Sunteți pe pagina 1din 80

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method

LO+: &'&O assi"n#ent of costs (App !A) LO,: &'&O Cost reconciliation (App !A)

LO%: &'&O equivalent units (App !A)

LO11: 1tep2/own #et.o/ (App !0)

LO!: WAC assi"n#ent of costs

(App !A)

LO1-: Direct #et.o/ (App !0)

LO$: WAC Cost reconciliation

3rofessional E4a# A/apte/

LO2: WAC equivalent units

LO3: WAC cost per E

LO*: &'&O cost per E

LO1: Cost flows

Difficulty

Question Type 1 2 3 ! $ % * + , 111 12 13 1! 1$ 1% 1* 1+ T6& T6& T6& T6& T6& Conceptual 56C 56C 56C 56C 56C 56C 56C 56C 56C 56C 56C 56C 56C

'D +6e: AT0!219ew:$6236,*C !6e:!21%% !6e:!21%! 9ew: *6116-*:D! %6e:!21* !6e:!2231 36e:!21$ 9ew:$62*6,*:E% 9ew:$62*6,*:5% 16e:32+ 9ew:$62*6,*:'% 9ew:$62*6,*:Q% !6e:!21,9ew:$62$6,*:C% 9ew:$62*6,*:8% 16e:32! !6e:!2222

7 5 E 5 5 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 E

4 4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Ori"in Davi/ 8eyes E;9; Aut.ors Aut.ors E;9; Aut.ors Aut.ors Aut.ors E;9; E;9; Aut.ors E;9; E;9; Aut.ors E;9; E;9; Aut.ors Aut.ors

C5A6C3A ori"in

4A-1

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method


1, 221 22 !A2 1 !A2 2 !A2 3 !A2 ! !A2 $ !A2 % !A2 * !A2 + !A2 , !A2 1!A2 11 23 2!2 2* 2+2 3$ 3%2 3* 3+2 !! !$2 !* !+2 !, $-2 $1 $22 $3 $!2 $$ $%2 $* $+2 $, %%1 %2 %3 %! %$ 56C 56C 56C 56C 56C 5ultipart 56C 5ultipart 56C 5ultipart 56C 5ultipart 56C 5ultipart 56C 5ultipart 56C 5ultipart 56C 5ultipart 56C 5ultipart 56C 5ultipart 56C 5ultipart 56C 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 5 5 5 E 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 5 7 E25 E25 5 7 7 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 C 5 A 4 4 4 4 4 9ew:$62*6,*:<% 9ew:$62*6,*:O% 9ew:$62*6,*:T% *61262--* 1in"le 5C L1 *61262--* 1n"le 5C 51 !6e:!21,2 to 1,$ C5A:%6,$:3art3: Q12Q* LD,e:C7-!Q32$ 9ew 1161+6-5! 9ew 1161+6-3! 9ew 1161+6-Q! 9ew 1161+6-9! 9ew 1161+6-O! +6e:AT0!2!* to !+ *61262--* 5ulti 5C 81 *61262--* 5ulti 5C L1 36e:!23!21 9ew:$62+6,*:D% 9ew:$62+6,*:E% +6+62--! 3ro=le# <3 +6+62--! 3ro=le# 73 9ew:$62+6,*:&% E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9; Aut.ors Aut.ors Larry Deppe E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9; Davi/ 8eyes E;9; E;9; Aut.ors E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9; C5A:%6,$:3 art3:Q12Q*

4A-2

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method


%% %* %+ %, **1 *2 *3 *! 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 3ro=le# 5 5 E E 5 5 E 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 +6+62--! 3ro=le# C3 +6+62--! 3ro=le# D3 +6+62--! 3ro=le# 83 +6+62--! 3ro=le# L3 +6+62--! 3ro=le# 33 +6+62--! 3ro=le# Q3 *61262--* 3ro=le# 1 *61262--* 3ro=le# >1 *61262--* 3ro=le# W1 E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9; E;9;

4A-3

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key


True / False Questions 1. When comparing the two proce co ting method !or the ame company, e"#i$a%ent #nit comp#ted #nder the FIFO method wi%% a%way &e %e than or e"#a% to e"#i$a%ent #nit comp#ted #nder the weighted-a$erage method. TRUE

AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: " Learning O !ective: # Level: $ar%

