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What is a group?
A group is a collection of 2 or more people who share a common purpose or goal, and who are interacting and influencing each other in some way.
What is groupthink?
Groupthink is a way of thinking in a group that basically involves a shift from trying to find the best possible solution to instead reaching and maintaining agreement with the rest of the group members.
Stage 1 Psychology Exam Preparation By Nhi Hin What are three factors leading to groupthink?
Factors leading to groupthink include: A high level of cohesiveness within the group When a strong and respected leader is present When the group is isolated from outside opinions.
What is conformity?
Conformity is the tendency for individuals to change their thoughts, feelings and behaviours into ones which are in agreement with others in the group or in agreement with social norms.
An example of a large group demonstrating obedience in society was the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989. Thousands of Chinese people gathered in a peaceful protest for more free speech rights. The government was afraid that they would lose control, so they ordered soldiers to do whatever was necessary to rid Tiananmen Square of the protestors. What followed was a brutal massacre where 3000 people were shot dead and killed.
What is compliance?
Compliance also involves changing ones behaviour in response to a request to do so, but it doesnt involve an authority figure (also, its a request instead of a command).
Cass was a famous science news reporter. She was very friendly, and many people said that they could relate to her. Because of her white coat and glasses, she looked very credible. Because of her curvaceous body and intelligence, many perceived her as attractive. Because many could relate to her, they perceived her as similar to them, and because she talked quickly and confidently, her speech style was nominated for a prize.
The dog howled, AROO! This certainly got the attention of the nearby villagers. Aroo had been constantly howling at the same time every night. (Repeated exposure) He also made sure to howl always after the rooster cluckadoodle doo-ed so that people would remember him more. One day Aroo wanted to sell dog food, but he also had to acknowledge the benefits of cat food before stating how great dog food was.
There are various reasons why we help. The main four are;
Evolutionary: We help our family and blood relatives as it increases the chance of our genes being passed onto future generations. Cost-Benefit: We help because the benefits of helping are greater than the costs. Altruism: We genuinely wish to selflessly increase another persons wellbeing without wanting anything in return. Egoism: We help another person to alleviate our own distress caused by suffering of others. Social Norms: Socially based rules motivate whether we help.
When we help
There are several factors that determine whether we help or not. These are:
External factors:
Noticing the situation Interpreting the situation Taking responsibility for helping Decide to intervene Help Diffusion of responsibility is the belief that, in a situation where help is required and others are present, one or more other people should take responsibility for helping. The Bystander effect is the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help if other bystanders are (or are believed to be) present. The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely any one of them will help.
Personal/Internal Influences
Mood: Happy, optimistic Religious commitment: Awareness of situations, believe that a supernatural being is watching them so they should help others in order to please it. Personality: Empathetic people, self-efficacy (if you believe you can do it)
Whom we help:
Gender: When the helper is female, both males and females are equally likely to receive assistance. When the helper is male, females are more likely to receive assistance, especially if they are alone. Males may be motivated to help through the cost-benefit explanation of helping. Females are twice as likely as males to seek medical help. It is generally more acceptable in society for females to seek help. In society, males believe that it is their role to protect females.
Similarities: If there are things in common with another person in need of help (eg. Fashion style, speech style, etc) it increases the chances of us helping. Similarity with others will increase our attraction and thus empathy towards them. Empathy = empathy-altruism theory: increases the likelihood that we will help. People more likely to help people similarly dressed like themselves.
The 6 ethics that must be followed in every psychological experiment are: 1. Confidentiality 2. Do no harm 3. Voluntary participation 4. Deception and debriefing 5. Right to withdraw 6. Informed consent I see the confidentiality envelope, hovering in mid-air. Bowser is keeping princess Peach captive, but he isnt allowed to do any harm. Mario is voluntarily going to save Peach. Bowser has to debrief Mario afterwards since Mario thought that Peach was being hurt. Mario is free to stop his quest at any time.
Qualitative data doesnt involve numbers. It is data in the form of opinions and thoughts from focus group participants.
Aim: What we intend to do in the experiment; what we want to find out. Hypothesis: A prediction of what is going to happen Participants: Who is participating in the experiment? I.e. a class of year 11 students. o Sample: A sample is usually a small group of people from a specific range which will be used to represent the population. E.g. a class of year 11 students from The Heights School. o Population: A population is the whole entire group of people that the sample is intended to represent. E.g. the class of year 11 students are meant to represent other year 11s at The Heights School and maybe even other schools in the north suburbs of Adelaide. Variables: o o o o Independent Variable: The one we are controlling. Dependent variable: The one we are measuring. Controlled variables: Variables that may affect the experiment are controlled. Extraneous variables: variables that may affect the outcome of the experiment but are unable to be controlled. Statistics: o Mean: The average of all the data. It can be calculated by adding up all the data and dividing it by the amount of separate data pieces.