Analog Communications Lab Manual

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ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS LAB MANUAL

EC-351
Prepared by T.Srinivasa Rao Lecturer ECE. ! ".Suren#ra $u%ar Lecturer ECE.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE: : BAPATLA
Analog Communications
Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla
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EC 351 ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS LAB
1. Voltage S unt !ee"#ac$ Ampli%ier 2. Amplitu"e &o"ulation an" 'emo"ulation 3. Class(A )o*er Ampli%ier 4. +C ) ase S i%t ,scillator 5. -artle. an" Colpitts ,scillators /. Complementar. S.mmetr. )us (pull ampli%ier 7. 'SB SC &o"ulation an" 'emo"ulation 8. SSB SC &o"ulation an" 'emo"ulation 9. !re0uenc. &o"ulation an" 'emo"ulation 10. )re Emp asis ( 'e Emp asis Circuits 11. Veri%ication o% Sampling 1 eorem 12. )A& an" +econstruction 13. )2& an" ))&3 4eneration an" +econstruction 14. E%%ect o% 5oise on t e Communication C annel 15. 'esign o% &i6er
2 5 9 14 17 23 27 30 33 38 41 44 47 54 5/
NOTE: A minimum o% 1071en8 e6periments a9e to #e per%orme" an" recor"e" #. t e can"i"ate to attain eligi#ilit. %or :ni9ersit. )ractical E6amination
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1. VOLTAGE S UNT FEED BAC! AMPLIFIER

AIM: To design a voltage shunt feed back amplifier using transistor and to find the effect of feedback on bandwidth and voltage graph APPARATUS: !Transistor"#$%&'() 2. Resistors* k+,-k+-!.k!l//0+..10+ &!,k 2! %apacitors "'(34+ 1134! '!4unction 5enerator &!RPS Unit ,!%R/ (*%onnecting probes %IR%UIT 6IA5RAM:
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4 MO&EL 'A(E )ORMS
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5 PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are ma"e as per t e circuit "iagram. 2. Appl. an input signal Vs 7sinusoi"al8 an" measure V i to #e min 9alue to get an un"istorte" output *a9e%orm . 3. B. $eeping V i to #e constant 9alue an" 9ar. its %re0uenc. suc t at note "o*n t e correspon"ing output; Signal<s amplitu"e an" ta#ulate t em. 4. Calculate t e 9oltage gain in '#. 5. B. remo9ing t e %ee" #ac$ resistor 7+%8 in t e ampli%ier c$t .repeal =lie a#o9e proce"ure. /. 5o* plot t e grap s %or gain in "B Vs %re0uenc. an" calculate t e(ma6imum gain #an"*i"t *it %ee"#ac$ > *it out %ee"#ac$ and compare t e 9alues OBSERVATION: At input 9oltage 7Vi8 ? 50mV With Feedback Sl.5o. !re0uenc. 7-@8 Vo7V8 A9?VoAVi A9 in "B
With out Feedback 7#. remo9ing +r in t e circuit8 Sl.5o. !re0uenc. 7-@8 Vo7V8 A9?VoAVi A9 in "B
CALCULATIONS:
2it out %ee" #ac$ 7* en% is remo9e"8 > 2it %ee" #ac$ 7* enin t e c$t8 + %+ 18 A9 ma6 ? 28 Ban" *i"t ? 2(%1 ? -@
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Resu t:
". A#p$%&'de M(d'$a&%() * De#(d'$a&%()

