Munchen Scientic Computing in Computer Science, Technische Universitat

Scientic Computing in Computer Science, Munchen Technische Universitat

Scripting with Python ... and beyond

Compact Course @ GRS
Tobias Neckel
June 03 - 07, 2013

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Part I Python Overview

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What Python is all about. . .

Python
Invented in 1990 as teaching language Designed for clearness and readability Named after Monty Python (not the snake)

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What Python is all about. . .

Python is. . .
High-level (really high-level) Truly object-oriented Interpreted Scalable Extensible Portable, available on Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Amiga, HPC

machines and clusters, web servers, Palm and other Handhelds, Nokia Mobiles, .NET virtual machines, . . .

Versatile Easy to learn, understand, use, and maintain (really!) Free, open-source ...
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What Python is all about. . .

Suitable for
OS scripting (Python beats Bash ;-)) Internet Programming Scientic Computing (up to whole Tsunami Simulations) Parallelisation GUI (Tkinter) Visualisation Rapid prototype development . . . and much, much more!

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What Python is all about. . .

Some more features

Dynamically typed Automatic garbage collection Different programming paradigmes possible (procedural, OO,

functional, aspect oriented, . . . )

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What Python is all about. . .

Some more features

Dynamically typed Automatic garbage collection Different programming paradigmes possible (procedural, OO,

functional, aspect oriented, . . . )

Note
Were assuming Python 2.5.X, 2.6.X, or 2.7.X The current version Python 3.X requires few changes

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Requirements

To be able to use all examples you require. . .

IPython (call ipython) NumPy and SciPy Pylab (as it ships with Matplotlib) Tkinter swig (Simplied Wrapper and Interface Generator)

independent of Python

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Part II Hands On. . .

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Lets get started. . .

Start the Python interpreter At prompt >>> type command, press <Enter> to confirm

$ python Python 2.7.3 ( default , Aug 1 2012 , 05:14:39) [ GCC 4.6.3] on linux2 Type " help " , " copyright " , " credits " or " license " for more information . >>> help Type help () for interactive help , or help ( object ) for help about object . >>> help ()
Welcome to Python 2.7! utility . [...] This is the online help

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Getting help

Vast online documentation at http://docs.python.org/ Interactive using

help() for interactive help, help(modules) for a list of all available modules help(object|command) for help on an object or command

Literature

David M. Beasley: Python - Essential Reference, Addison-Wesley Professional, 4th edition, 2009 Hans Petter Langtangen: A Primer on Scientic Programming with Python, Springer, 2009

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A rst Hello World!

Python simplify your Code Just type
>>> print " Hello World ! " Hello World ! Compare with Java, e.g.: public class Hello { public static void main ( String argv []){ System . out . println ( " Hello World ! " ); } }

$ javac Hello . java $ java Hello Hello World !

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Statements and assignments

>>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> 3+4**2/8+1 (6*3.5)*2 -5 10 e -4 a =17 a a -1.5 b = " Hello World ! " print b print a , b , (4+5**0.5)

assignment: variableName = expression (different to math. =) Interactive session shows return values print prints variables and expressions as string

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3.5 Ways to Python

1. Start the Python interpreter with python 2. Use IPython: ipython 3. Run Python on a le 3.5. Execute as a script

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2. IPython
$ ipython Python 2.7.3 ( default , Aug 1 2012 , 05:14:39) Type " copyright " , " credits " or " license " for more information .
IPython 0.13.2. rc2 -- An enhanced Interactive Python . ? -> Introduction and overview of IPython s features . % quickref -> Quick reference . help -> Python s own help system . object ? -> Details about object . ? object also works , ?? prints more . In [1]: print " Hello World !" Hello World !

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2. IPython
Highlights
Enhanced interactive shell Additional shell syntax

magic functions, starting with % such as %psearch to search for function in namespace Access shell commands %cd Run scripts with run filename.py Log session, dene macros, . . . Pretty printing, toggle with %Pprint

Syntax highlighting Tab completion, string completion History

Access previous command blocks

Automatic indentation
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3. Run Python on a File

File square_me.py: print 6**2 Then run

$ python square_me . py 36

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3.5. Execute as a Script

Shell script as before Just tell shell to execute python: # !/ usr / bin / python print 6**2 Then set executable ag and run

$ chmod u + x square_me . py $ ./ square_me . py 36

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Part III Data Types and Control Structures

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Built-in Python Types

Numeric Types bool boolean type
print True , False True == True True != True int integer 1+5 -12 Attention integer division: digits after the comma get lost! >>> 5/3 1 long arbitrary-precision integer 12345**100
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Numeric Types (cont.)

float oating point (double precision) 3.14159265*5.6 1.5 e -10 complex complex numbers 1+4 j c = complex (2 ,3) print c d = 2 * ( c **3 - 3 j ) print d d . real d . imag

None type None special type (undened)

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General Remarks
Everything is an object (int, oat, tuple, classes, . . . ) Thus everything can have attributes and methods c = complex (2 ,3) print c . real , c . imag Dynamic typing: Type of a variable determined during Automatic conversion where necessary and possible a = 1234 type ( a ) b = 100 type ( b ) a = 1234**100 type ( a ) b = b *1.0 # equals b = float ( b )*1.0 type ( b )
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assignment

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Built-in Sequences
Strings
string type Sequence of characters Single, double or triple double (multiline) quotes " ... there lived a hobbit . " " a hobbit " a " hobbit " a \ hobbit \ """ In a hole in the ground there " lived " a hobbit """ Concatenation s1 = " In a hole in the ground " s2 = " there lived a hobbit " s = s1 + + s2 print s
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Built-in Sequences Strings (2)

Replication " Hi ! " *3 Indexing and Slicing (immutable sequence type) s = " Hello Hobbit " s [3] s [ -2] s [2:4] s [6:] s [:6] s [0: -1:2] # stride 2 s [0::2] s [2] = 4 # error len ( s )

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Built-in Sequences Strings (3)

String formatting using % " Bilbo s % d . birthday " % (111) " Frodo , %s , and Bilbo ate % f apples " %( " Sam " ,1.5) Some format modiers %05 d % (13) % -5 d % (13) %+5 d % (13) % d % (13) % e % (13) % g %g , % f % % s % ( hi ) %% # fill 0 # left justified # sign # signed integer # floating point exponential (13 , 1e -6 , 1e -6) # string # escape %

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Built-in Sequences
Tuples Sequences of arbitrary objects (,) Immutable Indexing and slicing as before
l = (1 ,) l = (1 , " two " , (3 ,4 ,5)) l [0] l [ -1] l [1] = 2 # error len ( l ) min ( l ) # here : numbers smaller than strings l = ( " Hello " , " Hobbit " ) min ( l ) max ( l ) l2 = l + (6 ,7 ,8)

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Built-in Sequences
Lists Sequences of arbitrary objects [,] Mutable
l = [1 , " two " , (3 ,4 ,5) , 5] l [0] l [ -1] l [1] = 2 # works ! len ( l ) Operations on lists l = [0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9] l [2:4] = [10 , 11] l [1:7:2] = [ -1 , -2 , -3] del l [::2]

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Built-in Sequences
Lists (2) List methods
l = [0 ,1 ,2 ,3] l . append ( " four " ) l . extend ([5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9]) l . insert (8 , " four " ) l . count ( " four " ) l . sort () l . reverse () l . remove ( " four " ) l . pop () Integer ranges: range function range (10) range (5 , 10) range ( -10 , 20 , 3)
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Control Flow
General
Indentation used to group blocks! Code within same block has to be same level Needs getting used to, but encourages readable code

if-statement
if x < y : print print elif x == print else : print print " x is smaller " x y: " both are equal " " y is smaller " y

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Comparison and Equality

Check for equality " Bilbo " == " Frodo " " Bilbo " != " Frodo " Comparison " Bilbo " " Bilbo " " Bilbo " " Bilbo " is and in " Bilbo " is " Frodo " # object identity " Bilbo " in [ " Frodo " , " Sam " , " Bilbo " ] # membership < " Frodo " > " Frodo " <= " Frodo " >= " Frodo "

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Comparison and Equality (2)

Combining and grouping (and, or, not) if ( " Bilbo " != " Frodo " and not (1 > 2 or 2 > 3)): print " Sam was here "

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Control Flow - for

Pythons for iterates over the items of a sequence type

for i in range (5 ,10): print " loop index : " , i a = ( " a " , " tuple " , " with " , 5 , " words " ) for i in a : print i

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Control Flow - break and while

break breakes out of the enclosing loop (for or while) continue continues with the lext iteration of the loop a = ( " let " , " us " , " find " , " Bilbo " , " again " ) for word in a : if word == " Bilbo " : print " found Bilbo " break print word while loops until condition is False a = 2048; exp = 0 while a > 1: a /= 2 # a = a / 2 exp +=1 # exp = exp + 1 print a , " = " , 2 , " ^ " , exp
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Functions (and Procedures)

Functions are dened using def No return statement means returning None Call by reference (Note: Assignment creates a new local object) def hi (): print " Hello World ! " def faculty ( n ): fac = 1 for i in range (2 , n +1): fac = fac * i return fac Functions are objects and can be assigned, too f = faculty f (3)
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Functions (2)
Default arguments def printme ( s = " Frodo " ): print s printme () printme ( " Bilbo " ) Keyword arguments def exp ( basis , exponent ): return basis ** exponent exp ( basis =2 , exponent =10) exp ( exponent =10 , basis =2)

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Up to now. . .

Variables Numeric types Sequence types (str, tuple, list; more tomorrow) if comparison for, while, break, continue Functions and parameters

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