MATERIALS & MATERIAL GRADE SELECTIONS Oleh: Ir. Murdjito, MSc.

Eng
Dosen Jurusan Teknik Kelautan Fakultas Teknologi Kelautan Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya

Structural Material

Carbon Steel

most important material for offshore & marine material used for: pile, tubular and cans, rolled beam and plate girders, flat plate, etc Quite expensive material Restricted used as roof and wall cladding, fastener, plating in splash zone Common type AISI 304 & 316, yield: 180 200 MPa A structural material for steel designer Application: grouting of annulus between pile sleeve and pile, internal grouting of tubular joint

Stainless Steel

Grout

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Glass fibre reinforced (GFRP)

Very strong but lack stiffness, the fatigue resistant is excellent Not corroded excellent marine environmental stability Jointing techniques is particularly important, welding is not an option Repair & inspection procedure will yet require considerable effort to obtain offshore acceptance Offshore applications: Furniture and internal cladding of LQM Grating, Life boats Ducting, Small covers and enclosed, Piping for water GRFP gives weight saving over carbon steel of 40 70% Cost: CAPEX level : 100 150%,OPEX level lower For offshore application has progressed by effort of the industry in UK, Germany and japan Major application: helideck, roof and wall cladding, platform bridges, stairs and platform, telecommunication mast, cable trays, walkway, hand railing etc Development to be considered as platform deck flooring

Cast steel

Aluminum

STEEL PROPERTIES
Yield

and tensile strength Ductility Through thickness properties Fatigue strength Suitability for fabrication (welding, forming) Corrosion resistance

YIELD STRENGTH AND TENSILE STRENGTH

Tensile strength is required to be not too close to the yield strength Material selection specify: y/ t API/AISC <= 0.83 The ultimate strength of a structural is dependent on tensile strength and ductility y/ t maximum value is not appropriate anymore and not directly relevant to weld structure ultimate strength of welded structure is dependent on the geometrical form and stress concentrations resulting fracture mechanics can provide models for ultimate member strength based on tensile strength and ductility high-strength material require higher ductility values to achieve high ultimate member strength high-strength material with a high y/ t value cannot provide fro gross section member yielding prior to net section member failure

DUCTILITY & THROUGH THICKNESS PROPERTY

Ductility

phenomenon of failure after considerable deformation the risk of brittle fracture is influenced by

speed of straining temperature of material thickness of material amount of strain and reliability of its prognosis fracture mechanics analysis fracture mechanics test

basic tools for providing ductile behavior are:

Through thickness properties

problem in welded structures: lamellar tearing occurs in fabrication lamellar tearing can be very costly to repair

FABRICATION PROCESS
impact

of fabrication process to material properties:

thermal

cutting hot or cold forming welding

PROBLEM OF STEEL MATERIALS

Fabrication

process:

Weldability of material Cutability Corrosion resistance Fatique resistance

Stiffness

according to the temperature change lamellar tearing, fracture Quality control & assurance

MATERIAL GRADE SELECTION FOR OFFSHORE STEEL STRUCTURES

extreme

importance to the fitness of the structure material selection procedures:

the material selection of each member or category members is justified in the design report the material grade is precisely specified on the drawing

API RP 2A WSD Section 8: Material

Minimum

strength level, group and class specified by designer test report provided by fabricator in accordance with ASTM A6 or A20

Mill

Steel Group
Grouped according to strength level and welding characteristics:

Group I:
mild steel with yield strength <= 40 ksi (280 MPa) Carbon equivalent 0.40% or less Welding processes described in AWS D1.1

Group II
Intermediate strength steels yield strength : 40 52 Ksi (280 360 MPa) Carbon equivalent ranges: > 0.45% Require the use of low hydrogen welding processes

Group III
Yield strength > 52 ksi Each application is investigated with regard to:

Weldability and special welding procedures required Fatigue problem Notch toughness fracture control

Steel Classes

Class C steel
Applicable to primary structural members involving limited thickness, moderate forming, low restraint, modest stress concentration, quasi static loading and redundancy For piling, jacket braces & legs, deck beam, etc

Class B steel
Suitable use where thickness, cold work, restraint, impact loading, lack of redundancy the need for improved notch toughness Charpy V-Notch energy:

Group I: 15 ft-lbs (20 J) Group II: 25 ft-lbs (34 J)

Charpy test temperature: 10 0OC) Impact test in accordance with ASTM A 673, Frequency H