A%#:
! To generate amplitude modulated wave and determine the percentage modulation! .! To 6emodulate the modulated wave using envelope detector!
Appara&'+ Re,'%red:
7ame of the %omponent8;<uipment fT = 211 M>? Transistor#$% 1() Pd = A Ic#maB) = 11 mA 6iode#1A(@) Resistors %apacitor Inductor %R/ 4unction 5enerator Regulated Power Suppl: MaB %urrent 2&mA CD+ .CD+ ,!-CD+ 1CD 1!1 E4 21m> .1M>? M>? 1*21F+ A . each Specifications8Range 9uantit:
T-e(ry:
Amplitude Modulation is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave c#t) is varied linearl: with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal m#t)!The standard form of an amplitude modulated #AM) wave is defined b:
s( t ) = Ac [1 + K a m( t ) cos( 2
f c t )]
Ahere K a is a constant called the amplitude sensitivit: of the modulator! The demodulation circuit is used to recover the message signal from the incoming AM wave at the receiver! An envelope detector is a simple and :et highl: effective
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device that is well suited for the demodulation of AM wave+ for which the percentage modulation is less than 11G!Ideall:+ an envelop detector produces an output signal that follows the envelop of the input signal wave form eBactl:H hence+ the name! Some version of this circuit is used in almost all commercial AM radio receivers! 7 E ma6 E min 8 7E ma6 + E min 8
The Modulation IndeB is defined as+ m =
Ahere ;maB and ;min are the maBimum and minimum amplitudes of the modulated wave!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#+:
4or modulation:
4ig! ! AM modulator
4or demodulation:
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4ig!.! AM demodulator
Pr(.ed're:
! The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram shown in 4ig! ! 2. Switch on I . volts F%% suppl:! 3. Appl: sinusoidal signal of carrier signal of fre<uenc: of ;maB and ;min! 5. %alculate modulation indeB using e<uation ,! Repeat step & b: var:ing fre<uenc: of the modulating signal! 7. Plot the graphs: Modulation indeB vs Amplitude J 4re<uenc: 8. 4ind the value of R from f m =
1 2 R
C>? fre<uenc: and amplitude . Fp*p as modulating signal+ and C>? and amplitude & Fp*p!
4. 7ow slowl: increase the amplitude of the modulating signal up to (F and note down values
taking % = 1!1 E4
@! %onnect the circuit diagram as shown in 4ig!.! 1! 4eed the AM wave to the demodulator circuit and observe the output ! 7ote down fre<uenc: and amplitude of the demodulated output waveform! 12.Draw the demodulated wave form !+m=
Sa#p$e read%)/+:
Table : S!7o! Fm#Folts) fm= C>?+ fc= ;maB#volts) C>?+ Ac= & F p*p! ;min #Folts) m Gm #m B 11)
Table .:
Am= ' Fp*p fc =
C>?+ Ac= & F p*p!
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S!7o! fm#C>?) ;maB#volts) ;min#Folts) m Gm #m B 11)
0a1e2(r#+ a)d /rap-+:
Pre.a'&%()+:
! %heck the connections before giving the power suppl: .! /bservations should be done carefull:!
3. CLASS3A PO0ER AMPLIFIER
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A%#:
6esign a class*A inductor coupled power amplifier to deliver 'A power to 1 /hms load resistor!
Appara&'+:
S.N( Na#e (2 &-e 5e,'%p#e)& C(#p()e)& Spe.%2%.a&%()+ 4&y
Power transistor #$6 2@)
F%; =,1F+ F$; = 11F I% = 11mA hfe = '1 to ,1
Resistor #designed values)
Power rating=1!&w %arbon t:pe
'
2 ' & , (
%apacitors#designed values) 4unction 5enerator %athode Ra: /scilloscope Regulated Power Suppl: Inductor#designed values)
;lectrol:tic t:pe rating= !,v 1 * M>K .1M>K 1*21F+ Amp
Foltage 2
/perating temperature=ambient
T-e(ry: The power amplifier is said to be class A amplifier if the 9 point is selected in such a
wa: that output signal is obtained for a full input c:cle! 4or class A power amplifier position of 9 point is at the centre of mid point of load line! 4or all values of input signals the transistor remains in the active region and never enters into the cut off or saturation region! Ahen an ac signal is applied+ the collector current flows for 2,11 of the input c:cle! In other words+ the angle of collector current flow is 2,11 i!e!!! /ne full c:cle! >ere signal is faithfull: reproduced at the output without an: distortion! This is an important feature of class A operation! The efficienc: of class A operation is ver: low with resistive load and is .&G! This can be increased to &1G b: using inductive load! In the present eBperiment inductive load is used!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:
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De+%/) E,'a&%()+:
5iven data: RL= 10+ PL maB= 'A+ f= C>K ) Selection of L: MLNNRL LNNRL8.OfL = 18,!.-# C) = !&@m> 2) Selection of F%%: The maBimum power which can be delivered is obtained for Fm = F%% #if vmin=1)
PL maB P F%% Q 8.RL
F%% Q RPLmaB S .RL
F%% = -!@'F
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3) Selection of R;: I%9 = #P% maB 8RL) 8. =# .!&8 1) = ! -A
8.
I%9=F%%8#RacIRdc)
where Rac= RL+ Rdc= R;
I%9=F%%8#RLIR;) + R; = #F%% 8I%9) * RL + R; = .0
4) Selection of biasing resisters R J R.: F$$= F$;IF;
F; = I%9TR; = .!.'F F$$= 1!,I.!.' =.!-'F The voltage across R. is F$$=F%%R.8#R IR.)
.!-' = -!@'R.8#R IR.) =N R. =1!',& R R$= R R.8#R IR.)
R =&1!'0+ R. =.2!'0 %apacitor calculations: To provide low reactances almost short circuit at the operating fre<uenc:
f= C>K! S%; = 1!1 R; + Sci =1! R$ +Sc1 =1! RL
&) Selection of %;:
Sc;= R;8 11
%; = (!@&m4
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,) Selection of %iJ %1: SciUR$8 1= !,0 %i = @@34 () Sc1URL8 1 = 0 %1 = 1! &@m4
Pr(.ed're:
! %onnect the circuit as shown figure and suppl: the re<uired 6% voltage .! 4eed an A% signal at the input and keep the fre<uenc: at C>K and amplitude &F!%onnect a power o8p meter at the o8p!
2! %hange the o8p impedance in steps for each value of impedance and note down the o8p power!
'! Plot a graph between o8p power and load impedance! 4rom this graph find the impedance for which the o8p power is maBimum! This is the value of optimum load! &! Select load impedance which is e<ual to 1F or near about the optimum load! See the wave form of the o8p of the %!R!/! ,! %alculate the power sensitivit: at a maBimum power o8p using the relation! Power sensitivit: = output power 8 #rms value of the signal).
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Tab'$ar F(r#:
S.N( RL6O-#7 D.C I)p'& P(<er P%) 607 A.C ('&p'& P(<er P('& 607 896Pa.756Pd.7:1;;
M(de$ Grap-:
Pre.a'&%()+:
1. %onnections should be done care full:! 2. Take the readings with out an: parallaB error!
Re+'$&: Simulation and practical results of class A power amplifier are

