STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

BY

VICTOR E. ODARVE, BSME, MEP-ME, MAED, EDD

Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering Caritas University/Madonna University/OSISATECH

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING MADONNA UNIVERSITY 1

PREFACE This text/workbook is designed for the 200 level courses of students taking all fields of Engineering. We have selected topics that we believe are very important in the foundation of basic mathematics. Because we believe that that the best way to learn mathematics is by working many examples, we have included numerous solved problems that are arranged in order of increasing difficulty. Worked examples are solved by step by step process so that students can develop problem solving skills. At the end of each chapter, there are exercises left for the students to work out. It is through the practice of solving the exercises that the students may succeed in mastering the course. Answers are provided at the end of the problems to keep students challenge their inquisitive minds. The prerequisite of this book is a background in Engineering Mechanics. Strength of Materials begins with the introduction of simple stresses, strain, and torsion. Establishing the shear and moment diagrams and calculating the stresses and deflections in beams followed next. I would like to thank our students for all their comments and suggestions. I would also like to acknowledge helpful suggestions from our colleagues in the Faculty of Engineering and extend our thanks to Very Rev. Fr. Prof. EMP. Eden, C.S.Sp.Founder/Chancellor of Madonna University, Mrs. Philomena Nwaju, Dean of Student Affairs- Madonna University, and Dr./Sister Yves Merriam, who in one way or another offered their invaluable support to make this workbook materializes.

Lastly, this book is dedicated to my wife, Ancing, and to our childrenLilian, Reonell, Ryan, and Renaire, for their untiring support and encouragement to make this work possible. Victor E. Odarve

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE I FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM; VIRTUAL WORK ON BEAMS II III IV SIMPLE STRESSES THIN WALLED-PRESSURE VESSELS STRAIN, STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES AND THERMAL STRESS TORSION STRESSES IN BEAMS LOAD, SHEAR, AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS BEAMS DEFLECTIONS 28 52 72 5

V VI VII VIII

97 116 129 148

CHAPTER I FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM; VIRTUAL WORK ON BEAMS

Reactions on beams can be easily determined by using the conditions on equilibrium, that is; = 0, = 0, = 0

However it can be also determined by a virtual work method. Virtual work is an imaginary work done by a force and imaginary displacement. The term virtual is a hypothetical in nature as no displacement was actually done in the system. It is just only an imagination that a work is done if there is a displacement due to the presence of force. So, therefore a virtual displacement is considered but does not actually occur.

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK: The sum of the virtual works done by all forces acting on a body or bodies be in equilibrium is zero.

Example 1 Using the conditions of equilibrium equations and virtual work principle, determine the beam reactions below, Ra and Rb.
5

4 kN A 4m Ra Solution: a) Solving the reactions by equilibrium conditions, = 0,

Rb (10) 4 (4) = 0 Rb =

C 6m

Rb

16 10

= 1.6 kN

= 0,
4 kN= Ra + Rb 4 kN= Ra + 1.6 kN Ra = 2.4 kN

Or

= 0,
Ra (10) 4 (6) = 0

Ra =

24 10

= 2.4 kN

b) Using virtual work method

1. Assume the beam to be hinged at A and consider upward virtual displacement y of the beam at B due to reaction at B acting upwards.

x y A Ra C B Rb

2. The total virtual work by the two reactions Ra and Rb is = + Ra (0) + Rb (y) = Rb (y) 3. Virtual work done by load 4 kN

4. Principle of virtual work that algebraic sum of virtual work done is zero. Rb(y) 4(x) = 0
7

Rb =

From the virtual displacement figure,

Substitute, Rb =

6+4 4

10 4

x = 0.4 y

4 (0.4 )

1.6kN

Ra = 4 1.6 = 2.4 kN by summing all forces vertical equal zero.

Example 2 A simply supported beam AB is carrying a uniformly distributed load of 4kN/m. If the span of the beam is 10 meters, find the reactions at A and B using conditions of equilibrium and virtual work.

4 kN/m A B

Ra Solution: A ) Conditions of equilibrium

8

Rb

 = 0,
Rb (10) 4 (10)(5) = 0 Rb =

40 (5) 10

= 20kN

= 0,
Ra + Rb = 4(10))

Rb = 40 20 = 20 kN b) Virtual work a) Assumed the beam to be hinged at A. Now consider an upward virtual displacement y of the beam at B.

y A Ra B Rb

b) Total virtual work done by the reactions Ra and Rb. = + ( Ra (0) + Rb (y) = Rb (y) c) Virtual work done by the uniformly distributed load. = -4 (10) ( y/2) = - 2y (10) = - 20y
9

d) Total virtual work or the principle of virtual work Rb (y) 20 y = 0 Rb = 20 N = 0 Ra + Rb 4(10) = 0 Ra = 20 N

Example 3 A beam AB of span 10 meters is supported and loaded as shown below. Determine the reactions Ra and Rb.

10 kN 4 kN/m A C D B

Ra

2m

2m

6m

Rb

Solution: a) Equilibrium conditions

10

 = 0
-10(2) + Rb (10) 24(7) = 0

-20 + 10 Rb 24(7) = 0 Rb = 18.8 kN = 0

Ra = 10 + 24 18.8 Ra = 15.2 kN

b) Virtual work a) Assumed the beam to be hinged at A. Now consider an upward virtual displacement y of the beam at B.

y z A Ra 2m 2m 6m x B Rb

Express displacement x and z in terms of y.

10 4

2 = 5

11

10 2

2) Total virtual work done by the reactions Ra and Rb. = + ( Ra (0) + Rb (y) = Rb (y) 3) Total virtual work done by the point 10 kN and the uniformly distributed load between D and B.
+ = - [10 z + 4 (6) ( )] 2 + = - [10 z + 24 ( )] 2

= - [10 (

) + 24 (

2 5

+ )]

= - 18.8 y

4. Principle of virtual work is that the algebraic sum of the total virtual work done equals to zero. Rb (y)- 18.8 y = Rb = 18.8 k N

= 0 Ra = 10 + 4 ( 6 ) 18.8
12

Ra = 15.2 kN

Example 4 A beam ABC of span 9m is loaded with uniformly distributed load and an overhanging load of 3 kN as shown. Determine Ra and RB.

3 kN 6 kN/m A B
6m Ra Solution: a) Equilibrium conditions Rb 3m

= 0 -3 (9) -18 (7.5) -36(3) + Rb (6) = 0 - 6Rb = -27 18( 7.5) -108
13

Rb = 45 kN = 0 Ra + Rb 36 18 3 = 0 Ra = 12 kN
b) Virtual work

a) Assumed the beam to be hinged at A. Now consider an upward virtual displacement y of the beam at B.

y A Ra 6m B Rb 3m C

Express the displacement x and z in terms of y.

6 6+3

9 = 6

3 2

2) Total virtual work done by the reactions Ra and Rb. = + (Ra (0) + Rb (y) = Rb (y)

14

3) Total virtual work done by the 3 kN and the uniformly distributed load 0f 6 kN/m.
0+ = - [ 3x + 9 (6) ( ( )] 2

=-[3(
= - 45 y

3 2

3 /2 + 9 (6) ( ( )] 2

4. Principle of virtual work is that the algebraic sum of the total virtual work done equals to zero. - 45 y + Rby = 0 Rb = 45 k N

= 0 Ra +Rb 9 (6) -3 = 0 Ra = 54 + 3 -45 = 12 kN

Example 5 Two beams AB and CD are hinged at C. Points A and D are supported by rollers while B is provided by hinged support as shown. Find the reaction at B or Rb. 1000 N
15

10m Solution:

2m

6m

8m

1. Virtual displacement diagram

X Ra Rb

y C

z E Rd

Displacement is y. Express x and z in terms of y.

= =

12

5 x = 10 6 14 8

4 = 7

2. Work done by 3 reactions Ra, Rb, and Rd.

= Ra(0) + Rb (x) + Rd(0) = 0 = Rb (x) = Rb (
5 6

)
16

3. Virtual work done by the load 1000N.

4 = - 1000 (z) = -1000 ( ) 7 downward

negative

sign

since

4. Principle of virtual work is that the algebraic sum of the total virtual work done equals to zero.
5 4 Rb ( ) - 1000 ( ) = 6 7

Rb = 685.71 N

Example 6 A wooden uniform beam AB is 36 meters long weighs 60 kg and loaded as shown. At what point must the beam be supported so that it may rest horizontally? Let the resultant of these forces passes through point D.

A 18 m 40 kg

C x 60 kg

90 kg

17

Solution: AB = 36 m AC= 18 m BD= 18-x CD= x

Moment of the resultant about D is equal to zero. The algebraic sum of the moments of a set of forces about a given point is the sum of the moments of the force, each moment having its proper sign prefixed to it.

= 0
40 ( 18 + x ) + 60 x 90 (18-x) = 0 720 + 40x + 60x 1620 + 90x = 0 X = 4.736 meters

So beam should have a support at a distance 18 + x= 18 + 4.736 meters from the point A.