2. 'he co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t wi%% a%way &e the ame #nder &oth the FIFO and the weighted-a$erage method i! there i no &eginning wor( in proce in$entory. TRUE

AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: & Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

3. )nder the FIFO proce co ting method, the e"#i$a%ent #nit o! prod#ction re%ate on%y to wor( done d#ring the c#rrent period. TRUE

AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: (as)

4A-4

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

4. 'he co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit #nder the FIFO method o! proce co ting i e"#a% to the co t o! &eginning wor( in proce in$entory p%# the co t added d#ring the period, a%% di$ided &y the e"#i$a%ent #nit o! prod#ction !or the period. FALSE

AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

*. In the co t reconci%iation report, the co t acco#nted !or e"#a% the co t o! ending wor( in proce in$entory p%# the co t added d#ring the period. FALSE

AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: * Level: Me%ium

Multiple Choice Questions +. A%% prod#ction co t ha$e &een teadi%y ri ing in the ,onner -ompany !or e$era% period . 'he company maintain %arge wor( in proce in$entorie . ,onner -ompany. co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit comp#ted # ing the FIFO method wo#%d &e/ A. the ame a that comp#ted #nder the weighted-a$erage method. B. higher than that comp#ted #nder the weighted-a$erage method. -. %ower than that comp#ted #nder the weighted-a$erage method. ,. co#%d &e %ower than, the ame a , or higher than that comp#ted #nder the weighted-a$erage method.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: & Learning O !ective: ' Level: $ar%

4A-*

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

0. On Apri% 1, 1i tron -orporation had 12,222 #nit o! wor( in proce in ,epartment A that were 1223 comp%ete with re pect to materia% co t and 223 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . ,#ring Apri%, 42,222 #nit were tarted in ,epartment A and 4*,222 #nit were comp%eted and tran !erred to ,epartment 5. 'he wor( in proce at the end o! Apri% wa 1223 comp%ete with re pect to materia% co t and 423 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . 5y what amo#nt wo#%d the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or Apri% di!!er i! the FIFO method were # ed in tead o! the weighted-a$erage method6 A. 12,222 decrea e 5. 4,222 decrea e -. 4,222 decrea e D. 2,222 decrea e

,i!!erence 7 40,222 e"#i$a%ent #nit # ing Weighted A$erage - 4*,222 e"#i$a%ent #nit # ing FIFO 7 2,222 e"#i$a%ent #nit decrea e

4A-+

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key


AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: " Learning O !ective: # Level: $ar%

4. -reer -ompany # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. ,epartment A had 22,222 #nit in proce at the &eginning o! 8an#ary, that were 423 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . A%% materia% are added at the &eginning o! the proce in ,epartment A. 'he 8an#ary 1 wor( in proce in$entory in ,epartment A contained 912,222 in materia% co t and 911,+22 in con$er ion co t. ,#ring 8an#ary, materia% co t were 92.*2 per e"#i$a%ent #nit and con$er ion co t were 91.*2 per e"#i$a%ent #nit. A%% o! the #nit in the &eginning wor( in proce in$entory were comp%eted and tran !erred o#t d#ring the month. What wa the tota% co t attached to the e #nit when they were tran !erred to the next department6 A. 93:,+22 5. 933,+22 -. 94*,+22 ,. 930,+22

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Learning O !ective: + Level: Me%ium

4A-0

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

:. ;dward -ompany # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. 'he !ir t proce ing department, the We%ding ,epartment, tarted the month with 12,222 #nit in it &eginning wor( in proce in$entory that were 423 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . 'he con$er ion co t in thi &eginning wor( in proce in$entory wa 912,422. An additiona% :4,222 #nit were tarted into prod#ction d#ring the month. 'here were 14,222 #nit in the ending wor( in proce in$entory o! the We%ding ,epartment that were 423 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . A tota% o! 924+,042 in con$er ion co t were inc#rred in the department d#ring the month. What wo#%d &e the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t 6 <=o#nd o!! to three decima% p%ace .> A. 92.442 5. 93.222 C. 92.:*2 ,. 93.2*2

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-4

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

12. Ma%a$iya -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. Operating data !or the -a ting ,epartment !or the month o! ?eptem&er appear &e%ow/