observed!
=. RC P ASE S IFT OSCILLATOR

A%#: To determine the fre<uenc: of oscillations of an R% Phase shift oscillator!
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Appara&'+ Re,'%red:
T-e(ry:
In the R% phase shift oscillator+ the combination R% provides self*bias for the amplifier! The S. N( Na#e (2 &-e Spe.%2%.a&%()+ 4'a)&%&y C(#p()e)&5E,'%p#e)& Transistor# $% 1() IcmaB= 11mA P6=211mw Fceo='&F Resistors * &,CD+.!.CD+ 11CD+ 1CD 2 %apacitors 1348.&F +1!1 34 Fbeo=&1F Power rating=1!&w %arbon t:pe ;lectrol:tic t:pe 2 . 2
Foltage rating= !,v ' Potentiometer 1* 1CD & Regulated Power Suppl: 1*21F+ A , %athode Ra: /scilloscope .1 M>? phase of the signal at the input gets reverse biased when it is amplified b:
the amplifier! The
output of amplifier goes to a feedback network consists of three identical R% sections! ;ach R% section provides a phase shift of ,11! Thus a total of -11 phase shift is provided b: the feedback network! The output of this circuit is in the same phase as the input to the amplifier! The fre<uenc: of oscillations is given b: 4= 8.O R% #,I'C)
8.
Ahere+ R =R.=R2=R+ % =%.=%2=% and C=R%8R!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:
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F%/ A. RC P-a+e +-%2& O+.%$$a&(r
Pr(.ed're:
1. %onnect the circuit as shown in 4ig A! .! Switch on the power suppl:! 2! %onnect the %R/ at the output of the circuit! 4. AdVust the R; to get undistorted waveform! &! Measure the Amplitude and 4re<uenc:! 6. %ompare the theoretical and practical values! 7. Plot the graph amplitude versus fre<uenc:
T-e(re&%.a$ Va$'e+:
f= 8 . O R% W,I'C
= 8 . O # 1C) #1!1 34) W,I'#1!1 ) = ,'(!&@>?
Tab'$ar F(r#:
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T-e(re&%.a$ S.NO Fre,'e).y6 >7 Fre,'e).y6 >7 Pra.&%.a$ ? Err(r
M(de$ Grap-:
Re+'$&:
The fre<uenc: of R% Phase Shift /scillator is determined!
56a7.
ARTLE@ OSCILLATOR
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A%#:
To design a >artle: oscillator and to measure the fre<uenc: of oscillations!
Appara&'+ Re,'%red:
S.N( ! .! 2! Na#e (2 &-e C(#p()e)&5E,'%p#e)& >artle: /scillator %ircuit $oard %athode Ra: /scilloscope 6ecade Inductance $oBes Spe.%2%.a&%()+ """ .1M>? """ 4'a)&%&y
T-e(ry:
In the >artle: oscillator shown in 4ig A! K + and K. are inductors and K2 is an capacitor! The resistors R and R. and R; provide the necessar: 6% bias to the transistor! %; is a b:pass capacitor %% and %%. are coupling capacitors! The feedback network consisting of inductors L and L. + %apacitor % determine the fre<uenc: of the oscillator! Ahen the suppl: voltage IFcc is switched /7+ a transient current is produced in the tank circuit+ and conse<uentl: damped harmonic oscillations are setup in the circuit! The current in tank circuit produces A% voltages across L and L. ! As terminal 2 is earthed+ it will be at ?ero potential! If terminal is at positive potential with respect to 2 at an: instant+ then terminal . will be at negative potential with respect to 2 at the same instant! Thus the phase difference between the terminals and . is alwa:s -11! In the %; mode+ the transistor provides the phase difference of -11 between the input and output! Therefore the total phase shift is 2,11! The fre<uenc: of oscillations is f = 8.OWL% where L= L I L.!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:3
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F%/ A:
ar&$ey (+.%$$a&(r
Pr(.ed're:
! Switch on the power suppl: b: inserting the power card in A% mains! 2. %onnect one pair of inductors as L and L. as shown in the dotted lines of 4ig A! 3. /bserve the output of the oscillator on a %R/+ adVust the potentiometer R; on the front panel until we get an undistorted output! 7ote down the repetition period #T) of observed signal! %ompute f/ = 8T #R; can adVust the gain of the amplifier)! 4. %alculate the theoretical fre<uenc: of the circuit using the formulae! 5. Repeat the steps . to ' for the second pair of inductors L and L. !Tabulate the results as below!
Tab'$ar F(r#:
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S.N(
Fre,'e).y A 2( 6! >7 C()d%&%() L = L. = 11m> Pra.&%.a$ T-e(re&%.a$ 2!&&&!12. ? Err(r
L = L. = &1m>
M(de$ Grap-:
F%/ B: Fre,'e).y (2 (+.%$$a&%()+
Pre.a'&%()+:
! %onnections must be done ver: carefull:! .! Readings should be taken without parallaB error!
Re+'$&:
The fre<uenc: of >artle: oscillator is practicall: observed!
56b7. COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
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A%#:
To measure the fre<uenc: of the %olpitts /scillator
Appara&'+ Re,'%red:
S. N( ! .! Na#e (2 &-e C(#p()e)&5E,'%p#e)& %olpitts /scillator %ircuit $oard %athode Ra: /scilloscope Spe.%2%.a&%()+ """ .1 M>? 4'a)&%&y
T-e(ry:
In the %olpitts oscillator shown in fig + K + and K. are capacitors and K2 is an inductor! The resistors R and R. and R; provide the necessar: 6% bias to the transistor! %; is a b:pass capacitor %% and %%. are coupling capacitors! The feedback network consisting of capacitors % and %. + inductor L determine the fre<uenc: of the oscillator!
Ahen the suppl: voltage IFcc is switched /7+ a transient current is produced in the tank circuit+ and conse<uentl: damped harmonic oscillations are setup in the circuit! The current in tank circuit produces A% voltages across % and %. ! As terminal 2 is earthed+ it will be at ?ero potential! If terminal is at positive potential with respect to 2 at an: instant+ then terminal . will be at negative potential with respect to 2 at the same instant! Thus the phase difference between the terminals and . is alwa:s -11! In the %; mode+ the transistor provides the phase difference of -11 between the input and output! Therefore the total phase shift is 2,11! The fre<uenc: of oscillations is f = 8.OWL% where 8% = 8% I 8%.!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:
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F%/ A: C($p%&&+ O+.%$$a&(r
Pr(.ed're:
1. Switch on the power suppl: b: inserting the power card in A% mains 2. %onnect one pair of capacitors as % and %. as shown in the dotted lines of 4ig A! 3. /bserve the output of the oscillator on a %R/! AdVust the potentiometer R; on the front panel until we get an undistorted output! 7ote down the repetition period #T) of observed signal! %ompute f/= 8T #R; can adVust the gain of amplifier)! 4. %alculate the theoretical fre<uenc: of the circuit using formulae! 5. Repeat the step . and ' for the second pair of capacitors % and %.! Tabulate the results as below!
Tab'$ar F(r#:
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T-e(re&%.a$ S.N( C()d%&%() Fre,'e).y 6! >7 Pra.&%.a$ 2re,'e).y6! >7 ?Err(r
% =%.=1!1 34
..!&1(
% =%.=1! 34
(!
M(de$ Grap-:
Pre.a'&%()+:
! %onnections must be done ver: carefull:! .! Readings should be taken without parallaB error!
Re+'$&:
The fre<uenc: of %olpitts /scillators is practicall: determined!
B. CLASS B COMPLEMENTAR@ S@MMETR@
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PO0ER AMPLIFIER
A%#:
! 6esign a complementar: s:mmetr: power amplifier to deliver maBimum power to 1 /hm load resistor! .! Simulate the design circuit! 2! 6evelop the hard ware for design circuit! ' %ompare simulation results with practical results!
Appara&'+:
S$.N( Na#e (2 &-e C(#p()e)& 5e,'%p#e)& Power transistor #$6 2@)
Spe.%2%.a&%()+
4&y
F%; =,1F F$; = 11F I% = 11mA hfe = '1 * ,1
Resistor #designed values)
Power rating=1!&A %arbon t:pe
' Foltage 2
2 ' & , (
%apacitors#designed values) Inductor#designed values)
;lectrol:tic t:pe rating= !,v
