A COVER FOR THE SPPPV (Single-Person Pedal-Powered Vehicle) Concern about global warming and urban air pollution

have become central issues in transport policy decision-making, and as a result much research in recent years has focused on the development of vehicles which are environmentally friendly. Air quality in cities is currently significantly lower than in rural areas and this has been shown to be directly linked to the level of vehicle emissions from private cars. Due to the fact that urban transport policy in the UK is designed to reduce or discourage the use of private cars, there has been an increase in the sale of non-polluting vehicles such as the SPPPV (Single-Person Pedal Powered Vehicle). However, although the number of SPPPV users has increased, safety and comfort issues need to be addressed if the number of users is to increase to a level at which a significant effect on environmental pollution can be achieved. Researchers have studied and improved many aspects of the SPPPV. In 1980, Wang et al. responded to the need for increased safety by designing an SPPPV surrounded by a cage of safety bars, and in 2001 Martinez developed this further with the introduction of a reinforced polymer screen which could be fitted to the safety bars to protect the cyclists face in the event of a collision. The issue of comfort has also been addressed by many design teams; in 1998 Kohl et al. introduced an SPPPV with a built-in umbrella, which could be opened at the touch of a button, and more recently, Martinez has added a mesh filter which can be placed over the entire cage to reduce the risk of environmental pollution. However, the resulting cage or cover is aerodynamically ineffective due to the shape of the umbrella and the weight of the mesh filter. In this study, we used computer simulation to model the aerodynamic effect of the existing safety and comfort features and we present a new design which integrates these features in an optimally-effective aerodynamic shape.

Methodology A. Experimental Design The current investigation involved sampling and analyzing six sites to measure changes in groundwater chemistry. The sites were selected from the London Basin area, which is located in the southeast of England and has been frequently used to interpret groundwater evolution. B. Data Gathering Procedures A total of 18 samples were collected and then analyzed for the isotopes mentioned earlier. The samples were gathered as follows: a. Samples 19 were collected in thoroughly-rinsed 25 ml brown glass bottles which were filled to the top and then sealed tightly to prevent contamination. b. The filled bottles were shipped directly to two separate laboratories at Reading University, where they were analyzed using standard methods suitably miniaturized to handle small quantities of water. c. Samples 1018 were prepared in our laboratory using a revised version of the precipitation method established by the ISF Institute in Germany. This method obtains a precipitate through the addition of BaCl2.H2O; the resulting precipitate can be washed and stored easily. d. The samples were subsequently shipped to ISF for analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). All tubing used was stainless steel, and although two samples were at risk of CFC contamination as a result of brief contact with plastic, variation among samples was negligible. C. Data Analysis The data gathered from the laboratory results were tabulated and subjected to relevant statistic treatments to facilitate analysis and interpretation of the results. D. Materials The experiment required the following materials: 25 ml brown bottles with standard lid, stainless steel tubing, and 10ml. mechanical pipette