in China, Thailand. Alternate names: Di-Ang, Ngwe Palaung, Silver Palaung, Pale, Palay, Daang. Dialects: Rulai dialect near Lashio, regular phonological changes and some lexical difference from Ruching. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung

Ethnologue

56

Palaung, Rumai

[rbb] 137,000 in Myanmar. Population total all countries: 139,000. Northern Shan state, around Lashio and the road north to the border, Nam Kham, North Hsenwi, Tawngpeng (the ancient Palaung state), and some east of Lashio and east of the Salween. Also in China. Alternate names: Rumai, Humai, Rumai Humai, Taang Rumai, Silver Palaung, Ngwe Palong, Taang, Shan Rumai, Tai Rumai. Dialects: Nam Kham Rumai may be a different dialect from Lashio Rumai. Possible wide-spread variation. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung

Palaung, Shwe

[pll] 148,000 in Myanmar (1982). Population total all countries: 150,000. Northern Shan state, centered in Nam Hsan. Also in China. Alternate names: Ta-Ang Palaung, Golden Palaung, Shwe Palaung, Liang, Taang Samlung, Red Daang. Dialects:15 Palaung dialects in Myanmar. Pale Palaung [pce] and Rumai [rbb] are related, but distinct languages. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern MonKhmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung

Pali

[pli] Extinct. Classification: Indo-European, Aryan,

Indo-Iranian, IndoUnclassified

Palu

[pbz] 4,780 (2000). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified

Pankhu

[pkh] Falam area, Chin Hills. Alternate names: Pangkhu, Pankho, Panko. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-ChinNaga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Purum

[pub] 300 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Alternate names: Puram. Dialects: Related to Chiru [cdf], Aimol [aim], Langrong [aim]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Pyen

[pyy] 800 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East central, 2 enclaves very near Laos border, near Kha River. Alternate

Ethnologue

57

names:Hpyin. Dialects: Similar to Phunoi [pho], Bisu [bzi], Mpi [mpz]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Phunoi

Rakhine

[rki] 730,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Population total all countries: 765,000. Southwest, Rakhine (Arakan) state. Also in Bangladesh. Alternate names: Rakhain, Rakkhaine, Mogh. Dialects: Rakhine, Sitwe. Related to Marma [rmz]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Ralte

[ral] 24,800 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries: 25,700. Also in India. Dialects: Related to Tedim Chin [ctd], Paite Chin [pck], Thado Chin [tcz], Zo [zom]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Rawang

[raw] 62,100 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries: 122,600. Kachin state, Putao District, north of Myitkyina. Also in India. Alternate names: Chiutse, Chopa, Ganung-Rawang, Hkanung, Kiutze, Krangku, Nung, Nung Rawang, Taron. Dialects: DangraqMashang, Ganong (Jerwang-Daru), Khingpang (Anong), Longmi, Marangdong-Jigong, Matwang, Tangsar (Mabuq-Chinle), Thrung. Reported to have 75 to 100 dialects, although these may represent only 5 to 8 dialect subgroups. Some are inherently mutually unintelligible. Some speakers of most dialects reportedly understand Matwang, a central, written dialect. Five major divisions of clans (with numerous subclans): Longmi, Matwang, Ganong (Daru-Jerwang), Tangsar, Anong. Intermarriage patterns among clans may affect dialect relationships. Dialect continuum with Nu nationality in China. Dialects near the Tibet border are more divergent. Related to Kunglang in India, but contact was cut off in 1950s. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, TibetoBurman, Nungish

Riang

[ril] 12,500 in Myanmar (2008). Population total all countries: 15,500. Shan state, northeast Myanmar. Also in China. Alternate names: Yinnet, Black Riang, Black Karen, Yanglam, Black Yang, Riang-Lang, Yin, Yang, Liang Sek, Yang Wan Kun. Dialects: Black Riang, Red Riang. Not related to the Tripuri [trp] speaking Riang of India and Bangladesh. Not related to Black (Pao) Karen [blk], which

Ethnologue

58

is Sino-Tibetan. The degree of difference between Red and Black Riang is unknown but these have been treated as separate languages traditionally, occupy different social and geographic space, and wear different styles of traditional clothing. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Riang

Rohingya

[rhg] 1,000,000 in Myanmar (2006). Population total all countries: 1,500,000. Rakhine state. Also in Bangladesh, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand. Alternate names: Akyab, Arakan, Rohinja. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, BengaliAssamese

Samtao

[stu] 9,550 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries: 9,650. East Shan state. Also in China, Laos, Thailand. Alternate names: Samtau, Samtuan. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, MonKhmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic

Sansu

[sca] 4,780 (2000). Dialects: May not be a distinct language. In China, included with the Hani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani

Shan

[shn] 3,200,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). 350,000 Tai Mao (1990 A. Diller ANU). Population total all countries: 3,295,000. Shan state, southeast Myanmar. Kokang Shan is in Kokang area, north Wa area, Shan state; Tai Mao is on Burma-Yunnan border, centered at Muang Mao Long or Namkham, Myanmar. Also in China, Thailand. Alternate names: Great Thai, Mau, Ngeo , Ngiao , Ngiaw , Ngio , Ngiow , Sam, Sha, Tai Luang, Tai Shan, Tai Yai, Thai Yai. Dialects: Kokang Shan, Tai Mao (Mao, Maw, Mau, Tai Long, Northern Shan). Burmese Shan is spoken with regional dialect differences, but dialects are similar linguistically. Tai-Khae (Khe) may be a dialect. Low intelligibility with L [khb]. Classification: TaiKadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

Tai Loi

[tlq] 4,460 in Myanmar (2008). Population total all countries:

Ethnologue

59

4,960. Eastern Shan state, Northern Mong Yawng Township and across the border into China, Doi is across the border in Laos. Also in Laos. Alternate names: Loi, Monglwe, Tailoi, Wakut, Doi. Dialects: Saneung Muak, Doi. Most similar to Pale Palaung [pce], but with a lot of sound changes, also separating it from the Palaung languages in China. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, MonKhmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic

Tai Na

[tdd] 72,400 in Myanmar (1983). Possibly also in northern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Chinese Shan, Tai Kong, Tai Neua. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

Taman

[tcl] Extinct. Tamanthi and its surrounding area in Homalin Township, Khamti District, Sagaing Division. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Jingpho

Taungyo

[tco] 40,000 (2000 D. Bradley). East central; vicinity of Taunggyi, Shan state southward to Tavoy, Taninthayi (Tenasserim) Division. Alternate names: Dawai, Dawe, Taru, Tavoya, Tavoyan, Tawe-Tavoy, Toru. Dialects: Related to Burmese [mya]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Tavoyan

[tvn] 400,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Southeast. Dialects: A better known variety of nonstandard Burmese with profound pronunciation and vocabulary differences from Burmese [mya]. Classification: SinoTibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Wa, Parauk

[prk] 922,000 in Myanmar (2008), increasing. 415,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 1,188,000. Northeast Shan state, upper Salween River area; East Shan state, Kengtung area. Also in China. Alternate names: Baraog, Phalok, Praok, Wa. Dialects: Nawi, Mong Maw, En, Bible Wa, Ou Swa, Sao Pha, Pangwai, Jo Phyu (Man Tong), Man Teey, Yong Shuai, Yong Rauk, Twe Laung, Pang Yang (Meui Khaox), Khwin Maw, Ying Pang (Sigang), Man Ton, Ling Hsaw.

Ethnologue

60

Related to Lawa [lcp]. 300 varieties of all of Wa in China of which 35 surveyed (2006 Institute of Nationalities, Sun Hong Kai). The standard form for Wa official nationality in China is based upon Yong Shuai, one of many Paraok varieties. Bible Wa, a composite language, is also based on Yong Shuai, and forms the standard for Myanmar. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa

Welaung

[weu] 9,550 (2000). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

Wewaw

[wea] 23,900 (2000). Toungoo District. Alternate names: Wewau. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Sgaw

Yangbye

[ybd] 810,000 (1983). Rakhine state, Ramree Island region, Arakan. Alternate names: Yanbe, Yanbye, Yangye. Classification: SinoTibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Yinchia

[yin] 12,000 (2008). South Shan state. Alternate names: Black Riang, Ranei, Striped Karen, Yinnet. Dialects: Related to Riang Lang [ril]. Not Karen. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Riang [yos] 3,400 (1983). Alternate names: Yo, Yote. Classification: SinoTibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Yos

Zaiwa

[atb] 30,000 in Myanmar (1997). Kachin state, Sedan; Shan state, Kentung District. Alternate names: Aci, Atshi, Atsi, Atzi, Azi, Tsaiwa, Zi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern [zom] 30,000 in Myanmar. Population total all countries: 50,600. Primarily Chin state: Tonzang, Hakha, and Teddim townships; Sagaing Division: Kalay, Khampat, and Tamu townships. Also in India. Alternate names: Jou, Kuki Chin, Zau, Zome, Zomi,

Zo

Ethnologue

61

Zou. Dialects: Similar to Paite Chin [pck], and Simte [smt]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Zyphe

[zyp] 17,000 in Myanmar (1994). Population total all countries: 20,000. Chin state, Thantlang Township. Also in India. Alternate names: Zophei, Zoptei. Dialects: Lower Zyphe, Upper Zyphe. Similar to Mara Chin [mrh]. Myanmar and India varieties reportedly mutually intelligible. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

[See also SIL publications on the languages of Myanmar.]

E Ethnologue

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