/perating temp =ambient
4unction 5enerator %athode Ra: /scilloscope Regulated Power Suppl:
1 * M>K .1M>K 1*21F+ Amp
T-e(ry: In complementar: s:mmetr: class $ power amplifier one is p*n*p and other transistor
is n*p*n! In the positive half c:cle of input signal the transistor 9 gets driven into active region
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and starts conducting! The same signal gets applied to the base of the 9.! it +remains in off condition+ during the positive half c:cle! 6uring the negative half c:cle of the signal the transistor 9. p*n*p gets biased into conduction! Ahile 9 gets driven into cut off region! >ence onl: 9. conducts during negative half c:cle of the input+ producing negative half c:cle across the load!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:
De+%/) E,'a&%()+:
5iven data: PL #MAS) =& A+ RL= 10+ f = C>K 1. Selection of F%%:* PL #MAS) = F%% Q 8 .RL F%% Q = PL #MAS) .RL = 11F F%% = 1F
Selection R and R$:* F$$ = F$; = 1!,F + assume R = &10
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2/
F$$=F%%!R 8 #RIR$) 1!, = 1T &18 # &1IR$) R$ = .!2&C0
Capa.%&(r .a$.'$a&%()+:3 To provide low reactances almost short circuit at the operating fre<uenc:
f= C>K!
S%% = S%%. = #R XX R$) 8 1
= # &1)#.2&1)8# 1)#.&&1) = '! %% = %%. = 8 . O f S%% = !.-E4
Pr(.ed're:
1. %onnect the circuit diagram and suppl: the re<uired 6% suppl:! 2. Appl: the A% signal at the input and keep the fre<uenc: at impedance and note down the output power! 3. Plot the graph between o8p power and load impedance! 4rom this graph find the impedance for which the output power is maBimum! This is the value of optimum load! '! Select load impedance which is e<ual to 1F or near about the optimum load! See the wave form of the o8p of the %!R!/! 5. %alculate the power sensitivit: at a maBimum power o8p using the relation! C>? and connect the power o8p meter at the output! %hange the Load resistance in steps for each value of
Tab'$ar F(r#:
Input power = 2,1mA
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S.N( O'&p'& I#peda).e6C7 I)p'& p(<er 6p%7 O'&p'&P(<er6p(76#07 6#07 N96P(756 P%7 D1;;
M(de$ Grap-:
Pre.a'&%()+:
1. %onnections should be made care full:! .! Take the readings with out parallaB error! 2! Avoid loose connections!
Re+'$&:
%lass $ complementar: s:mmetr: amplifier is designed for given specifications and
its performance is observed!
E.DSB3SC M(d'$a&%() a)d De#(d'$a&%()
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A%#:
To generate AM*6ouble Side $and Suppressed %arrier #6S$*S%) signal!
Appara&'+ Re,'%red:
7ame of the %omponent8;<uipment I% '@, Internal power dissipation Y &11mw#MAS) ,!-CD Resistors 1 CD+ 2!@ CD CD +& CD %apacitors Fariable Resistor 1*&1CD #Linear Pot) %R/ 4unction 5enerator Regulated Power Suppl: 11M>? M>? 1*21 v+ A . 1! E4 . each 2 each ' Specifications8Range Aide fre<uenc: response up to 11 M>? 9uantit:
T-e(ry:
$alanced modulator is used for generating 6S$*S% signal! A balanced modulator
consists of two standard amplitude modulators arranged in a balanced configuration so as to suppress the carrier wave! The two modulators are identical eBcept the reversal of sign of the modulating signal applied to them!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:
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4ig! ! $alanced Modulator %ircuit
Pr(.ed're:
! %onnect the circuit diagram as shown in 4ig! ! 2. An %arrier signal of Fp*p amplitude and fre<uenc: of -2 C>? is applied as carrier to pin no! 1! 3. An A4 signal of 1!&Fp*p amplitude and fre<uenc: of & C>? is given as message signal to pin no! ! '! /bserve the 6S$*S% waveform at pin no! .!
Sa#p$e read%)/+:
Signal Message signal %arrier signal 6S$*S% Signal AMPLITU6; #Folts) 1!&F F !@.F p*p 4re<uenc: #>?) & C>? -2!2C>? *********
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0a1e2(r#+:
Pre.a'&%()+:
! %heck the connections before giving the suppl: .! /bservations should be done carefull: Ob+er1e: Phase reversal in 6S$*S% Signal is occur at the ?ero crossing of modulating signal!
F.SSB M(d'$a&%() a)d De#(d'$a&%(#
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A%#:
To generate the SS$ modulated wave!
Appara&'+ Re,'%red:
7ame of the %omponent8;<uipment SS$ s:stem trainer board %R/ *** 21M>? Specifications 9uantit:
T-e(ry:
An SS$ signal is produced b: passing the 6S$ signal through a highl: selective band pass filter! This filter selects either the upper or the lower sideband! >ence transmission bandwidth can be cut b: half if one sideband is entirel: suppressed! This leads to single* sideband modulation #SS$)! In SS$ modulation bandwidth saving is accompanied b: a considerable increase in e<uipment compleBit:!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:
4ig!
Single Side $and s:stem
Pr(.ed're:
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! Switch on the trainer and measure the output of the regulated power suppl: i!e!+ Z .F and *-F! 2. /bserve the output of the R4 generator using %R/! There are . outputs from the R4 generator+ one is direct output and another is @1o out of phase with the direct output! The output fre<uenc: is 11 C>? and the amplitude is R 1!.FPP! #Potentiometers are provided to var: the output amplitude)! 3. /bserve the output of the A4 generator+ using %R/! There are . outputs from the A4 generator+ one is direct output and another is @1o out of phase with the direct output! A switch is provided to select the re<uired fre<uenc: #. C>?+ 'C>? or , C>?)! potentiometer is provided to adVust the gain of the oscillator #or to set the output to good shape)! The oscillator output has amplitude the potentiometers provided! '! Measure and record the R4 signal fre<uenc: using fre<uenc: counter! #or %R/)! 5. Set the amplitudes of the R4 signals to 1! Fp*p and connect direct signal to one balanced modulator and @1o phase shift signal to another balanced modulator! 6. Select the re<uired fre<uenc: #.C>?+ 'C>? or ,C>?) of the A4 generator with the help of switch and adVust the A5% potentiometer until the output amplitude is amplitude controls are in maBimum condition)! (! Measure and record the A4 signal fre<uenc: using fre<uenc: counter #or %R/)! 8. Set the A4 signal amplitudes to - Fp*p using amplitude control and connect to the balanced modulators! 9. /bserve the outputs of both the balanced modulators simultaneousl: using 6ual trace oscilloscope and adVust the balance control until desired output wave forms #6S$*S%)! 1! To get SS$ lower side band signal+ connect balanced modulator output #6S$"S%) signals to subtract or! ! Measure and record the SS$ signal fre<uenc:! .! %alculate theoretical fre<uenc: of SS$ #LS$) and compare it with the practical value! LS$ fre<uenc: = R4 fre<uenc: Y A4 fre<uenc: 2! To get SS$ upper side band signal+ connect the output of the balanced modulator to the summer circuit! '! Measure and record the SS$ upper side band signal fre<uenc:! 15.Calculate theoretical value of the SS$#US$) fre<uenc: and compare it with practical value! US$ fre<uenc: = R4 fre<uenc: I A4 fre<uenc: 1 FPP #when 1FPP! This amplitude can be varied using A5%
Sa#p$e read%)/+:
Analog Communications Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla
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Signal Message signal %arrier signal SS$ #LS$) SS$ #US$) Amplitude #volts) . . 1!& 1!'. 11 @-!&' 1 !' 4re<uenc: #C>?)
0a1e2(r#+:
Pre.a'&%()+:
! %heck the connections before giving the power suppl: .! /bservations should be done careful
G. Fre,'e).y M(d'$a&%() A)d De#(d'$a&%()