COUPLED FORCES: Couple is a pair of equal, parallel and oppositely directed force. The vector sum of these forces is zero but their moment sum is not zero. The only effect of a couple on a body is a

18

tendency to rotate the body about an axis perpendicular to the plane.

Property of couple; The moment sum of its forces is constant and independent of any moment center. Moment of a couple is equal to the product of one of the force composing the couple multiplied by perpendicular distance between their action lines. Example 7 A horizontal wooden beam 20 meters long is weighing 1 kN and its center of gravity, C is 6 meters from A. Coupled forces are acting on the beam as shown below. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force required to produce equilibrium and the location that this force must be applied. 1.5 kN 800 N

2m 2 kN 6m 1 kN

4m 1.5kN

Solution:

19

In order to be in equilibrium resultant force vector must be counterbalanced by a force in opposite direction. = 0 1.5 + 0.8 2 1 1.5 = - 2.2 kN Therefore a force of 2.2 kN must be applied to the system. The distancex that this force must be applied can be calculated by using A as pivot point. Clockwise torque = 1 (6) + 1.5(20) = 36 kN m Counterclockwise torque = 1.5(2) + 0.8(16) + 2.2 x = 15.8 + 2.2 x Equate, 15.8 + 2.2 x =36 X = 9.18 meters from A.

20

EXERCISE 1
1. A wooden plank with a span of 20 meters is loaded with 4 kN as shown. Determine the reactions at points A and B.

4000 N A 8m B

Ans.

Ra = 2400 N

Rb = 1600 N

2. Two wooden slabs AB and CD are joined at point C. Determine the reaction at B as shown below;

1kN A B C E D

21

20m

4m

12m

16m

ANS. 1.2 kN 3. A beam below has a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m. If the span is 20 meters long, find the reactions at A and B.

10 kN/m A B

Ra

Rb

Ans. Ra = 100 kN

Rb = 100 kN

4. A 30 m beam of the bridge is loaded as shown. Determine Ra and RB.

10 kN 4 kN/m A C D B

Ra

2m

2m
22

6m

Rb

Ans. Ra = 29600 N

Rb = 52400 N

5. A horizontal wooden beam 40 meters long is weighing 2 kN and its center of gravity, C is 12 meters from A. Coupled forces are acting on the beam as shown below. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force required to produce equilibrium and the location that this force must be applied. 3 kN 1.6 kN

4m 4 kN 12m 2 kN

8m 3kN

Ans. 4.4 kN upward which must be applied 18.36 m from A. 6. A wooden uniform beam AB is 72 meters long weighs 120 kg and loaded as shown. At what point must the beam be supported so that it may rest horizontally? Let the resultant of these forces passes through point D. A 36 m
23

C x

80 kg

120 kg

180 kg

Ans. 45.48 meters from point A Solution page 1

24

Solution page2

25

Solution page 3

26

Solution page 4

27

CHAPTER 2 CONCEPT OF STRESSES

Stress is a force per unit area. Stress is tensile when force tends to elongate fibers in the member collinear with the stress, compressive when the force tends to shorten fibers in the member collinear with the stress, and shear when the forces in the member tend to make adjacent planes in the member slide relative to each other. In tensile and compressive stresses the areas affected are perpendicular to the applied force while in shearing stress area affected is parallel to the force. In bearing stress, the stress develop is due to the contact between two bodies. Deformations or strains are changes in the geometry of the body measured on the body of unit dimension or per unit length of the body. Modulus of elasticity or youngs modulus is a stress and strain ratio.
28

Strength is a property that represents the ability of a material to resist internal forces or stresses.

Conversion factors: 1 1 Pa N = N/m2 = kg m / sec2 = N. m = J/sec

1 Joule ,J 1 watt, W

10 12 10 9 10 6 10 3 10 2 10 1

= tera = giga = mega = jilo = hecto = deca

10 -12 = pico 10 -9 10 -6 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 = nano = micro = milli = centi = deci

29

FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES 1. Tensile and compressive stresses F

F
Tensile Stress = Compressive stress =

St

Sc =

Where F = force or load A = area

30

2. Shearing stress, Ss F F

Ss =

3. Bearing Stress, Sb

L D

Sb =

Bending stress differs from compressive stress as it is an internal stress caused by compressive stress.

31

4. Torsional Stress

S=

s=

16 3

for circular shaft

5. Bending or flexural stress F

Sf =

where I is the moment of inertia

M is the bending moment C is the distance of external fiber in tension Or compression

32

6. Strain or Elongation, Y Y=

where L = length and E=modulus of elasticity

7. Thermal Elongation, Y Y = k L ( t2 t1) Stress, S = kE (t2-t1)

8. Thin wall Pressure vessels St =

2

where D is internal diameter, t=thickness

33

EXAMPLES 1 A 50 mm round rod 3 meters long is stretched when 100,000.00 N loads is applied. Compute the tensile stress, MPa. Solution: Tensile Stress =

100000

( /4)(50)2

= 50 .90 MPa

Example 2 A part of a Power plant building used a hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 60 mm designed to carry a tensile load of 240 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 118 MN/m2.

34

F = 240 kN Solution:
Stress, S =

or F = SA
2 60 2 2 2

240 kN = 118

2 60 2 2 4

240 118 / 2

Simplifying and converting to proper units, D 2 = 3600 + 2589 mm2 D = 78.67 mm

Example 3 Find the diameter of the steel rod to withstand a pull of 10,000 pounds. Assume a factor of safety of 5 and ultimate stress of 64,000 psi. Solution: St=F/A or S t = F / A, where F = load or force
35

64000 5

10000
2 4

64000 ( d 2 ) = 10000 ( 5) (4) d = 1 inch

Example 4 A wooden beam 12 meters long and weighing 960 kg is carried by a steel and bronze cable as shown. Determine the smallest areas of bronze and steel cable if the maximum allowable stress for bronze is 108 MPa and steel is 144 MPa.

Bronze

steel

Solution:

FbrF st

F= 960 kg
36

By symmetry, Fbr = Fst = (1/2) (960 kg) ( 9.81 N/kg) = 4708.8 N For bronze cable: Fbr = SA 4708.8 = 108 A A = 43.6 mm2

For steel cable: F st = SA = 144 A = 4708.8 A = 32.7 mm2

Example 5 Determine the force necessary to punch a 0.50 inch diameter hole in a 0.625 inch thick plate if the ultimate shear strength of the steel plate is 50000 psi ? Solution:
37

Force = Shearing stress x Area F = Ss A= Ss A = Ss ( d t ) = 50000 (3.14) (0.50 ) ( 0.625) = 49062.5 pounds

Example 6 A hole-16 mm in diameter is to be punched on a steel plate 20 mm thick. If the shear strength of the steel plate is 263 MN, determine the required force in kN. Solution: F = Ss A = Ss
2

= 263 MN/m2(1000 (3.14)(16)(20)mm2 =

263 3.1416 16 (20) 1000

kN/MN)

m/1000mm)

= 264.39 kN

38

Example 7 Determine the number of 3/16 inch holes that can be punched in one motion in a steel plate 5/16 inch thick using a force of 100000 pounds. The ultimate shear strength is 48 ksi. Solution: Ss = =
100000 (16 )
5

= 48000 =

D = 2.12 inches Number of holes, = 2.12 inches / 3/16 inches/hole = 11 holes

Example 8

39

A rectangular tank 1.6 meter length x 0.2 meter width x 0.8 meter high has an edge welded at the bottom. If a force of 4000 kN is applied at the welded edge, compute the shearing stress.

Solution; Shearing stress, Ss Ss = Load / Area

= P/A = 4000 / [1.6 (0.2 )] = 12,500 kPa

Example 9 A 100 mm hole is to be punched out of the plate having an ultimate shearing stress of 400 MPa. If the compressive stress in the punch is limited to 500 MPa, determine the maximum thickness of the plate. Solution: From compressive stress, Sc =

Force, F = Sc (A) = ( /4)1002 ( 500) MPa F = 3925000 N

40

For shearing stress

Ss =

3925000 = A Ss = 400 () . 3925000 = 400 ()(100) And thickness , t t = 31.25 mm

Note that areas for compressive and shearing stresses are not the same. Example 10 A square bar is to carry a tensile load of 180000 N. The bar is to be 1200 mm long with ultimate stress of 448.3 MPa. If a design factor of 5 is desired, what would be the dimension of the section? Solution: For tensile stress St =

or F = A St

F= A St = 180000 N = ( 448.3/5)( b 2) . 180000 N = ( 448.3/5)( b 2 ) Solving for dimension, b

41

b = 44.8 mm Example 11 A bolt is subjected to a double shear by a force F = 800 kN. If the allowable shear strength of the bolt is 600 MPa, determine the smallest bolt diameter allowed.