According to the company. record , the con$er ion co t in &eginning wor( in proce in$entory wa 9+3,124 at the &eginning o! ?eptem&er. Additiona% con$er ion co t o! 9+*4,242 were inc#rred in the department d#ring the month. What wo#%d &e the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or ?eptem&er6 <=o#nd o!! to three decima% p%ace .> A. 94.2+2 5. 9:.242 -. 9:.240 D. 9:.422

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-:

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

11. M#(%#( -ompany # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. 'he con$er ion co t !or the month o! Apri% i 9*.22 per e"#i$a%ent #nit and the materia% co t i 92.:2 per e"#i$a%ent #nit. At the &eginning o! the month, 1,222 #nit were in proce that were 1223 comp%ete with re pect to materia% and 323 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion, with a tota% co t at that point o! 92,422. I! the e #nit are !#%%y comp%ete &y the end o! the month, their tota% co t wi%% &e/ A. 93,*22 5. 93,:22 C. 9*,:22 ,. 94,222

AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-12

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

12. I mai% -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. 'he !ir t proce ing department, the Forming ,epartment, tarted the month with 21,222 #nit in it &eginning wor( in proce in$entory that were 123 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . 'he con$er ion co t in thi &eginning wor( in proce in$entory wa 9+,2:2. An additiona% :4,222 #nit were tarted into prod#ction d#ring the month and :*,222 #nit were comp%eted and tran !erred to the next proce ing department. 'here were 24,222 #nit in the ending wor( in proce in$entory o! the Forming ,epartment that were 323 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . A tota% o! 92+:,2+: in con$er ion co t were inc#rred in the department d#ring the month. What wo#%d &e the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or the month6 <=o#nd o!! to three decima% p%ace .> A. 92.:22 5. 92.044 C. 92.+:2 ,. 92.314

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-11

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

13. @#i%% -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. Operating data !or the -#tting ,epartment !or the month o! March appear &e%ow/

According to the company. record , the con$er ion co t in &eginning wor( in proce in$entory wa 9*,214 at the &eginning o! March. Additiona% con$er ion co t o! 9422,+44 were inc#rred in the department d#ring the month. What wo#%d &e the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or March6 <=o#nd o!! to three decima% p%ace .> A. 94.413 B. 90.*4+ -. 90.*34 ,. 90.022

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-12

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

14. =oger -ompany # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. 'he !o%%owing data are ta(en !rom the acco#nting record o! a partic#%ar department !or 8#ne/

'he co t o! the 0*,222 #nit tran !erred o#t o! the department d#ring 8#ne i / A. 91*1,2*2 B. 914*,2*2 -. 9131,*22 ,. 91+4,0*2

4A-13

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key


AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: + Level: Me%ium

1*. -ap#% -ompany # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. 'he A em&%y ,epartment tarted the month with *,222 #nit in it &eginning wor( in proce in$entory that were *23 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . An additiona% 04,222 #nit were tran !erred in !rom the prior department d#ring the month to &egin proce ing in the A em&%y ,epartment. 'here were 1*,222 #nit in the ending wor( in proce in$entory o! the A em&%y ,epartment that were +23 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . What were the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t in the A em&%y ,epartment !or the month6 A. 44,222 B. 02,*22 -. 03,222 ,. +4,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-14

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

1+. Ket -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. Operating data !or the ;name%ing ,epartment !or the month o! May appear &e%ow/

What were the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t in the ;name%ing ,epartment !or May6 A. 43,1:2 5. 42,+22 -. 43,422 ,. 44,422

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-1*

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

10. Win(%e -ompany # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. At the &eginning o! March, the wor( in proce in$entory in the 5%ending Aroce ing -enter con i ted o! *,222 #nit , :23 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . At the end o! the month, the wor( in proce in$entory con i ted o! 2,222 #nit that were +23 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . I! 12,222 #nit were tran !erred to the next proce ing center d#ring the month, the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t were/ A. +,022 #nit 5. 11,022 #nit -. 12,322 #nit ,. 13,222 #nit

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-1+

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

14. Frei n -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. ,epartment A i the !ir t proce ing department the company. prod#ction proce . 'he !o%%owing in!ormation pertain to con$er ion co t in 8#ne !or that department/

'he e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t are/ A. 1+2,222 B. 1+4,222 -. 142,222 ,. 10+,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: (as)