A%#:
! To generate fre<uenc: modulated signal and determine the modulation indeB and bandwidth for various values of amplitude and fre<uenc: of modulating signal! .! To demodulate a 4re<uenc: Modulated signal using 4M detector!
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Appara&'+ re,'%red:
7ame of the %omponent8;<uipment I% &,, /perating current*MaB! .!& mA Power dissipation Y (&1mA I% -12Suppl: voltage * Z -F or 2,F total Power dissipation * '11mw I% &,& Suppl: voltage * Z .F & C 0+ 1 C 0+ !- C 0+ Resistors 2@ C 0+ &,1 0 '(1 p4+ 1! E4 %apacitors 11p4 + 1!11 E4 %R/ 4unction 5enerator Regulated Power Suppl: 11M>? M>? 1*21 v+ A + each .+. .+ +.+ Specifications8Range /perating voltage YMaB*.' Folts 9uantit:
T-e(ry:
The process+ in which the fre<uenc: of the carrier is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal+ is called [4re<uenc: Modulation\! The 4M signal is eBpressed as
s( t ) = Ac cos( 2 f c + sin( 2 f mt ) )
Ahere AC is amplitude of the carrier signal+ is the modulation indeB of the 4M wave
f C is the carrier fre<uenc:
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C%r.'%& D%a/ra#+:
4ig! ! 4M Modulator Using I% &,,
4ig!.! 4M Modulator %ircuit
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4ig!2! 4M 6emodulator %ircuit
Pr(.ed're:
Modulation: 1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram shown in 4ig!.# 4ig! for I% &,,) 2. Aithout giving modulating signal observe the carrier signal at pin no!. #at pin no!2 for I% &,,)! Measure amplitude and fre<uenc: of the carrier signal! To obtain carrier signal of desired fre<uenc:+ find value of R from f = 8 #.]R%) taking %= 11p4! 3. Appl: the sinusoidal modulating signal of fre<uenc: 'C>? and amplitude 2Fp*p at pin no!(! # pin no!& for I% &,,) 7ow slowl: increase the amplitude of modulating signal and measure fmin and maBimum fre<uenc: deviation ^f at each step! ;valuate the modulating indeB #mf = _) using ^f 8 fm where ^f = `fc * fmin`! %alculate $and width! $A = . #_ I )fm = .#^f I fm) '! Repeat step ' b: var:ing fre<uenc: of the modulating signal!
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6emodulation: 1. %onnections are made as per circuit diagram shown in 4ig!2 2. %heck the functioning of PLL #I% &,&) b: giving s<uare wave to input and observing the output 2! 4re<uenc: of input signal is varied till input and output are locked! 4. 7ow modulated signal is fed as input and observe the #output) on %R/! &! 6raw the demodulated wave form! demodulated signal
Sa#p$e read%)/+:
Table:
fc = '&C>?
fm#C>?) TmaB #Esec) fmin#C>?) af#C>?)
S!7o!
$A #C>?)
Table .: S!7o!
fm = ' C>?+ fc = '& C>? Am #Folts) T #Esec) fmin#C>?) ^f #C>?) _ $A#C>K)
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0a1e2(r#+:
Pre.a'&%()+:
! %heck the connections before giving the power suppl: 2. observations should be done carefull:
1;. Pre3E#p-a+%+ * De3E#p-a+%+