Solution: Ss=

or F = A Ss

F = A Ss = 800 (1000) = 600 (2) ( /4)()2 D = 29.13 mm

STRESSES ON RIVETED JOINTS

FFF

42

Area for shear on rivet =(/4)()2

Area for bearing on plate material, = diameter of rivet ( thickness of plate) =dt Area for tensile stress on the plate, A = (width of plate diameter of rivet) (thickness of plate) = (w d) t

Example 12
43

Two pieces of 100 mm wide plates are joined together by a 10 mm diameter rivet. Allowable bearing stress for the plate is 100 MPa and allowable shearing stress for the rivet is 50 MPa. Determine a) minimum thickness of each plate b) largest average tensile stress in the plate. Solution: F F

A) Minimum thickness of each plate Force based on shearing of rivet, Fs Fs = Ss As = 50 (( /4) 2 ) = 50 (( /4)(10)2 Force based on bearing of the plate material, Fb Fb = SbAb But Fb = Fs = 100 ( 10) t

44

100 ( 10) t = 50 (( /4)(10)2 Solving for thickness of the plate, t t= 3.93 mm

b) Largest average tensile stress in the plate, St F = St At 50 (( /4) 10 2 ) = St ( 3.93) (100-10) Solving for the tensile stress, St St = 11.1 MPa

45

EXERCISE 2
1. A 50 mm hole is to be punched out of the plate having an ultimate shearing stress of 200 MPa. If the compressive stress in the punch is limited to 250MPa, determine the maximum thickness of the plate. Ans. t = 15.62 mm

2. A hole 24 mm in diameter is to be punched on a steel plate 30 mm thick. If the shear strength of the steel plate is 197 MN, determine the required force in kN. Ans. F= 445.60 kN 3. Determine the pressure required to punch a hole 4 inches in diameter through a inches steel plate. Ans.240 tons 4. A 100 mm round rod 3 meters long is stretched when 200,000.00 N loads is applied. Compute the tensile stress, MPa. Ans. 25.56 MPa

46

5. Determine a force required to punch a inch hole in a 3/8 thick plate if ultimate shear strength of the plate is 50,000 psi. Ans. 44,156.25 pounds 6. Two pieces of 200 mm wide plates are joined together by a 20 mm diameter rivet. Allowable bearing stress for the plate is 200 MPa and allowable shearing stress for the rivet is 100MPa. Determine a) minimum thickness of each plate b) largest average tensile stress in the plate. Ans. a) 7.85 mm b) 22.23 MPa

7. The stress is 50,000 psi and a unit strain is 0.002. Determine the modulus of elasticity. Ans. 25 x 10 6 psi

8. A steel rod is to withstand a pull of 10,000 pounds. If the ultimate stress is 50,000 psi and a factor of safety of 4 is used, determine the diameter of the rod. Ans. 1 inch

47

9. What force is necessary to punch a diameter hole in a thick plate? Ultimate shear strength of the steel plate is 50,000 psi. Ans. 58,875 pounds

Solution page

48

Solution page

49

Solution page 3

50

Solution page 4

51

CHAPTER 3
THIN WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

A vessel containing a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to the tensile forces which developed across the longitudinal and transverse sections of the vessel. FORMULAS: 1. For welded thin walled closed cylindrical vessel subjected to internal pressure:

Tangential (or circumferential stress)- Since the vessel is subjected to internal pressure p, then the total forces acting are the total pressures caused by the internal pressure p and the total tensions in the walls , T. a) Tangential stress (Longitudinal section)

52

Tension T Force, F

Length, L t = thickness D= diameter

Tension T

From S =

F = SA = internal pressure x area where A = diameter x length

F = p (DL)

T= tangential (circumferential stress)(area) = S (thickness x Length) = S (t L) = 0 F=2 T p (DL) = 2 S (t L)

2

Tangential stress, St =

If there is an external pressure Po,

Tangential stress, St =
1 2

53

b) Longitudinal stress (transverse section)

F
thickness t

P D

Total force acting at the rear F must equal to the longitudinal stress on the wall P = S L x (area of the wall ). P = S L x (area of the wall) where area of the wall = F = P A = P (/4) D 2 and P = S L Solving for Longitudinal stress,

54

SL

where P is the pressure, D is diameter, T is thickness

If there exist an external pressure P0, SL =

1 4

Note that the tangential stress is twice that of longitudinal stress.

2. For riveted Joints a. Force P =

( ) 2

where w is the width of repeating b. Bearing stress, S

S= ( . )

section.

c. Shear Stress, Ss
55

Ss =

. 2( )

d. Efficiency of the joints =

3. Open cylindrical tank or vessel a) Maximum circumferential stress, S

2 2

S= =

where p is pressure where p is density

b) Longitudinal stress, SL SL=

D t

Where P is total weight of the tank andthe liquid

d ) If a hemispherical tank contains gas under pressure, stress on the wall is given by; St =
1 0 4t
56

Example 1 A cylindrical pressure tank vessel has a diameter of 800 mm and wall thickness of 40 mm. If the internal pressure is 9 MN/m2 and the allowable stress is 240 MN/m2, determine a) Tangential stress ( longitudinal section) b) Longitudinal stress (transverse section) c) Maximum internal pressure the vessel can hold. Solution: a) Tangential stress (longitudinal section)

T T F D= 800 mm, t= 40 mm

From S =

F = SA = internal pressure x area where A = diameter x length

F = p (DL)

57

T= tangential (circumferential stress)(area of the wall) = S ( thickness x Length) = S (t L) = 0 F=2 T Tangential stress, St = p (DL) = 2 S (t L)
2

St = 2

9 ( 800) 2 (40)

= 90 MPa

b) Longitudinal stress (transverse section)

P t = 40 mm diameter = 800 mm F Total force acting at the rear F must equal to the longitudinal stress on the wall P = S L x (area of the wall ). P = S L x (area of the wall ) where area of the wall =
58

F = p A = p (/4) D 2 and P = S L Solving for Longitudinal stress, SL =

4

where P is the pressure, D is diameter, T is thickness

SL

9 (800) 4(40)

= 45 MPa

c) Maximum pressure the vessel can hold

St = 2

S L =

St

= 2 S L= 2 (800) 240= 2(40)

P = 24 MPa Example 2 Determine the maximum internal pressure that the 900 mm diameter, 40 mm thick, 4 meters length pressure vessel if the maximum allowable longitudinal stress is 280 MPa and maximum circumferential stress is 120 MPa.

59

Solution: Tangential stress (Longitudinal section)

Tension T t = thickness Force, F Length, L

D= diameter Tension T

Based on circumferential stress ( tangential) From S =

F = SA = internal pressure x area

F = p (DL) where A = diameter x length T= tangential (circumferential stress)(area of the wall) = S ( thickness x Length) = S (t L) = 0 p (DL) = 2 S (t L) Tangential stress, St = 2 ( 900) 120 = P= 10.67 MPa 2(40) Based on Longitudinal stress; Longitudinal stress (transverse section) F=2 T

60

F thickness t

P D= 900 mm

Total force acting at the rear F must equal to the longitudinal stress on the wall P = S L x (area of the wall ). P = S L x (area of the wall ) where area of the wall = F = p A = p (/4) D 2 and P = S L Solving for Longitudinal stress, SL 280 = =
4 (900) 4(40)

where P is the pressure, P = 49.68 MPa

Use P = 10.67 MPa Example 3 Determine the allowable internal pressure on a spherical tank 8 ft in diameter 5/8 inch thick if the maximum allowable stress is 16000 psi. Solution:
61

P = total internal pressure F= Total wall pressure

Total wall pressure F = total internal pressure P S A = P ( 4 2 ) S=

4
1

S (Dt) = P ( 4 2 )
5 8

16000 =

(8 12) 4( )

P = 416.66 psi Example 4 Determine the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel intended for a fluid with pressure of 700 psi. Vessel is 1 ft diameter and stress is limited to 6 ksi. Solution: Critical is the tangential stress. S=
2

6000 =

700 (1 12) 2

Thickness t = 1. 4 inches
62

Example 5 A cylindrical tank has welded joints with a strength in the joints equal to the strength of the material. If the tank is 8 feet in diameter and is subjected to 480 psi internal pressure, determine the wall thickness required if design stress is 10000 psi. Solution: S=
2

where p is pressure

Solving for thickness t, t= t=

2 480 8 (2) 2(10000 )

where p is pressure

t = 2.3 inches

Example 6 A welded water tank is made of in thick steel plate, open at the top, 24 feet in diameter and 48 feet high The

63

tank is supported at the base, and filled with water. Determine the maximum circumferential stress. Solution: S = = ft = 11980.8 psi
2

where p is density where 12 inches= 1

62.4 48 12 24 (12) 1728 2 (0.25)

64

Exercise 3
1. Determine the maximum internal pressure that the 90 mm diameter, 4 mm thick, 4 meters length pressure vessel if the maximum allowable longitudinal stress is 28 MPa and maximum circumferential stress is 12 MPa. Ans. P = 1.067 MPa( tangential) P = 4.9 MPa( longitudinal)

2. Determine the allowable internal pressure on a spherical tank 16 ft in diameter 10/8 inch thick if the maximum allowable stress is 32000 psi. Ans. P = 833.33 psi