4A-10

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

1:. Ba%%i -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. 'he Brinding ,epartment tarted the month with 12,222 #nit in it &eginning wor( in proce in$entory that were 323 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . An additiona% 03,222 #nit were tran !erred in !rom the prior department d#ring the month to &egin proce ing in the Brinding ,epartment. ,#ring the month ++,222 #nit were comp%eted in the Brinding ,epartment and tran !erred to the next proce ing department. 'here were 10,222 #nit in the ending wor( in proce in$entory o! the Brinding ,epartment that were 423 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . What were the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t in the Brinding ,epartment !or the month6 A. +:,422 5. 42,222 -. 02,422 ,. ++,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-14

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

22. OCdemir -ompany # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. Operating data !or the 5raCing ,epartment !or the month o! Do$em&er appear &e%ow/

What were the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t in the 5raCing ,epartment !or Do$em&er6 A. *0,*22 B. *+,+42 -. *+,122 ,. *:,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-1:

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

21. 'eniche!! -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. Operating data !or the -#ring ,epartment !or the month o! March appear &e%ow/

According to the company. record , the con$er ion co t in &eginning wor( in proce in$entory wa 912,2*2 at the &eginning o! March. 'he co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or March wa 92.42. 1ow m#ch con$er ion co t wo#%d &e a igned to the #nit comp%eted and tran !erred o#t o! the department d#ring March6 A. 9134,442 5. 9110,+22 C. 913*,2:2 ,. 912*,242

4A-22

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: + Level: Me%ium

4A-21

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

22. In Do$em&er, one o! the proce ing department at =#%%o -orporation had &eginning wor( in proce in$entory o! 923,222 and ending wor( in proce in$entory o! 932,222. ,#ring the month, 92+0,222 o! co t were added to prod#ction and the co t o! #nit tran !erred o#t !rom the department wa 92*4,222. 'he company # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. In the department. co t reconci%iation report !or Do$em&er, the tota% co t to &e acco#nted !or wo#%d &e/ A. 9*42,222 5. 9**0,222 C. 92:2,222 ,. 9**,222 'ota% co t to &e acco#nted !or/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: * Level: (as)

23. In ?eptem&er, one o! the proce ing department at 5ec(a -orporation had ending wor( in proce in$entory o! 923,222. ,#ring the month, 93+2,222 o! co t were added to prod#ction and the co t o! #nit tran !erred o#t !rom the department wa 9302,222. 'he company # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. In the department. co t reconci%iation report !or ?eptem&er, the tota% co t acco#nted !or wo#%d &e/ A. 9*+,222 B. 93:*,222 -. 90:2,222 ,. 90*0,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: * Level: Me%ium

4A-22

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

,etai% o! the man#!act#ring acti$ity in Amy -ompany. A em&%y ,epartment !or the month o! ,ecem&er are gi$en &e%ow/

A%% materia% are added at the &eginning o! proce ing in the A em&%y ,epartment.

24. 'he e"#i$a%ent #nit !or %a&or and o$erhead !or the month, # ing the FIFO method, i / A. :2,222 5. 02,222 -. 42,222 D. 04,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-23

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

2*. 'he e"#i$a%ent #nit !or materia% !or the month, # ing the FIFO method, i / A. 42,222 5. 02,222 -. 04,222 ,. :2,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

2+. 'he e"#i$a%ent #nit !or %a&or and o$erhead !or the month, # ing the weighted-a$erage method, i / A. 1+2,222 5. 42,222 C. 41,222 ,. 04,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: " Level: Me%ium

4A-24

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

20. 'he e"#i$a%ent #nit !or materia% !or the month, # ing the weighted-a$erage method, i / A. 41,222 B. :2,222 -. 02,222 ,. 42,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: " Level: Me%ium

Kim&eth Man#!act#ring ma(e ,# t ,en ity ?en or <,,?>, a a!ety de$ice !or the mining ind# try. 'he company # e a proce co ting y tem and ha on%y a ing%e proce ing department. 'he !o%%owing in!ormation pertain to operation !or the month o! May/

'he &eginning wor( in proce in$entory wa +23 comp%ete with re pect to materia% and 223 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . 'he ending wor( in proce in$entory wa :23 comp%ete with re pect to materia% and 423 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . 'he co t were a !o%%ow /