Analog Communications Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla
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A%#:
I) To observe the effects of pre*emphasis on given input signal! ii) To observe the effects of 6e*emphasis on given input signal!
Appara&'+ Re,'%red:
7ame of the %omponent8;<uipment Specifications8Range fT = 211 M>? Transistor #$% 1() Pd = A Ic#maB) = 11 mA Resistors %apacitors 1! E4 %R/ 4unction 5enerator Regulated Power Suppl: .1M>K M>K 1*21F+ A . 1 CD+ (!& CD+ ,!- CD 1 n4 each 9uantit:
T-e(ry:
The noise has a effect on the higher modulating fre<uencies than on the lower ones! Thus+ if the higher fre<uencies were artificiall: boosted at the transmitter and correspondingl: cut at the receiver+ an improvement in noise immunit: could be eBpected+ there b: increasing the S7R ratio! This boosting of the higher modulating fre<uencies at the transmitter is known as pre*emphasis and the compensation at the receiver is called de*emphasis!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#+:
4or Pre*emphasis:
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4ig! ! Pre*emphasis circuit 4or 6e*emphasis:
4ig!.! 6e*emphasis circuit
Pr(.ed're:
! %onnect the circuit as per circuit diagram as shown in 4ig! ! .! Appl: the sinusoidal signal of amplitude .1mF as input signal to pre emphasis circuit! 3. Then b: increasing the input signal fre<uenc: from &11>? to .1C>?+ observe the output voltage #vo) and calculate gain #.1 log #vo8vi)! '! Plot the graph between gain Fs fre<uenc:! &! Repeat above steps . to ' for de*emphasis circuit #shown in 4ig!.)! b: appl:ing the sinusoidal signal of &F as input signal
Sa#p$e read%)/+:
Table : Pre*emphasis Fi = .1mF
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4re<uenc:#C>?) Fo#mF) 5ain in d$#.1 log Fo8Fi)
Table.: 6e*emphasis 4re<uenc:#C>?)
Fi = &v Fo#Folts) 5ain in d$#.1 log Fo8Fi)
Grap-+:
Pre.a'&%()+:
! %heck the connections before giving the power suppl: /bservation should be done carefull:
! SAMPLING T EOREM VERIFICATION

A%#: To verif: the sampling theorem! Appara&'+ Re,'%red:
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! Sampling theorem verification trainer kit .! 4unction 5enerator # M>?) 2! 6ual trace oscilloscope #.1 M>?)
T-e(ry:
The analog signal can be converted to a discrete time signal b: a process called sampling! The sampling theorem for a band limited signal of finite energ: can be stated as+ bcA band limited signal of finite energ:+ which has no fre<uenc: component higher than A >? is completel: described b: specif:ing the values of the signal at instants of time separated b: 8.A seconds!cc It can be recovered from knowledge of samples taken at the rate of .A per second!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:
4ig:
Sampling %ircuit
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4ig: . Reconstructing %ircuit
Pr(.ed're:
1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram shown in the fig ! 2. Switch on the power suppl:! And set at I signal of F and * F! 3. Appl: the sinusoidal signal of approBimatel: 'F #p*p) at 1&>? fre<uenc: and pulse F #p*p) with fre<uenc: between 11>? and ' C>?! 4. %onnect the sampling circuit output and A4 signal to the two inputs of oscilloscope 5. Initiall: set the potentiometer to minimum level and sampling fre<uenc: to .11>? and observe the output on the %R/! 7ow b: adVusting the potentiometer+ var: the amplitude of modulating signal and observe the output of sampling circuit! 7ote that the amplitude of the sampling pulses will be var:ing in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal! 6. 6esign the reconstructing circuit! 6epending on sampling fre<uenc:+ R J % values are calculated using the relations 4s = 8Ts+ Ts = R%! %hoosing an appropriate value for %+ R can be found using the relation R=Ts8% 7. %onnect the sampling circuit output to the reconstructing circuit shown in 4ig . 8. /bserve the output of the reconstructing circuit #A4 signal) for different sampling fre<uencies! The original A4 signal would appear onl: when the sampling fre<uenc: is .11>? or more!
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1". PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION * DEMODULATION

A%#: To generate the Pulse Amplitude modulated and demodulated signals! Appara&'+ re,'%red:
Na#e (2 &-e Appara&'+ Resistors Transistor %apacitor %R/ 4unction generator Regulated Power Suppl: %R/ Probes Spe.%2%.a&%()+5Ra)/e CD+ 1CD+ 11CD+ &!-CD+ .!.CD+ $% 1( 1E4+ 1!11 E4 21M>? M>? 1*21F+ A *** 4'a)&%&y ;ach one . each one
T-e(ry:
PAM is the simplest form of data modulation !The amplitude of uniforml: spaced pulses is varied in proportion to the corresponding sample values of a continuous message m #t)! A PAM waveform consists of a se<uence of flat*topped pulses! The amplitude of each pulse corresponds to the value of the message signal B #t) at the leading edge of the pulse! The pulse amplitude modulation is the process in which the amplitudes of regularit: spaced rectangular pulses var: with the instantaneous sample values of a continuous message signal in a one*one fashion! A PAM wave is represented mathematicall: as+
S #t) =
7= *
d ICa B #nTs)e P #t*nTs)
Ahere B #nTs) ==N represents the nth sample of the message signal B#t)
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4/
C= ==N is the sampling period! Ca ==N a constant called amplitude sensitivit: P #t) ==Ndenotes a pulse PAM is of two t:pes ) 6ouble polarit: PAM ==N This is the PAM wave which consists of both positive and negative pulses shown as .) Single polarit: PAM ==N This consists of PAM wave of onl: either negative #or) Positive pulses! In this the fiBed dc level is added to the signal to ensure single polarit: signal! It is represented as
4ig:
$ipolar PAM signal
4ig: . Single polarit: PAM
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:
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4ig: 2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation %ircuit
4ig: ' 6emodulation %ircuit
Pr(.ed're:
1. %onnect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in the fig 2 .! Set the modulating fre<uenc: to C>? and sampling fre<uenc: to .C>? 2! /bserve the o8p on %R/ i!e! PAM wave! 4. Measure the levels of ;maB J ;min! 5. 4eed the modulated wave to the low pass filter as in fig '! ,! The output observed on %R/ will be the demodulated wave! 7. 7ote down the amplitude #p*p) and time period of the demodulated wave! Far: the amplitude and fre<uenc: of modulating signal! /bserve and note down the changes in output! -! Plot the wave forms on graph sheet!
136a7. PULSE 0IDT
MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
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A%#: To generate the pulse width modulated and demodulated signals