3. Find the shearing stress of a tank 1 m L x 0.2 m W x 0.8 m H if a force of 1000 kN is applied at the welded bottom.

65

Ans. 5000 kPa

4. Find the polar moment of inertia of a square 7 x 7 . Ans. 400.17 in4 5. A cylindrical tank pressure vessel 120 inches in diameter is subjected to 500 psi internal pressure. Design stress is 5000 psi. Determine the wall thickness if the tank has welded joints with the strength in the joint equal to the strength of the material at the other sections? An. 6 inches

6. A welded water tank, 1/ 4 inch thick, open at the top, 300 inches in diameter and 600 inches high is filled with water. The tank is supported at the base. Determine the maximum circumferential stress. Ans. 13000 psi 7. A spherical shell with outside diameter of 9inches and inside diameter of 92 inches is subjected to internal pressure of 750 psi. Determine the maximum stress in the shell. Ans. 8625 psi
66

8. A fluid is exerting a pressure of 1.8 MN/m2 inside a cylindrical pressure vessel tank 160 mm diameter and 8 mm thick. If the allowable pressure is 48 MN/m2 , determine a) tangential stress ( longitudinal section) b) longitudinal stress (transverse section) c) maximum internal pressure the vessel can hold. Ans. St = 18 MPa SL = 9 MPa P= 4.8 MPa

67

Solution page

68

Solution page

69

Solution page

70

Solution page

71

CHAPTER 1V STRAIN, STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURESAND THERMAL STRESS

Strain is also called unit deformation. It is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied load to the original length.
Strain, =

Stress is also proportional to strain, S = E and also S =

= E

but

= =

Elongation,
= =

72

Force F or load must be axial and the cross sectional area must be uniformed.
A linear relation between elongation and the axial force is stated in Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or

=
K is modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus The limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape when the load is removed is known as elastic limit. Factor of safety is the ratio of ultimate or yield strength to allowable strength.

CONVERSION FACTORS
1 KPa = 1 kN/m2 1 MPa = 1 MN/ m2 = 1 N/ mm2 1 Pa 1 KJ = 1 N/m2 = 1 KN-m 1 kgf 1 lbf = 4.48 N 1 MPa = 145 psi = 10.197 kg/cm2 = 9.8 N

1 hp min= 33000 ft-lb 1cm = 0.01 m

1 Watt = 1 J- sec 1 hp = 75 kg m/sec

73

1 mm = 0.001 m

= 735.3 watts (metric) = 0.746 kW( English) = 42.4 Btu/min Example 1

1 inch= 2.54 cm 1m = 100 cm

1kg= 2.2 lbs

A piston rod of a reciprocating water pump is 20 mm diameter and 100 cm long. If maximum elongation is not to exceed 2 mm and E = 206,785 x 10 3kpa, determine the allowable load, KN. Solution:

= 0.002 =

(1 )
4

0.02 2 (206,785 x 10 3 )

F = (0.02) (4 0.02 2 (206,785 x 103 ) F = 129.86 kN

Example 2

74

Determine the force required to stretch the brass rod 10 mm in diameter by 0.4 % of its length. Modulus of elasticity for brass is 9 x 10 10 Pa. Solution: Elongation, =

where A = D 2 /4

0.004L = ( 9 10 10 )

0.004L =
4

(0.01)2 ( 9 10 10 )

F = 28260 Newtons Example 3 Determine the allowable load of the steel rod 50 mm in diameter and 2000 mm long if the allowable elongation is not to exceed 2 mm. E = 30 x 10 6 psi for steel or 206.785 Mpa. Solution: Elongation, Solving for load F, F=

=FL/AE

75

0.002

F=

3.1416 4

0.05 2 (206785 ) 10 6 2

F= 0.0004033 106 / F = 405.82 N

Example 4 A rod whose unit mass is 3900 kg/ m3 has a cross sectional area of 400 mm2 and 250 meters long. If the load of 18 kN is applied at its end as shown and E = 200 x 10 3MPa, determine, a) Elongation due to its own weight, mm b) Elongation due to the applied load, mm c) Total elongation , mm

76

F= 18 kN Solution: a) Elongation due to its own weight,

, elongation due to weight L/2 W= force concentration, L / 2

( ) ( )

3900 /3 4002 250

=

9.8

250 2 / 2

4002 200103 106

3900 400 250 9.8

400

250 1000 ( 2 200 10 3 106

77

39 25 9.8 (125) 200 103

= 5.98 mm

b) Elongation due to the applied load

, elongation due to applied load F

=
=

18000 250 4002(106 )

2 2

200103 106

/2

78

18000 (250) (

400(10 6 )

1000 ) 200 10 3 106

= 56.25 mm C) Total elongation

18(25) 4(2)

= 56.25 mm + 5.98 mm = 62.23 mm Example 5 A 50 mm round rod 3 meters long has total elongation of 0.80 mm when 100000 N loads is applied. Calculate the modulus of elasticity. Solution: Elongation, =

Solving for modulus of elasticity, E E= E=

100000 (3 ) 0.0008
3.14 4

0.0502 2

79

E=

100000 (3)(4)

8 10 4 3.14 2500 10 6 2 / 2 10 9

E = 191.08 GPa Example 6 A round steel rod 1400 mm long is subjected to a load of 31000 N. What should be its diameter if total elongation/deformation is not to exceed 0.80 mm? For steel E = 206900 MPa Solution: Elongation, = =
4

and A =

()2

( )2

Solving for diameter d,

4 3100 (1400 ) 1/2 4 1/2 D= ( ) =( ) 0.80 ( 206900 )

D = 18.27 mm Example 7 A bar 75 meters long and 150 mm 2 cross sectional area has a unit weight of 6945 kg/m3. If one end is hanging as shown,
80

determine the elongation due to its own weight. E= 200 x 103 MN/m2.

, elongation

W Solution: Elongation, = Where

[ 6945
1 3 (9.8 )( 1000)3 3 3

F
1000 (75)( )(1502 ]

F = 5765.686 N L = (75 m/2)(1000mm/m), mm concentration of weight = 75(1000)/2 mm=37500 mm A= 150 mm 2 E= 200 x 10 3MPa= 200x 10 3 MN/m2
81

= 200 x 10 3MN/m2(106 N/MN)( m2/10 6mm2) = 200x 10 3 N/mm2 Elongation, = = 0.957 mm

765.686 N 37500 mm 150 2 200 10 3 / 2

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Statically indeterminate structures are those structures that the number of reactive forces exceeds the number of independent equations of equilibrium. In order to solve the reactions, these require the use of relations that depend on the elastic deformation of the members. Example 8 A concrete column 250 mm in diameter is reinforced with steel to support an axial compressive load of 600 kN. Determine the area of the reinforcing steel if allowable stresses are 8 MPa and 130 MPa for concrete and steel, respectively. E for concrete = 14 GPa and E for steel = 200 GPa.
82

600 kN

Solution: Deformation on concrete = Deformation on steel [ [ [ [

] = [

] = [

] = [ ]

14

] = [

] 200

100 Sco = 7 S st When Sst = 130 MPa,

83

100 Sco = 7 (130)

Sco = 9.1 MPa> 8

(not acceptable exceeded limit) When Sco = 8 MPa, 100(8) = 7 Sst (accepted) Decision: Use Sco = 8 MPa and Sst = 114.29 MPa = 0 Fst + Fco = 600000 N F= AS (AS)st + (AS) co = 600000 114.19 Ast + 8 Aco = 600000 114.19 Ast + 8 (
2 4

Sst = 114.29 MPa< 130

but S = F/A,

- Ast) = 600000

114.19 Ast + 8 (

(250)2 4

- Ast) = 600000

114.19 Ast + 8 (49087.5 - Ast) = 600000 106.19 Ast = 207300 Ast = 1952 mm 2

84

Example 9 Determine the maximum weight that can be supported by the three equally spaced round bars made of steel and copper as shown. The three bars are all equal in lengths.

Copper bar Area: 1000 m2 E 120 GPa

steel bar 1300 m2 200 GPa

85

copper bar 1000 m2 120 GPa

Stress 80 MPa (Allowable)

150 MPa W

80 MPa

Solution:

F copper

F steel

F copper

Deformation on copper = deformation on steel [ [ [ [

3

] = [

] = [

]
since equal in length L

] = [ ]
5

] = [ ]

5 Sco = 3 S st When Sst = 150 MPa, 5 Sco = 3 (150)

86

Sco = 90 MPa> 80 (not safe) When Sco = 80 MPa, 5(80) = 3 Sst Sst = 133.3 MPa< 150 (accepted) Decision: Use Sco = 8 0MPa and Sst = 133.3 MPa

= 0 Weight, W = 2 F co + Fs = F/A, F= AS W = 2 (SA) co + (SA) st = 2 (80) (1000) + 133.3(1300) = 333290 N but S

THERMAL STRESS Thermal stress is an internal stress created by the expansion or contraction by a body due to temperature changes. However, no

87

load or stress is induced in a body if temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely. Deformation due to thermal stress is T = L (Tf-Ti) = L Where = coefficient of thermal expansion in m/mC L = length in meters Ti and Tf = initial and final temperatures,

Deformation due to temperature, T = L (Tf-Ti) = L Deformation due to axial load P,

88

 P = But

T = P L =

and thermal stress S = E

Example 10 Determine the diameter of the steel rod which is stretched between two walls if the allowable stress is not to exceed 142 MPa at - 18. The rod carries a tensile load of 4980 N at 22 C. Assume coefficient of thermal expansion 12.1 m/m and E = 196 GPa.