4A-2*

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key


24. ) ing the FIFO method, the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or May !or materia% are/ A. 42,422 #nit B. 124,222 #nit -. 120,222 #nit ,. 124,222 #nit

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium S,urce: CMA- a%a.te%

4A-2+

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

2:. ) ing the FIFO method, the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or May !or con$er ion co t are/ A. 4*,+22 #nit 5. 44,422 #nit -. :*,222 #nit D. :4,422 #nit

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium S,urce: CMA- a%a.te%

4A-20

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

32. ) ing the FIFO method, the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit o! materia% !or May i c%o e t to/ A. 94.12 B. 94.*2 -. 94.+2 ,. 94.42

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium S,urce: CMA- a%a.te%

4A-24

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

31. ) ing the FIFO method, the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit o! con$er ion co t !or May i c%o e t to/ A. 9*.+* B. 9*.43 -. 9+.22 ,. 9+.22

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium S,urce: CMA- a%a.te%

4A-2:

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

32. ) ing the FIFO method, the tota% co t o! #nit in the ending wor( in proce c%o e t to/ A. 91*3,222 5. 91*4,422 -. 91**,322 ,. 91*0,222

in$entory i

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Learning O !ective: + Level: Me%ium S,urce: CMA- a%a.te%

4A-32

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

33. ) ing the weighted-a$erage method, the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit o! materia% !or May i c%o e t to/ A. 94.12 5. 94.*2 C. 94.+2 ,. 9*.23

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: & Level: Me%ium S,urce: CMA- a%a.te%

4A-31

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

34. ) ing the weighted-a$erage method, the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit o! con$er ion co t !or May i c%o e t to/ A. 9*.+* 5. 9*.43 C. 9+.22 ,. 9+.41

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: & Level: Me%ium S,urce: CMA- a%a.te%

4A-32

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

3*. ) ing the weighted-a$erage method, the tota% co t o! the #nit in ending wor( in proce in$entory i c%o e t to/ A. 91*+,:+2 5. 94+,422 -. 91*3,:+2 ,. 91*4,422

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: & Learning O !ective: / Level: Me%ium S,urce: CMA- a%a.te%

4A-33

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

-herrington -ompany # e a proce co ting y tem. For May, the month E# t comp%eted, the &eginning wor( in proce in$entory con i ted o! *2,222 #nit which were +23 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . 'he ending in$entory !or the month wa 223 comp%ete with re pect to con$er ion co t . A #mmary o! co t data !or the month !o%%ow /

3+. A #ming that -herrington -ompany # e the weighted-a$erage method, what i the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or May to the neare t who%e cent6 A. 94.1: 5. 94.22 C. 93.+4 ,. 93.43

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: & Level: $ar%

4A-34

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

30. A #ming that -herrington -ompany # e the FIFO method, what i the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or May to the neare t cent6 A. 94.31 5. 93.4: -. 94.2: D. 94.11

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: ' Level: $ar%

4A-3*

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

Mo#%gadi -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. ,ata concerning the !ir t proce ing department !or the mo t recent month are %i ted &e%ow/

Dote/ Fo#r an wer may di!!er !rom tho e o!!ered &e%ow d#e to ro#nding error. In a%% ca e , e%ect the an wer that i the c%o e t to the an wer yo# comp#ted. 'o red#ce ro#nding error, carry o#t a%% comp#tation to at %ea t three decima% p%ace .

4A-3+

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key


34. What are the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or materia% !or the month in the !ir t proce ing department6 A. 1,242 B. :,34* -. 12,422 ,. 4,122

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-30

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

3:. What are the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or the month in the !ir t proce ing department6 A. 442 5. 12,422 C. :,*0* ,. 4,122

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-34

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

42. 'he co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or materia% !or the month in the !ir t proce ing department i c%o e t to/ A. 923.24 B. 921.43 -. 923.:+ ,. 91:.02

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-3:

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

41. 'he co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or the !ir t department !or the month i c%o e t to/ A. 930.40 5. 93:.0+ -. 943.41 ,. 941.22

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-42

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

42. 'he co t o! a comp%eted #nit tran !erred o#t o! the department i c%o e t to/ A. 9+3.24 B. 9*:.02 -. 9*+.2+ ,. 901.:4