Appara&'+ re,'%red:
Na#e (2 &-e Appara&'+ Resistors %apacitors 6iode %R/ 4unction 5enerator RPS Spe.%2%.a&%()+5Ra)/e !.kD+ !& kD+ -!. kD 1!1 E4+ 1A(@ 1*21+ M>? M>? 1*21v+ A /perating tem :S; &&& *&&o% to .&o% 7; &&& 1o to (1o% Suppl: voltage :I&F to I -F I% &&& Timing Sink current :3Sec to >ours :.11mA E4 4'a)&%&y + +. .+.
Temperature stabilit: :&1 PPM8o% change in temp or 1*11&G 8o%! %R/ Probes **
T-e(ry:
Pulse Time Modulation is also known as Pulse Aidth Modulation or Pulse Length Modulation! In PAM+ the samples of the message signal are used to var: the duration of the individual pulses! Aidth ma: be varied b: var:ing the time of occurrence of leading edge+ the trailing edge or both edges of the pulse in accordance with modulating wave! It is also called Pulse 6uration Modulation!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:
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4ig:
Pulse Aidth Modulation %ircuit
4ig: . 6emodulation %ircuit
Pr(.ed're:
! %onnect the circuit as per circuit diagram shown in fig ! .! Appl: a trigger signal #Pulse wave) of fre<uenc: . C>? with amplitude of &v #p*p)! 2! /bserve the sample signal at the pin2! '! Appl: the ac signal at the pin & and var: the amplitude! &! 7ote that as the control voltage is varied output pulse width is also varied!
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6. /bserve that the pulse width increases during positive slope condition J decreases under negative slope condition! Pulse width will be maBimum at the Ive peak and minimum at the Yve peak of sinusoidal waveform! Record the observations! 7. 4eed PAM waveform to the circuit of 4ig!. and observe the resulting demodulated waveform!
Ob+er1a&%()+:
C()&r($ 1($&a/e S.N(. 6VP3P7 O'&p'& p'$+e <%d&- 6# +e.7
136b7. PULSE POSITION MODULATION * DEMODULATION
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A%#: To generate pulse position modulation and demodulation signals and to stud: the
effect of amplitude of the modulating signal on output!
Appara&'+ re,'%red:
Na#e (2 &-e appara&'+ Resistors %apacitors 4unction 5enerator RPS %R/ Spe.%2%.a&%()+5Ra)/e 2!@kD+ 2kD+ 1kD+ ,-1kD 1!1 34+ ,134 M>? 1*21v+ A 1*21M>? /perating tem :S; &&& *&&o% to .&o% 7; &&& 1o to (1o% Suppl: voltage :I&F to I -F I% &&& Timing Sink current :3Sec to >ours :.11mA 4'a)&%&y ;ach one .+
Temperature stabilit: :&1 PPM8o% change in temp or 1*11&G 8o%! %R/ Probes ****
T-e(ry:
In Pulse Position Modulation+ both the pulse amplitude and pulse duration are held constant but the position of the pulse is varied in proportional to the sampled values of the message signal! Pulse time modulation is a class of signaling techni<ues that encodes the sample values of an analog signal on to the time aBis of a digital signal and it is analogous to angle modulation techni<ues! The two main t:pes of PTM are PAM and PPM! In PPM the analog sample value determines the position of a narrow pulse relative to the clocking time! In PPM rise time of pulse decides the channel bandwidth! It has low noise interference!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:
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4ig:
Pulse Position Modulation %ircuit
4ig: . 6emodulation %ircuit
Pr(.ed're:
! %onnect the circuit as per circuit diagram as shown in the fig !
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.! /bserve the sample output at pin 2 and observe the position of the pulses on %R/ and adVust the amplitude b: slightl: increasing the power suppl:! Also observe the fre<uenc: of pulse output! 2! Appl: the modulating signal+ sinusoidal signal of .F #p*p) #ac signal) .v #p*p) to the control pin & using function generator! '! 7ow b: var:ing the amplitude of the modulating signal+ note down the position of the pulses! &! 6uring the demodulation process+ give the PPM signal as input to the demodulated circuit as shown in 4ig!.! ,! /bserve the o8p on %R/! (! Plot the waveform!
Ob+er1a&%()+:
M(d'$a&%)/ +%/)a$ A#p$%&'de6Vp3p7
T%#e per%(d6#+7 P'$+e <%d&- ON 6#+7 P'$+e <%d&- OFF 6#+7 T(&a$ T%#e per%(d6#+7
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1=. EFFECT OF NOISE ON COMMUNICATION C ANEL