Solution: L 4980 N 4980 N

= +

89

= L + = L +

or

= +

S = +

142 = ( 12.1 x 106 ) ( 196000) ( 22 (-18)) + 142 - 94.864 = Solving for A, A = 105.65 mm 2
3.1416 2 4 4980

4980

= 105.65 mm 2

Solving for the diameter of the rod, D = 11.58 mm

90

EXERCISE 4
1. A bar 75 meters long and 150 mm 2 cross sectional area has a unit weight of 7850 kg/m3. If one end is hanging as shown, determine the elongation due to its own weight. E= 200 x 103 MN/m2.

W
91

Ans. 1.086 mm 2. A rod whose unit mass is 4200 kg/ m3 has a cross sectional area of 400 mm2 and 250 meters long. If the load of 30 kN is applied at its end and E = 200 x 10 3MPa, determine, a) elongation due to its own weight, mm b) elongation due to the applied load, mm c) total elongation , mm

Ans.

a) 6.44 mm

b) 93.75 mm c) 100.19 mm

3. A steel bar 10 meters long with a cross sectional area of 20 cm2 support a load of 6000 N. If modulus of elasticity is 20 x 10 10 N/m2, how much is the bar stretched? Ans. 1.5 x 10 -4 m

4. How much a steel rod 200 ft long and 0.08 in 2 in cross sectional area be stretched by a force of 2000 lb. Youngs modulus for steel is 29 x 10 6 psi. Ans. 2.07 inches

92

5. A vertical column steel 19 ft high and having a cross sectional area of 4 in 2 is used to support a load of 10 tons. How much is the column shortened by the load? E = 29 x 10 6 psi. Ans. 0.04324 inch

6. A concrete column 285 mm in diameter is reinforced with steel to support an axial compressive load of 650 kN. Determine the area of the reinforcing steel if allowable stresses are 8 MPa and 130 MPa for concrete and steel, respectively. E for concrete = 14 GPa and E for steel = 200 GPa. Ans. 1315 mm2 Solution page 1

93

Solution page 2

94

Solution page 3

95

Solution page 4

96

CHAPTER V TORSION
A bar is said to be in torsion if it is fixed in one end and twisted at the other end by a force perpendicular to the axis of the bar. The stress developed is known as torsional shearing stress, .

Length, L

angle of twist,

Torque L

Torque, T

For solid or hollow circular shaft,

97

Torsional shearing stress, , =

and max =

Where = distance from center of the shaft r = outer radius J = polar moment of inertia Angle of twist, =

Power transmitted by shaft, P = T w = 2 For solid cylindrical shaft, J=

4 32

max =

16 3

For hollow cylindrical shaft J=

( 4 4 ) 32

max =

16 ( 4 4 )

98

Example 1 Calculate the mean average stress induced in the shaft whose torque varies from 3000 to 7000 in-lb. The shaft is 1.5 inches in diameter and 50000 psi yield strength. Solution; max =
16 3

16 (7000 ) (1.5)3

10568.53 psi

min =

16

=
2

16 (3000 ) (1.5)3

4529.37 psi

mean=

+ 10568 .53+4529.37 2
= 7548.9 psi

Example 2 Alathe spindle 50 mm in diameter is rotating at 500 rpm. If stress allowed for short shaft is 60 N / mm2, what is the KW would a spindle transmits?

99

Solution: =
16 3

= 60 =

16

(50)3

T = 3.14 (50 )3(60) /16 T = 1471875 N mm = 1.471 kN-mm

Power, P = 2 T N= 2(3.14) 1.471) ( 500/60) = 76.98 KW Example 3 A line shaft develops 7.46 kW at a speed of 1200 rpm. If shearing stress of shaft is 30 N/m2, find its diameter. Solution: P = T w = 2 Torque, T =
2

7.46 2 (1200 ) /60

= 59.36 kN
For solid cylindrical shaft, Tortional stress, =
16 4 1/2 16 ( ) = 59360 = 3 3
100

Diameter, D = 21.6 mm

Example 4 A steel shaft is rotating 1400 rpm and develops 40 hp. If shearing stress based on pure torsion is 5000 psi, find the shaft diameter and the torsional deflection of shaft in degrees per foot. Solution: Torque T = 63000 F/ N = 63000 ( 40)/ 1400 = 1800 in lb From Tortional stress,= D3=
16 = 16 (1800 ) = (1800 ) 16 3

D = 1.223 inches For polar moment of inertia, J J=

4 32

=J=

(1.223)4 32

= 0.40 in 4

Torsional deflection,

==

1800 0.40 (12 10 4

rad/inX 180/ 12 /

101

= 0.246 deg/ft

Example 5 Determine the diameter of a solid cylindrical shaft 50 cm long transmitting 40 KW at 1600 rpm. Shearing stress is 7.8 MPa. Solution: Power = 2 T N

40

= 2(3.14) T ( 1600 / 60 )

Solving for the Torque T, T = 0.2388 kN-m Torsional stress, = 7800

16 3

= 16 ( 0.2388 ) 3.14 D 3

Solving for the Diameter, D D = 0.053 meter = 53 mm

102

Example 6 A hollow shaft 6 meters long, 16 cm outside diameter, wall thickness of 0.60 cm, is rotating at 400 rpm and transmits 220 KW. The steel shaft has G = 82.7 x 10 6kPa. Determine the angular deflection of the shaft. Solution: P =2TN 220 = 2 (3.14) T ( 410/60) Solving for the torque T, T = 60 (220) (2)(3.14)(410) = 5.13 kN-m

For Circular Shaft, J = ( Do4 D14 ) 4 = 3.14 ( 0.164 0.148 4 ) 4

103

= 1.72 x 10 5 m4 Angular Deflection, O O = TL/JG = 5.13 ( 6 ) 1.72x10 5( 82.7x106

= 0.0216 radian = 1.24 O Example 7 Determine the linear speed of a pulley 50 cm diameter mounted in a 60 mm diameter short shaft transmitting 100 hp. Solution: For short shaft, P = D3 N / 38 100 = (60/25.4)3 N / 38 Solving for the rpm, N

104

N = 38 (100) (25.4)3 / ( 60 )3 = 288 rpm Solving for velocity, V V=DN = 3.14 (0.50)m (288)rev/min) (2 / rev) ( 3.28 ft/m) = 1483 ft/min Example 8 Determine the diameter required of the shaft which is subjected to steady load of72,000in-lb with a shear stress of 20,000 psi. Solution: Torque = Force X Radius = F ( D/2) Ss = 16 T / D 3 20,000 = 16 ( 36000 D ) 3.14 ( D3 ) Solving for the Diameter D, D = 5.37 inches
105

Example 9 Find the polar section modulus of a shaft with diameter of 4 inches. Solution: Polar section modulus, Z Z = D 3 / 32 = 3.124(4)3 / 32 = 6.28 in 3 Example 10 A steel shaft is to transmit 10 hp at 130 rpm with torsional deflection below 0.06 degree / foot length. Determine the required diameter in inches. G for steel is 12 x 10 6 psi. Solution; P =2TN Solving for Torque, T T = P/2N = 10 ( 550 )/ 2 (130 /60 )

106

= 404.2 ft-lb Angular Deflection, O O =TL/JG

0.06 ( /180) = 404.2 / (/32) D4 (12x106) (144) Solving for Diameter, D, D4 = 180 ( 404.2) (32) 3.14(12x106)(144)(0.06)(3.14)

= 0.21844 ft = 2.62 inches

107

Exercise 5
1. Determine the angular deflection of a shaft 5 inches diameter, 58 inches long, transmits 10 hp at 180 rpm. G= 12 x 10 6 psi Ans.O = 0.015826 degrees

2. The line shaft is transmitting 20 hp at 210 rpm. Compute its diameter if the shear stress of the shaft is 8 ksi. Ans. 1.72 inches

108

3. Determine the power transmitted by a short 50 mm diameter shaft having a rotational speed of 280 rpm. Ans.56.2 hp 4. Find the polar section modulus of a hollow shaft with outside diameter of 8 inches and internal diameter of 5 inches. Ans. 85.15 inches 3 5. Determine the twisting moment developed when the shaft delivers 10 hp at 600 rpm.

Ans.87.58 ft-lb 6. A shaft 80 inches long rotates about one end at 12 rad/sec and starts to accelerate at 5 rad/sec2. How long the velocity of free end reach 60 meters/sec? Ans. 3.5 seconds 7. A solid steel shaft is to be used for 600 hp, 300 rpm machinery line. The allowable torsional deflection is 1 and the allowable stress is 10000 psi. Modulus of rigidity is 12 x 10 6 psi. Determine the required size based on a. stress b. torsional deflection

109

ans. T= 126,114.6 in lb

= 4.97 inches

8. A mild carbon steel shaft transmitting 15 hp at 210 rpm has an inner diameter of 0.036 meter and outer diameter 0f 0.07 meter. Determine the polar moment of inertia of the hollow shaft. Ans. 2.19 x 10 6 meter

9. A short steel shaft is 60 mm diameter and transmits 120 hp. Determine the linear speed of a pulley 50 cm diameter mounted in the shaft. Ans. 543.14 feet / min

10. A machinery solid shaft 4 inches in diameter is driven by a 36 inches gear and rotating at 120 rpm. If the allowable shearing stress is 10 ksi, determine the transmitted horsepower. Ans. 239 hp 11. A mild carbon steel shaft is transmitting 10 hp at 180 rpm with torsional deflection of 0.06 degree per ft110

length. Determine the required diameter if G= 12 x 10 6 psi Ans. D = 2.42 inches 12. The diameter of the shaft of a 760 KW 1500 rpm electric motor is 40 mm. If the torsional shear stress is 30 N / mm2, calculate the nominal shear stress at the surface of the shaft in Mpa. Ans. Ss = 385.4 Mpa 13. The small countershaft joining the turbine and generator is 1 in diameter. The allowable shear stress is 10000 psi, determine the horsepower delivered by the shaft at the speed of 16 rad /sec. Ans. 25.50 hp 14. The 14 ft steel line shaft is used on the braking system of an automobile running at 220 rpm. If the torsional deflection is not to exceed 0.10 per foot length, determine the horsepower that the shaft can deliver? Ans. 7.19 hp 15. A shaft delivers 40 KW at 200 rpm. Find the torsional moment.
111

Ans. 2x10 6 N-mm 16. A 200 mm diameter shaft is driven at 6000 rpm by a 600 hp prime mover. The shaft drives a 250 cm diameter chain sprocket having 80 % output efficiency. Determine the torque in ft-lb developed in the shaft. Ans. 525 ft-lb

Solution page

112

Solution page 2

113

Solution page 3

114

Solution page 4

115

CHAPTER VI STRESSES IN BEAMS

When forces are applied on the beam, these cause flexural or bending stress and shearing stress at any cross section of the beam. These forces also cause deflection perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam. The bending moment causes the bending stress. Bending Moment, M =

where y is a distance from the force to the neutral axis and differential force dF.
dF = y dA

116

where A = differential area, is radius of curvature and E is modulus of elasticity. M= = But M=

( y dA) = ( y2 dA)

y2 dA = moment of inertia , =

and

The bending or flexural stress is proportional to the distance y from the neutral axis, = E = = formula 1 / And fb maximum occurs at centroid C,

formula 2

Bending stress due to beam curvature,

formula 3

Beam curvature, K=
1
117

formula 4

Example 1 Determine the maximum flexural or bending stress developed on a belt 10 mm wide by 0.40 mm thick running over a pulley 300 mm in diameter. Assume E = 100 GPa. Solution:

Bending moment M =

And fb maximum occurs at centroid C, (

)

and

Bending stress due to beam curvature,

100000 ( 2 ) 150

0.40

= 133.34MPa Example 2 A rectangular steel bar 1 /2 wide by 1/8 thick and 20 inches long is bent by applied forces at the ends. Midpoint deflection is 1 / 2 . Determine the bending stress in the bar if E = 29 x 10 6 psi.

118

Solution:

rr
10

Solving for radius r, (r ) 2 + (10) 2 = r 2 r2 r + + 100 = r 2 r = 100.25 inches Bending moment M =

and

And fb maximum occurs at centroid C,

( )

Bending stress due to beam curvature,

119

29 10 6 (2(8)) 100.25

= 18079.8 psi

Example 3 A rectangular beam 1 wide, 2high and 6 ft long is used to carry a load of 1000 pounds as shown. Determine the maximum fiber stress and the stress in a fiber located 0.2 from the top of the beam at midspan. 1000 lb A B

1.5 ft Solution:

4.5 ft

1000 lb

120

1.5 ft Ra = 0
Ra(6) -1000(4.5)=0

4.5 ft Rb

Ra = 750 lb

= 0
Rb (6) -1000(1.5)=0 Maximum fiber stress, C= 1 d=2 Rb = 250 lb

b=1 Shear and moment diagrams 1000 lb A B

1.5 ft

4.5 ft
121

Ra

Rb

750 lb

-250 lb 1125 ft lb
m

3 ft 4.5 ft

Shear computation,
At point A, va = Ra = 750 lb At load 1000lb, V= 750 1000 = -250 lb

Moment computation,
At point A to load 1000 lb = 750 x At x = 1.5 ft M= 750 (1.5) = 1125 ft lb

At point Load 1000 lb to point B = 750 x -1000(x-1.5) At x = 1.5 M= 750(1.5) 1000(1.5-1.5) = 1125 ft lb At x = 6 M = 750(6) -1000( 6-1.5) = 0 122

From the diagram, maximum moment is 1125 ft lb. And fb maximum occurs at centroid C,

formula 2

1125 12 (1)
3 12

1125 12 (1)
1(2)3 12

= 20250 psi

Stress

in fiber located 0.2 inch from the top of the beam at midspan, 0.2 0.8 NA

750 12 (0.8)
1(2)3 12

= 10800 psi

123

EXERCISE 6

1. A rectangular beam 4 wide, 8high and 24 ft long is used to carry a load of 4000 pounds as shown. Determine the maximum fiber stress and the stress in a fiber located 0.2 from the top of the beam at midspan. 4000 lb A B

6 ft

18 ft

Ans.f b max = 5062.5 psi 2. A rectangular steel bar 1 /2 wide by 1/8 thick and 80 inches long is bent by applied forces at the ends. Midpoint

124

deflection is 2 . Determine the bending stress in the bar if E = 29 x 10 6 psi. Ans.fb = 4519 psi 3. Determine the maximum flexural or bending stress developed on a belt 10 mm wide by 0.20 mm thick running over a pulley 400 mm in diameter. Assume E = 100 GPa. Ans. fb = 50 MPa Solution page

125

Solution page

126

Solution page

127

Solution page

128

CHAPTER VII LOAD, SHEAR, AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS IN BEAMS

Beam is a bar subject to forces that lie in a plane. Beam maybe determinate or indeterminate. The shearing force in a beam is equal to the rate of the bending moment with respect to a distance x. The shear at any point in a moment diagram is its slope at that point. Therefore, Shearing force, V =

andLoad, L = =

So the slope of the shear diagram at a point is the load at that point and the slope of the moment diagram is the shear at that point. The maximum moment occurs at the point when shear is zero. Example 1
129

The beam is loaded as shown below. Draw the load, shear, and moment diagram. 180 kN 90 kN A B C D

6m Ra Solution: = 0
18Rc 6(180) 21(90) = 0 18Rc = 6 (180) + 21(90)

12m Rc

3m

18 Rc = 1080 + 1890 Rc = 165 kN = 0

18Ra + 3 (90 )- 12(180)= 0 18Ra = 12(180) 3 (90)

Ra = 105kN
Load, Shear, and Moment Diagrams a) Load diagram 130

180 kN A B C

90 kN D

6m Ra
b) Shear Diagram 105 kN

12m Rc

3m

90 kN

-75 kN

c) Moment Diagram 630 kN

-270 kN

Drawing the load, shear, and moment diagrams, a) Load diagram

131

Copy/paste the values of the loads and computed reactions. b) Shear Diagram
1. Va = Ra = 105 kN 2. Vb = Va + Area in load diagram 180 kN = 105 + 0 180 = - 75 kN 3. Vc = Vb + area in load diagram + Rc = -75 +0+165 = 90 kN 4. Vd = Vc + area in load diagram 90 kN = 90 +0 90 = 0 kN c) Moment diagram 1. Ma = 0 2. Mb = Ma + area in shear diagram = 0 + 105(6) = 630 kN 3. Mc = Mb + area in shear diagram = 630 75(12) -270 = -270 kN 132

4. Md = Mc + area in shear diagram = -270 + 90 (3) = 0 kN

Example 2 Draw the load, shear and moment diagrams of the beam loaded as shown below;

60 kN A B

100 kN C D

2m

6m

4m

= 0

60 (2) + Rd(10) 100 (6) = 0 120 + 10 Rd 600 = 0

133

Rd = 48 kN = 0 Rb (10)-100(4) -60 (12) = 0 Rb = 112 kN

Computation for shear and moment values to be used in diagrams; Segment AB, 60 KN A x B

Vab = - 60 kN (downward)

Mab = -60 x

Segment BC, 60 kN A B x C Rb= 112kN

Vbc = - 60 kN + 112 kN =52 kN 134

Mbc = -60 x + 112 (x-2) = -60 x +112x 224 = 52x 224

Segment CD,

x 60 kN A B C D

Rb= 112kN

Vcd = -60 + Rb -100 = -160 + 112 = - 48 kN Mcd = - 60 x + Rb (x-2) 100 ( x-2-6) = -48 x + 576 Drawing the moment diagram with the moment equations, Mab = - 60 x at x = 0, At x = 2 M=0 M = -60(2) = -120 135

Mbc = 52 x 224

at x = 2 At x= 8

Mbc= 52(2) -224 = -120 kN Mbc= 52(8) -224 = 192 kN

Moment is zero when Mbc = 52x 224 = 0 52x = 224 X = 4.307 meters from point B Mcd = -48x + 576 at x = 8 At x = 12 a) Load diagram Mcd= -48(8) + 576 = 192 kN Mcd = -48(12) + 576 = 0

60 kN A B

100 kN C D

2m
Rb

6m

4m
Rd

b) Shear Diagram

52 kN

-48 kN -60 kN 136

152 kN.m c) Moment diagram 0 4.3 m

-120 kN.m

Example 3 A uniformly loaded beam also carries a load of 76 kN as shown below. Draw the load, shear, and moment diagram. 76 kN 12 kN/m

2m

6m

Solution:

= 0

137

-76 (2) + Rc(8) 12(2+6)(8/2) = 0 Rc(8)= 76(2)+12(8)(4) Rc= 67 kN

= 0 Ra (8)= 76(6) + 12(8) ( 8/2) Ra = 105 kN

Computation for shear and moment values to be used in diagrams; Segment AB, 12 kN/m A x Ra= 105 kN B

Vab = 105 12 x kN Mab = 105x 12x(x/2) = 105x 6x 2

138

Segment BC, 12 kN/m A B Ra= 105 kN Vbc = 105 76 -12x = 29-12x Mbc = 105x 76(x-2) 12x(x/2) = 105x -76x +152-6x2 = 29x +152 6x2 a) Load Diagram 76 kN 12 kN/m B x 76 kN C

A Ra=105kN 67kN 2m B 139 6m C Rc=

b) Shear Diagram computation For segment AB, Vab = 105 12x when x = 0, Vab = 105kN X= 2, Vab = 105 12(2)= 81 kN For segment BC, Vbc = 29 12x When x = 2, Vbc = 29 12(2) = 5 kN X=8m, Vbc = 29 -12(8) = -67kN

c) Moment Diagram Mab = 105x 6x2 At x =0, At x = 2 Mab = 0 Mab =105(2)- 6 (2)2 = 186 kN-m

Mbc = 29x +152 6x 2 At x =2, At x = 8, Mbc= 29(2)+152-6(2)2 = 186 kN-m Mbc = 29(8)+152-6(8)2 = 0 kN-m

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Maximum moment occurs at Vbc = 29 12x=0 or x = 29/12 = 2.42 meters. Moment value at this point is Mbc = 29x +152 6x 2 = 29(2.42) +152 6(2.42)2 = 187.04 kN-m

Load, Shear, and moment diagrams are as follows; a) Load diagram 76 kN 12 kN/m

A Ra=105kN 67kN 2m B 6m C Rc=

b) Shear diagram 105kN 81kN

141

5 kN -67 kN c) Moment diagram maximum moment

Exercise 5
1.The beam is loaded as shown below. Draw the load, shear, and moment diagram.

540 kN A B C

270 kN D

18m Ra

36m Rc

9m

Ans.

Ra=315 kN
Va= 315 kN 142

Rc = 495 kN
Vc = 270 kN

Ma = 5670 kN 2. Draw the load, shear and moment diagrams of the beam loaded as shown below;

120 kN A B

200 kN C D

4m Ans: Rd = 96 kN Mab = - 120 x

12m

8m Rb= 224 kN Mbc = 104 x 896 Vcd= -96 kN

Mcd= -96x +2304 kN.m

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CHAPTER VIII BEAMS DEFLECTIONS

The applied loads may cause deformation on beams and this deformation is usually expressed in terms of deflection. The deformed shape is known as elastic curve. F x

y elastic curve Most common methods in determining beam deflections are double integration, superposition, and Macaulays methods.
148

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD The double integration method makes use of the equation of the elastic curve through the radius of curvature equation;

( 1+ )2 )3/2

The radius of curvature of beam is

Equate the two equations to obtain a relation,

( 1+ )2 )3/2

But dy/dx is so small that it can be neglected without appreciable error,

1 moment.

or

y EI = M

where M is the bending

Y is the deflection of the beam while y is the slope of the elastic curve and EI is known as flexural stiffness. Example 1

149

Calculate the slope and deflection of a cantilever beam with a length L and point load F at the free end. Flexural stiffness is EI. Solution: L

x F Moment M at position x , M = - Fx From the equation y EI = M , y EI = - Fx Using double Integration to get slope and deflection equations, EI y =
2 2

+ C1

eq 1

EI y =

3 6

+ C1x + C2

eq 2

Removing constants of integrations by the following conditions, At x = L At x = L y =0 y=0

150

Substitute in the two equations, EI (0) =

( )2 2

+ C1

eq 1

C1=

( )2 2

EI (0) =

( )3 6

+ (C1) (L) + C2

eq 2

C2 =

2 ( )3 6

Substitute in the original equations, EI y =

2 2

( )2 2 ( )2 2 ( )3 3

EI y = At free end,

3 6

x-

x=0
(0)2 2

EI y =

( )2 2 2 (0) 2 ( )3 3

EI y =

(0)3 6

Slope equation is,

151

Y =

2 2

Deflection equation is, Y=3 3

Example 2 A cantilever beam is 6 meters long and has a point load of 7 kN at free end. The flexural stiffness is 80 MN m2. Calculate the slope and deflection at the free end. Solution:

X 7 kN Moment M at position x , M = - 7x From the equation y EI = M ,

152

y EI = - 7x Integrating two times to get slope a deflection equations, EI y =

7 2 2

+ C1

eq 1

EI y =

7 3 6

+ C1x + C2

eq 2

Removing constants by the following conditions, At x = 6 At x = 6 y =0 y=0

Substitute in the two equations, EI (0) =

7(6)2 2

+ C1

eq 1

C1= 126 EI (0) =

7(6)3 6

+ (126)(6) + C2

eq 2

C2 = -504 Substitute in the original equations, EI y =

7 2 2

+ 126

153

EI y = At free end,

7 3 6

+ 126x - 504

x=0
7(0)2 2 7(0)3 6

EI y =

+ 126 = 126

EI y =

+ 126(0) - 504 = - 504

Solving for y and y, EI y = = 126 y = 1.575 x 103 ( no unit) EI y = = - 504 and y=

504 000 3 80 2 106 / 126 2 and y = 80 2 106 /

Y = 6.3 x 10 -3 m or 0.0063 mm downward

Example 3 A solid rectangular cantilever beam is 4.8 meters long and deflects at its free end 3.2 mm down when a load of 52 KN is applied to its free end. If the cross sectional area of the beam has its depth twice the width, determine a) flexural stiffness, MN m2
154

b) Dimensions of the section if modulus of elasticity is 198 GPa. Solution:

X 52 kN Moment M at position x, M = - 52x From the equation y EI = M , y EI = - 52x Integrating two times to get slope and deflection equations, EI y =
52 2 2

+ C1 eq 1 eq 2

EI y = - 26 x 2 + C1 EI y =
26 3 3

+ C1x + C2

Removing constants by the following conditions, At x = 4.8 At x = 4.8 y =0 y=0

155

Substitute in the two equations, EI (0) = - 26 (4.8) 2 + C1 EI (0) = 1916.74 Substitute in the original equations, EI y = - 26 x 2 + 599 EI y = At free end,
26 3 3 26(4.8)3 3

C1 = 599 C2= -

+ 599 ( 4.8) + C2

eq 1 eq 2

+ 599x - 1916.74

x=0 eq 1

EI y = - 26 (0) 2 + 599 EI y = 599 EI y = - 1916.74

eq 2

a) Solving for EI, EI =

1916.74 kNx MN /1000 kN 3.2 (
1 1000

EI = 598.98 MN m2

156

B) Solving for the dimension of the cross section of the beam where d = 2b. Given E = 198 GPa. EI = 598.98 MN m2 Solving for I, moment of inertia of the rectangular beam,

b I=
3 12

==

98.98 MN m2 198 98.98 MN m2

3 12 3 12

2 ) 198 (1000 / )(

3.025 x 10 -3 m4 ( 1000) 4 mm4/m4) = 3.025 x 10 9 mm 4

Since d = 2b, b =
4

12 3.025 10 9 4 8

b = 259 .54 mm
157

d = 2 b = 2 (259.54) = 519 mm

Example 4 Calculate the slope and deflection of a uniformly distributed load cantilever beam with a length L . Flexural stiffness is EI. Solution:w

x L Moment M at position x ,
2 M = - w x ( x/2) = - w 2

From the equation y EI = M ,

158

y EI = -

2 2

Using double Integration to get slope and deflection equations, EI y =

3 2(3) 3 6

+ C1

EI y =

+ C1

eq 1

EI y =

4 6(4) 4 24

+ C1x + C2

EI y =

+ C1x + C2

eq 2

Removing constants of integrations by the following conditions, At x = L At x = L y =0 y=0