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-41

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

43. 'he tota% co t tran !erred !rom the !ir t proce ing department to the next proce ing department d#ring the month i c%o e t to/ A. 9*2+,:+0 5. 9*43,222 -. 9+22,:21 ,. 9*+0,*22

4A-42

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Learning O !ective: + Level: Me%ium

4A-43

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

44. 'he co t o! ending wor( in proce in$entory in the !ir t proce ing department according to the company. co t y tem i c%o e t to/ A. 9:*,*23 B. 9*+,231 -. 9*2,*34 ,. 9+2,2:2

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Learning O !ective: + Level: Me%ium

4A-44

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

Aratt -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. ,ata concerning the !ir t proce ing department !or the mo t recent month are %i ted &e%ow/

Dote/ Fo#r an wer may di!!er !rom tho e o!!ered &e%ow d#e to ro#nding error. In a%% ca e , e%ect the an wer that i the c%o e t to the an wer yo# comp#ted. 'o red#ce ro#nding error, carry o#t a%% comp#tation to at %ea t three decima% p%ace .

4A-4*

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key


4*. What are the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or materia% !or the month in the !ir t proce ing department6 A. 12,322 5. **2 C. :,*02 ,. 4,:22

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-4+

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

4+. 'he co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or the !ir t department !or the month i c%o e t to/ A. 944.14 5. 94+.42 -. 944.:4 D. 94+.+*

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-40

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

40. 'he tota% co t tran !erred !rom the !ir t proce ing department to the next proce ing department d#ring the month i c%o e t to/ A. 9+2:,324 5. 9+*2,*22 -. 9+3*,:22 ,. 9+:+,4**

4A-44

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Learning O !ective: + Level: Me%ium

4A-4:

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

@tech -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. ,ata concerning the !ir t proce ing department !or the mo t recent month are %i ted &e%ow/

Dote/ Fo#r an wer may di!!er !rom tho e o!!ered &e%ow d#e to ro#nding error. In a%% ca e , e%ect the an wer that i the c%o e t to the an wer yo# comp#ted. 'o red#ce ro#nding error, carry o#t a%% comp#tation to at %ea t three decima% p%ace .

44. 1ow many #nit were tarted AD, comp%eted d#ring the month in the !ir t proce ing department6 A. 4,:22 5. :,*22 -. 4,122 D. 0,*22

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-*2

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

4:. 'he co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or the !ir t department !or the month i c%o e t to/ A. 934.02 5. 933.*2 -. 93+.+0 D. 931.:2

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-*1

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

Doda -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. ,ata concerning the !ir t proce ing department !or the mo t recent month are %i ted &e%ow/

Dote/ Fo#r an wer may di!!er !rom tho e o!!ered &e%ow d#e to ro#nding error. In a%% ca e , e%ect the an wer that i the c%o e t to the an wer yo# comp#ted. 'o red#ce ro#nding error, carry o#t a%% comp#tation to at %ea t three decima% p%ace .

4A-*2

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key


*2. What are the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or materia% !or the month in the !ir t proce ing department6 A. +32 B. +,+0* -. 0,222 ,. +,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-*3

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

*1. 'he co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or the !ir t department !or the month i c%o e t to/ A. 932.*+ 5. 920.:2 -. 924.44 D. 920.2:

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-*4

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

O man -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. ,ata concerning the !ir t proce ing department !or the mo t recent month are %i ted &e%ow/

Dote/ Fo#r an wer may di!!er !rom tho e o!!ered &e%ow d#e to ro#nding error. In a%% ca e , e%ect the an wer that i the c%o e t to the an wer yo# comp#ted. 'o red#ce ro#nding error, carry o#t a%% comp#tation to at %ea t three decima% p%ace .

4A-**

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key


*2. What are the e"#i$a%ent #nit !or con$er ion co t !or the month in the !ir t proce ing department6 A. 4,122 5. *+2 C. 4,43* ,. 12,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-*+

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

*3. 'he co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or materia% !or the month in the !ir t proce ing department i c%o e t to/ A. 924.*0 B. 92+.*0 -. 920.40 ,. 923.:0

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Level: Me%ium

4A-*0

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

'he !o%%owing in!ormation re%ate to the Mixing ,epartment o! Gag%a$ Arod#ct -ompany !or the month o! 8#ne. Gag%a$ # e a FIFO proce co ting y tem.