Class A steel
Suitable for use at subfreezing temperatures Charpy test temperature: (-)20 (-)40OC Impact testing in accordance with the specification under which steel ordered Heat lot testing may be used

table 8.1.4-1

Table 8.1.4-2

Steel for Tubular Joint

Underwater joint
Notch toughness criteria:
NRL Drop-Weight Test no break performance Charpy V-notch energy:

Group I: 15 ft-lbs Group II: 25 ft-lbs Group III: 35 ft-lbs

Above Water Joints

Expose to lower temperatures and possible impact from boat or critical connections at any location: Class A steel considered

Critical Joints: use steel having improved through thickness (Z-directions) properties e.q: API Spec 2H, Suplements S4 and S5 Brace ends: same class as joint cans or one class lower

DNV-OS-B101: METALLIC MATERIALS

rolled

steel for structural application

requirements for weldable normal strength, high strength and extra high strength hot rolled structural steel plates and sections, seamless steel tubes and pipes intended for structural application applicable to steel products with a thickness not exceeding 150 mm.

STEEL GRADES
The

steel grades strength groups:

normal strength steels (NS) high strength steels (HS) extra high strength steels (EHS)
Parallel

series of steel grades

steels of normal weldability steels of improved weldability.

DnV STEEL GRADES

Table A1 D efinitions of steel grades
Im pact testing Symbol x Strength group Normal weldability A B2) D E A D E F A D E F Improved weldability BW DW DW EW AW DW EW DW EW Tensile properties Test temperature ( C) 0 -20 40 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 O m it-ted 235 Symbol y M inimum yield stress(N/mm2)

NS

27 265 32 315 HS 36 355 40 390 420 420 460 460 500 500 EHS 550 550 620 620 690 690 1) For steels of improved weldability the required minimum yield stress is reduced for increasing m aterial thickness. 2) Charpy V-notch tests are required for thickness above 25 mm but is subject to agreement for thickness of 25 mm or less.

Normal Strength Steel

T a b le B 3 C o n d itio n o f s u p p ly f o r n o r m a l s tr e n g th (N S ) s te e l G ra d e T h ic k n e s s , t ( m m ) C o n d itio n o f s u p p ly 1 ) NV A t ?50 Any 50 < t ?150 AR 2) C R , N , TM NV B t ?50 Any 50 < t ?150 A R 2 ), C R , N , T M NV D t ?35 Any 35 < t ? 150 A R 3 ), C R , N , T M NV E t ?150 A R 3 ),C R 3 ),N , T M 1 ) C o n d itio n o f s u p p ly : A R : A s ro lle d . N : N o r m a lis e d . C R : C o n tr o lle d r o lle d . 2 ) G r a d e s N V A a n d N V B m a y b e s u p p lie d a s r o lle d (A R ) s u b je c t to s p e -c ia l c o n s id e ra tio n . 3 ) S u b je c t to s p e c ia l c o n s id e r a tio n , s e c tio n s in g ra d e N V D m a y b e s u p -p lie d a s r o lle d (A R ) p ro v id e d s a tis f a c to r y r e s u lts a r e c o n s is te n tly o b - ta in e d f ro m C h a rp y V -n o tc h im p a c t te s ts . S im ila r ly , s e c tio n s in g ra d e N V E m a y b e s u p p lie d a s r o lle d (A R ) o r c o n tr o lle d r o lle d (C R ).

Mechanical properties
Table B4 Mechanical properties for normal strength (NS) steel of normal weldability Averageimpact energyJminimum Yield Tensile Elongation Test stress t 50 50 < t 70 70 < t 150 strength A5 temGrade ReH Rm minimum perature Longitu Transve Longitud Transv Longit Transve minimum (N/mm) (%) (C) dinal rse inal erse udinal rse (N/mm) +20 NV A 242) 412) 272) 342) 0 271) NV B 34 24 41 27 201) 235 400-520 223) -20 NV D 34 24 41 27 27 20 -40 NV E 34 24 41 27 27 20 1) Charpy V-notch impact tests are generally not required for grade NV B steel with thickness of 25 mm or less. 2) Impact tests for grade NV A over 50 mm thick are not required when the material is produced using fine grain practice and furnished normalised or thermo-mechanically controlled processed. 3) For full thickness flat test specimens with a width of 25 mm and a gauge length of 200 mm the elongation shall comply with the following minimum values: 10 < t 15 < t 20 < t 25 < t 30 < t 40 < t Thickness, mm t 5 5 < t 10 15 20 25 30 40 150 Elongation 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22