Substitute in the two equations, EI (0) =

3 6 4 24

+ C1
3 6

C1 =

3 6 4 8

EI (0) =

() + C2

C2 = -

Substitute in the original equations,

159

EI y =

3 6

3 6 3 6 4 8

eq 1

EI y =

4 6(4)

x+-

eq 2

At free end,

x=0 EI y =
(0)3 6 3 6

3 6

eq 1

EI y =

Slope equation y , y =
3 6

For deflection y, EI y =
(0)4 6(4) 4 8

3 6

(0) -

4 8

Y= Example 5

160

Determine the value of the slope and deflection of a cantilever beam 8 meters long with a uniform distributed load of 200 N/m and EI = 48 MNm2. Solution: w

x L Moment M at position x , M = - 200 x ( x/2) = - 200 From the equation y EI = M , y EI = - - 100 x 2 Using double Integration to get slope and deflection equations, EI y =
100 3 (3) 4 12 2 2

= - 100 x 2

+ C1

eq 1

EI y =

+ C1x + C2

eq 2

Removing constants of integrations by the following conditions, At x = 8 y =0

161

At x = 8

y=0

Substitute in the two equations, EI (0) =

100(8)3 3 100(8)4 12

+ C1

C1 = 17066.67

EI (0) =

+17066.67(8) + C2

C2 = -102400 Substitute in the original equations, EI y =

100 3 3

+ 17066.67

eq 1

EI y =

100 4 12

+ 17066.67 x - 102400

eq 2

At free end, EI y =

x=0
100(0)3 3

+ 17066.67

eq 1

EI y =

100(0)4 12

+ 17066.67(0) - 102400

eq 2

EI y = + 17066.67
162

Slope y =

+ 17066 .67

+ 17066 .67 N m2 48 2 106 /

Y = 3.5 x 10 -4 Deflection y, y=
102400

102400 3 48 2 106 /

y = 2.13 x 10 -3 m or 0.00213 mm downward

Example 6 Determine the slope and deflection of a simply supported beam at both ends carrying a load F at the middle. Beam has a length L and flexural stiffness is EI. Solution: X F

F/2 Moment M =
2

F/2

163

From the equation y EI = M , y EI =

2

Using double Integration to get slope and deflection equations, EI y =

2 4 3 12

+ C1

eq 1

EI y =

+ C1x + C2

eq 2

Removing constants of integrations by the boundary conditions, At x = 0 At x = L /2 y =0 (no deflection at the ends) y=0

Substitute in the two equations, EI (0) =

( /2)2 4

+ C1

eq 1

C1=

( )2 16

EI (0) =

(0)3 12

+ (C1) (0) + C2

eq 2

C2 = 0 Substitute in the original equations,

164

EI y =

2 ( )2 4 16 3 ( )2 12 16

eq 1

EI y =

eq 2

Slope at left end, EI y =

x=0

(0)2 ( )2 4 16

=
=

( )2 16

left end

( )2 16

right end (positive)

For slope equation y Y =

( )2 16

For deflection, y

x = L/2

EI y =

(2 )3 2

12 3 48

16

( )
2

EI y =

Y=

3 48

165

Example 7 An 8 meters long simply supported beam at both ends is carrying a load of 1000 kN at the middle. Calculate the deflection at the middle if EI = 2.67 GNm2. Solution: X F

F/2 Moment M =
2

F/2

From the equation y EI = M, y EI =

2

Using double Integration to get slope and deflection equations, EI y =

2 4 3 12

+ C1

eq 1

EI y =

+ C1x + C2

eq 2

Removing constants of integrations by the boundary conditions, At x = 0 y =0 (no deflection at the ends)
166

At x = 8 /2=4

y=0

Substitute in the two equations, EI (0) =

1000 (4)2 4

+ C1

eq 1

C1= -4000 kN EI (0) =

(0)3 12

+ (C1) (0) + C2

eq 2

C2 = 0 Substitute in the original equations, EI y =

2 4 3 12

-4000

eq 1

EI y =

- 4000x

eq 2

For deflection, x= L/2 = 8/2=4 EI y =

1000 (4)3 12

- 4000(4)

= -10666.67

Deflection y, Y=
10666 .67

10666 .67kN m 3

2.67 1000 )2 2

= 4 x 10 -3 m
167

SUPERPOSITION METHOD IN DEFLECTION OF BEAMS It states that the slope and deflection of a beam at any point is the sum of the slopes and deflections produced by each load. Example 8 A cantilever beam 5 meters long is carrying a point load at its free end of 1.5 kN and it has a uniformly distributed load of 350 N/m along its entire length. Calculate the slope and deflection at the free end if flexural stiffness is 22 MN m2. Solution: For deflection; Point load y=
3 3 4 48

1500 (5)3 3(22 10 6 )

= 2.84 x 10 -3 m = 0.20714 x 10

Uniform load, y =
-3

==

350(5)4

48(22 10 6 )

m Deflection =2.84 x 10 -3 m + 0.20714 x 10 -3 m = 3.047 x 10 -3 m

For slope,

168

Point load

y =

2 2 2 6

1500 (5)2

2(22 10 6 ) 350(5)3

= 8.5227 x 10 -4 = 3.314 x 10 -4

Uniform load, y =

==

6(22 10 6 )

Total slope, y = 8.5227 x 10 -4 + 3.314 x 10 -4 = 11.8367 x 10 -4 MACAULAYS METHOD Integration is done by placing all the terms containing x within a bracket and a bracket is considered as a variable for integration not x. If by substituting conditions to eliminate the constant from integration, any bracket with a negative value is ignored because it means that load it refers to is not within the limit of x. Example 9 Determine the slope and deflection at the middle of the beam loaded as shown. x 40kN 50kN

x R1 3m 2m 5m R2

169

Steps 1. Find the reactions R1 and R2. 1 = 0 40(3) +50(5)= R2(10) = 0 R1 = 90 37 = 53 kN 2. Write the bending equation. See to it that x is place on the extreme right hand so that it contains all the loads. EI y = 53000(x) 40000(x-3) 50000(x-5) 3. Integrate treating bracket with x as a variable, not x.
2 (3)2 (5)2 Ely = 53000( ) 40000 ) 50000 ) +C1 2 2 2

R2 = 37 kN

eq 1

4. Integrate again for deflection y.

Ely = 53000( ) 40000
3 6 (3)3 ) 6

50000

(5)3 ) 6

+C1x + C2

eq 2

5. Boundary conditions to remove constants of integration X=0, y=0 Using eq 2, x= 10, y=0 x=0 and y = 0

170

El(0) = 53000(

(0)3 ) 6

40000

((0)3)3 ) 6

50000

(05)3 ) 6

+C1(0) + C2

C2 = 0

ignoring brackets with negative values. x=10 and y = 0,

10 3 (10 3)3 ) 6

Using eq 2,

El(0) = 53000( 6 ) 40000 C1 = 550499.9

50000

(10 5)3 ) 6

+C1(10)

6. Using eq 1 and eq 2 with x=5 to find the slope at middle of the beam. Ely = 53000(
2 (3)2 (5)2 ) 40000 ) 50000 ) + 550499.9 2 2 2 (53)2 (55)2 ) 40000 ) 50000 ) + 550499.9 2 2

Ely = 53000(

(5)2 2

= 32000 Slope y =
32000 210 10 6

1.5238 x 10 -4
(53)3 ) 6

Ely = 53000(

53 ) 6

40000

50000

(55)3 ) 6

+550499.9(5)

=- 1701666.13 Deflection y =

1701666 .13 210 10 6

= 8.103 x10 -3 m
171

Exercise 8
1. A cantilever beam is 5 meters long and has a point load of 8 kN at free end. The flexural stiffness is 70 MN m2. Calculate deflection at the free end. Ans. y= 4.76 x 10 -3 m

2.Determine the deflection of a cantilever beam 10 meters long with a uniform distributed load of 250 N/m and EI = 50 MNm 2. Ans. y = 5 x 10 -3 m 3. A solid rectangular cantilever beam is 5 meters long and deflects at its free end 2.5 mm down when a load of 50 KN is applied to its free end. If the cross sectional area of the beam has its depth twice the width, determine a) flexural stiffness, MN m2
172

b) Dimensions of the section if modulus of elasticity is 210 GPa. Ans. EI = 766.69 MN m2 b = 272 mm d= 544 mm

4. An 8 meters long simply supported beam at both ends is carrying a load of 250 kN at the middle. Calculate the deflection at the middle if EI = 2.67 GNm2. Ans. 1 x 10 -3 m

5. A cantilever beam 5 meters long is carrying a point load at its free end of 1 kN and it has a uniformly distributed load of 350 N/m along its entire length. Calculate the slope and deflection at the free end if flexural stiffness is 14.7 MN m2. Ans. y= 3.2 x 10 -3 m y = 13.463 x 10 -4

6. Determine the slope and deflection at the middle of the beam loaded as shown. Assume EI = 220 MN m2 40kN 50kN

x
173

R1

3m

2m

5m

R2

Ans. y = 7.7348 x 10 -3 m

Solution page 1 Reg. No._____________________________________

174

Solution page 2

175

Solution page 3

176

Solution page 4

177

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