*4. What are the Mixing ,epartment. e"#i$a%ent #nit re%ated to materia% !or 8#ne6 A. 0+,222 B. 0:,222 -. 40,222 ,. 44,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: $ar%

4A-*4

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

**. What are the Mixing ,epartment. e"#i$a%ent #nit re%ated to con$er ion co t !or 8#ne6 A. 04,322 5. 41,322 -. 42,322 ,. 44,022

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: $ar%

4A-*:

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

In 8#%y, one o! the proce ing department at Keen -orporation had &eginning wor( in proce in$entory o! 91:,222 and ending wor( in proce in$entory o! 914,222. ,#ring the month, the co t o! #nit tran !erred o#t !rom the department wa 921+,222. 'he company # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem.

*+. In the department. co t reconci%iation report !or 8#%y, the co t added to prod#ction in the department wo#%d &e/ A. 9210,222 5. 91:4,222 -. 91:0,222 D. 921*,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: * Level: Me%ium

4A-+2

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

*0. In the department. co t reconci%iation report !or 8#%y, the tota% co t acco#nted !or wo#%d &e/ A. 930,222 5. 944:,222 C. 9234,222 ,. 94+4,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: * Level: (as)

4A-+1

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

In 8an#ary, one o! the proce ing department at ?e #m -orporation had &eginning wor( in proce in$entory o! 910,222. ,#ring the month, 9102,222 o! co t were added to prod#ction and the co t o! #nit tran !erred o#t !rom the department wa 9104,222. 'he company # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem.

*4. In the department. co t reconci%iation report !or 8an#ary, the co t o! ending wor( in proce in$entory wo#%d &e/ A. 910,222 5. 9*,222 C. 911,222 ,. 923,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: * Level: Me%ium

4A-+2

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

*:. In the department. co t reconci%iation report !or 8an#ary, the tota% co t to &e acco#nted !or wo#%d &e/ A. 93+1,222 B. 914:,222 -. 924,222 ,. 9304,222

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: * Level: (as)

4A-+3

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

Essay Questions +2. ?harp -ompany ha a proce co ting y tem. 'he !o%%owing data re%ate to the company. Mixing ,epartment !or a recent month/

A%% materia% are added at the &eginning o! the Mixing proce . =e"#ired/ a. -omp#te the e"#i$a%ent #nit &. -omp#te the e"#i$a%ent #nit c. -omp#te the e"#i$a%ent #nit method. d. -omp#te the e"#i$a%ent #nit method. o! prod#ction !or materia% # ing the FIFO method. o! prod#ction !or con$er ion # ing the FIFO method. o! prod#ction !or materia% # ing the weighted-a$erage o! prod#ction !or con$er ion # ing the weighted-a$erage

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: " Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-+4

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

+1. ,ame in Inc. # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. 'he !o%%owing data concern the operation o! the company. !ir t proce ing department !or a recent month.

=e"#ired/ ) ing the FIFO method/ a. ,etermine the e"#i$a%ent #nit o! prod#ction !or materia% and con$er ion co t . &. ,etermine the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or materia% and con$er ion co t . c. ,etermine the co t o! ending wor( in proce in$entory. d. ,etermine the co t o! #nit tran !erred o#t o! the department d#ring the month.

4A-+*

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key


FIFO method/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Learning O !ective: + Level: $ar%

4A-++

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

+2. ;p tein Inc. # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. 'he !o%%owing data concern the operation o! the company. !ir t proce ing department !or a recent month.

=e"#ired/ ) ing the FIFO method/ a. ,etermine the e"#i$a%ent #nit o! prod#ction !or materia% and con$er ion co t . &. ,etermine the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or materia% and con$er ion co t . c. ,etermine the co t o! ending wor( in proce in$entory. d. ,etermine the co t o! #nit tran !erred o#t o! the department d#ring the month.

4A-+0

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key


FIFO method/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Learning O !ective: ' Learning O !ective: + Level: $ar%

4A-+4

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

+3. A#g# te -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce pertain to it A em&%y ,epartment !or Octo&er.

co ting. 'he !o%%owing data

=e"#ired/ -omp#te the e"#i$a%ent #nit o! prod#ction !or &oth materia% and con$er ion co t !or the A em&%y ,epartment !or Octo&er # ing the FIFO method. FIFO method/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-+:

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

+4. 'he !o%%owing data pertain to the Mi%%ing ,epartment o! 1erd -orporation !or ?eptem&er. 'he company # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting.

=e"#ired/ -omp#te the e"#i$a%ent #nit o! prod#ction !or &oth materia% and con$er ion co t !or the Mi%%ing ,epartment !or ?eptem&er # ing the FIFO method. FIFO method/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-02

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

+*. Fryer Inc. # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. 'he !o%%owing data concern the operation o! the company. !ir t proce ing department !or a recent month.

=e"#ired/ ) ing the FIFO method, determine the e"#i$a%ent #nit o! prod#ction !or materia% and con$er ion co t . FIFO method/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-01

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

++. Ha we%% -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce pertain to it A em&%y ,epartment !or May.

co ting. 'he !o%%owing data

=e"#ired/ ,etermine the e"#i$a%ent #nit o! prod#ction !or the A em&%y ,epartment !or May # ing the FIFO method. FIFO method/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-02

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

+0. 'he !o%%owing data ha$e &een pro$ided &y Heon -orporation !or the -irc#it Arep ,epartment. 'he company # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting.

=e"#ired/ ,etermine the e"#i$a%ent #nit o! prod#ction !or the -irc#it Arep ,epartment !or ,ecem&er # ing the FIFO method. FIFO method/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: # Level: Me%ium

4A-03

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

+4. Ah%er -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting. 'he !o%%owing data concern the company. A em&%y ,epartment !or the month o! Octo&er.

=e"#ired/ -omp#te the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or the A em&%y ,epartment !or Octo&er # ing the FIFO method. FIFO method/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: ' Level: (as)

4A-04

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

+:. =a&in -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting. 'he !o%%owing data concern the company. Mixing ,epartment !or the month o! A#g# t.

=e"#ired/ -omp#te the co t per e"#i$a%ent #nit !or materia% and con$er ion !or the Mixing ,epartment !or A#g# t # ing the FIFO method. FIFO method/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: ' Level: (as)

4A-0*

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

02. 5#!!ord -orporation # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. 'he !o%%owing data concern the company. A em&%y ,epartment !or the month o! ?eptem&er.

=e"#ired/ ,etermine the co t o! ending wor( in proce in$entory and the co t o! #nit tran !erred o#t o! the department d#ring ?eptem&er # ing the FIFO method. FIFO method/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: + Level: Me%ium

4A-0+

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

01. 'he !o%%owing data ha &een pro$ided &y He er Inc., a company that # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. 'he data concern the company. ?haping ,epartment !or the month o! 8#ne.

=e"#ired/ ,etermine the co t o! ending wor( in proce in$entory and the co t o! the #nit tran !erred o#t o! the department d#ring 8#ne # ing the FIFO method. FIFO method/

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: + Level: Me%ium

4A-00

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

02. In Octo&er, one o! the proce ing department at Ba con -orporation had &eginning wor( in proce in$entory o! 912,222 and ending wor( in proce in$entory o! 91+,222. ,#ring the month, 9122,222 o! co t were added to prod#ction and the co t o! #nit tran !erred o#t !rom the department wa 9:4,222.'he company # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. =e"#ired/ -on tr#ct a co t reconci%iation report !or the department !or the month o! Octo&er.

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: * Level: (as)

4A-04

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

03. In Octo&er, one o! the proce ing department at 8#%ian -orporation had ending wor( in proce in$entory o! 914,222. ,#ring the month, 9242,222 o! co t were added to prod#ction and the co t o! #nit tran !erred o#t !rom the department wa 9244,222.'he company # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. =e"#ired/ -on tr#ct a co t reconci%iation report !or the department !or the month o! Octo&er.

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: * Level: Me%ium

4A-0:

Appendix 4A, FIFO Method Key

04. In A#g# t, one o! the proce ing department at Marche e -orporation had &eginning wor( in proce in$entory o! 934,222 and ending wor( in proce in$entory o! 93*,222. ,#ring the month, 9421,222 o! co t were added to prod#ction. 'he company # e the FIFO method in it proce co ting y tem. =e"#ired/ -on tr#ct a co t reconci%iation report !or the department !or the month o! A#g# t.

AACSB: Anal)tic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement Learning O !ective: * Level: Me%ium

4A-42

S-ar putea să vă placă și