AI! : Stu". t e e%%ect o% t e noise on communication c annel APPARATUS:
1. 'ou#le si"e#an" A& 1ransmitter an" +ecei9er 1rainer Bit. 2.C+, 3. C+, pro#es 4. Connecting pro#es
CIRCUIT DIA"RA! :
PROCEDURE: !ODULATION:
1. Ensure t at t e %ollo*ing initial con"itions e6ist on t e #oar". a8. Au"io input select s*itc in C51 position. #8. &o"e s*itc in 'SB position. c8. ,utput Ampli%ier gain preset in %ull. cloc$*ise position. "8. spea$er s*itc in ,!! position. 2. 1urn on po*er to S12201 #oar".
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5/ 3. 1urn t e Au"io oscillator #loc$s Amplitu"e preset to it<s %ull. cloc$*ise position an" e6amine t e #loc$s output 71)148 on C+,. 1 is is t e au"io %re0uenc. sine *a9e * ic *ill #e as output &o"ulating signal. 4. 1urn t e #alance preset in Balance" &o"ulator an" #an" pass %iller circuit 1 #loc$D to its %ull. cloc$*ise position. Ct is t e #loc$ t at *e *ill #e use" to per%orm "ou#le si"e #an" amplitu"e mo"ulation. 5. &onitor t e *a9e%orms at 1)1 an" 1)9 signal at 1)1 is mo"ulating signal an" signal at 1)9 is carrier signal to 'SB(A& an" o#ser9e t e *a9e%orm at 1)3 toget er *it mo"ulating signalD *a9e at 1)3 is 'SB(A& signal. DE!ODULATION 1. Ensure t at t e %ollo*ing initial con"itions e6ist on t e #oar" S1220C. a8 16 output selector s*itc in antenna position. #8 ampli%iers 9olume preset in %ull. counter cloc$ *ise position an" spea$er s*itc is in ,5 position. 2. Ensure t at t e %ollo*ing initial con"itions e6ist on t e #oar" S12202 c8 +6 input select s*itc in antenna position. "8 +! ampli%iers tune" circuit select s*itc in C51 position. e8 +! ampli%iers gain preset in %ull. cloc$ *ise position. %8 A4C s*itc in ,:1 position.
g8 'etector s*itc in pro"uct position. 8 Au"io ampli%iers 9olume preset in %ull. counter cloc$ *ise position an" spea$er s*itc is in ,5 position. i8 Beat %re0uenc. oscillator s*itc in ,5 position.
38 1ransmit t e 'SB(A& *a9e to t e S12202 recei9er #. selecting 1 e 16 output select s*itc in t e A51 position. 4. &onitor t e "etecte" mo"ulating signal a. 1)37.,#ser9e t e Variations #. 9ar.ing t e amplitu"e an" %re0uenc. o% t e mo"ulating signal in S12201. 5. ,#ser9e t e e%%ect o% noise * ic is create" e6ternall. on Amplitu"e mo"ulate" an" "emo"ulate" signals. 'istortion in t e mo"ulating signals *it noise.
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15 De+%/) (2 M%Der
A%#: To design and obtain the characteristics of a miBer circuit! Appara&'+ Re,'%red:
7ame of the %omponent8;<uipment Specifications8Range fT = 211 M>? Transistors #$% 1() Pd = A Ic#maB) = 11 mA Resistors %apacitor Inductor %R/ 4unction 5enerator Regulated Power Suppl: C0 + ,!- C0+ 1C0 1!1 E4 m> .1M>K M>? 1*21v+ A each 9uantit:
T-e(ry:
The miBer is a nonlinear device having two sets of input terminals and one set of output terminals! MiBer will have several fre<uencies present in its output+ including the difference between the two input fre<uencies and other harmonic components!
C%r.'%& D%a/ra#:
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4I5! ! MiBer %ircuit
Pr(.ed're:
1. %onnect the circuit as per the circuit diagram as shown in 4ig! ! Assume %=1! 34 and calculate value of L using f=
1 2 L1C1
where f=(C>?
.! Appl: the input signals at the appropriate terminals in the circuit! 2! 7ote down the fre<uenc: of the output signal+ which is same as difference fre<uenc: of given signals!
Sa#p$e read%)/+:
Signal Input signal Input signal . /utput signal Amplitude #Folts) ' ' @ 4re<uenc:#C>?) & . (
0a1e2(r#+:
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Pre.a'&%()+:
!%heck the connections before giving the suppl: .!/bservations should be done carefull:

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1

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS LAB MANUAL

Prepared by T.Srinivasa Rao Lecturer ECE. ! ".Suren#ra $u%ar Lecturer ECE.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE: : BAPATLA

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

EC 351 ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS LAB

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

1. VOLTAGE S UNT FEED BAC! AMPLIFIER

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Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

". A#p$%&'de M(d'$a&%() * De#(d'$a&%()

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

The Modulation IndeB is defined as+ m =

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

Am= ' Fp*p fc =

C>?+ Ac= & F p*p!

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

0a1e2(r#+ a)d /rap-+:

3. CLASS3A PO0ER AMPLIFIER

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

Power transistor #$6 2@)

F%; =,1F+ F$; = 11F I% = 11mA hfe = '1 to ,1

Resistor #designed values)

Power rating=1!&w %arbon t:pe

;lectrol:tic t:pe rating= !,v 1 * M>K .1M>K 1*21F+ Amp

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PL maB P F%% Q 8.RL

F%% Q RPLmaB S .RL

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where Rac= RL+ Rdc= R;

I%9=F%%8#RLIR;) + R; = #F%% 8I%9) * RL + R; = .0

4) Selection of biasing resisters R J R.: F$$= F$;IF;

.!-' = -!@'R.8#R IR.) =N R. =1!',& R R$= R R.8#R IR.)

f= C>K! S%; = 1!1 R; + Sci =1! R$ +Sc1 =1! RL

&) Selection of %;:

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,) Selection of %iJ %1: SciUR$8 1= !,0 %i = @@34 () Sc1URL8 1 = 0 %1 = 1! &@m4

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

Re+'$&: Simulation and practical results of class A power amplifier are

=. RC P ASE S IFT OSCILLATOR

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

the amplifier! The

Ahere+ R =R.=R2=R+ % =%.=%2=% and C=R%8R!

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

F%/ A. RC P-a+e +-%2& O+.%$$a&(r

= 8 . O # 1C) #1!1 34) W,I'#1!1 ) = ,'(!&@>?

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

Fre,'e).y A 2( 6! >7 C()d%&%() L = L. = 11m> Pra.&%.a$ T-e(re&%.a$ 2!&&&!12. ? Err(r

F%/ B: Fre,'e).y (2 (+.%$$a&%()+

56b7. COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

F%/ A: C($p%&&+ O+.%$$a&(r

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

B. CLASS B COMPLEMENTAR@ S@MMETR@

Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla

S$.N( Na#e (2 &-e C(#p()e)& 5e,'%p#e)& Power transistor #$6 2@)

F%; =,1F F$; = 11F I% = 11mA hfe = '1 * ,1

Resistor #designed values)

Power rating=1!&A %arbon t:pe

%apacitors#designed values) Inductor#designed values)

4ig! ! Preemphasis circuit 4or 6eemphasis: