Electric Charge and Electric Field

Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation

Electric Charge in the Atom

Insulators and Conductors Induced Charge; the Electroscope Coulombs Law The Electric Field Electric Field Calculations for Continuous Charge Distributions Field Lines Electric Fields and Conductors Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field Electric Dipoles

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 Electric Flux

Gausss Law
Applications of Gausss Law

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Objects can be charged by rubbing

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Charge comes in two types, positive and negative; like charges repel and opposite charges attract.

Electric charge is conserved the arithmetic sum of the total charge cannot change in any interaction.

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Atom: Nucleus (small, massive, positive charge) Electron cloud (large, very low density, negative charge)

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Polar molecule: neutral overall, but charge not evenly distributed

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Conductor: Charge flows freely

Insulator: Almost no charge flows

Metals

Most other materials

Some materials are semiconductors.

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Metal objects can be charged by conduction:

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They can also be charged by induction, either while connected to ground or not:

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Nonconductors wont become charged by conduction or induction, but will experience charge separation:

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The electroscope can be used for detecting charge.

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The electroscope can be charged either by conduction or by induction.

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The charged electroscope can then be used to determine the sign of an unknown charge.

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Experiment shows that the electric force between two charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them.

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Coulombs law:

This equation gives the magnitude of the force between two charges.

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The force is along the line connecting the charges, and is attractive if the charges are opposite, and repulsive if they are the same.

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Unit of charge: coulomb, C. The proportionality constant in Coulombs law is then:

k = 8.99 x 109 Nm2/C2.

Charges produced by rubbing are typically around a microcoulomb: 1 C = 10-6 C.

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Charge on the electron: e = 1.602 x 10-19 C.

Electric charge is quantized in units of the electron charge.

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The proportionality constant k can also be written in terms of 0, the permittivity of free space:

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Example 21-2: Three charges in a line.

Three charged particles are arranged in a line, as shown. Calculate the net electrostatic force on particle 3 (the -4.0 C on the right) due to the other two charges.

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Example 21-3: Electric force using vector components. Calculate the net electrostatic force on charge Q3 shown in the figure due to the charges Q1 and Q2.

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The electric field is defined as the force on a small charge, divided by the magnitude of the charge:

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An electric field surrounds every charge.

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For a point charge:

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Force on a point charge in an electric field:

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Example 21-6: Electric field of a single point charge. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field at a point P which is 30 cm to the right of a point charge Q = -3.0 x 10-6 C.

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Example 21-7: E at a point between two charges.

Two point charges are separated by a distance of 10.0 cm. One has a charge of -25 C and the other +50 C. (a) Determine the direction and magnitude of the electric field at a point P between the two charges that is 2.0 cm from the negative charge. (b) If an electron (mass = 9.11 x 10-31 kg) is placed at rest at P and then released, what will be its initial acceleration (direction and magnitude)?

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Example 21-8: E above two point charges.

Calculate the total electric field (a) at point A and (b) at point B in the figure due to both charges, Q1 and Q2.

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Problem solving in electrostatics: electric forces and electric fields 1. Draw a diagram; show all charges, with signs, and electric fields and forces with directions. 2. Calculate forces using Coulombs law. 3. Add forces vectorially to get result. 4. Check your answer!

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A continuous distribution of charge may be treated as a succession of infinitesimal (point) charges. The total field is then the integral of the infinitesimal fields due to each bit of charge:

Remember that the electric field is a vector; you will need a separate integral for each component.

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Example 21-9: A ring of charge. A thin, ring-shaped object of radius a holds a total charge +Q distributed uniformly around it. Determine the electric field at a point P on its axis, a distance x from the center. Let be the charge per unit length (C/m).

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Example 21-11: Long line of charge. Determine the magnitude of the electric field at any point P a distance x from a very long line (a wire, say) of uniformly distributed charge. Assume x is much smaller than the length of the wire, and let be the charge per unit length (C/m).

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In the previous example, if we are very close to the disk (that is, if z << R), the electric field is:

This is the field due to an infinite plane of charge.

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Example 21-13: Two parallel plates. Determine the electric field between two large parallel plates or sheets, which are very thin and are separated by a distance d which is small compared to their height and width. One plate carries a uniform surface charge density and the other carries a uniform surface charge density as shown (the plates extend upward and downward beyond the part shown).

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The electric field can be represented by field lines. These lines start on a positive charge and end on a negative charge.

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The number of field lines starting (ending) on a positive (negative) charge is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.

The electric field is stronger where the field lines are closer together.

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Electric dipole: two equal charges, opposite in sign:

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The electric field between two closely spaced, oppositely charged parallel plates is constant.

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Summary of field lines:

1. Field lines indicate the direction of the field; the field is tangent to the line.
2. The magnitude of the field is proportional to the density of the lines. 3. Field lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges; the number is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.

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Electric flux:

Electric flux through an area is proportional to the total number of field lines crossing the area.

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Example 22-1: Electric flux.

Calculate the electric flux through the rectangle shown. The rectangle is 10 cm by 20 cm, the electric field is uniform at 200 N/C, and the angle is 30.

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Flux through a closed surface:

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The net number of field lines through the surface is proportional to the charge enclosed, and also to the flux, giving Gausss law:

This can be used to find the electric field in situations with a high degree of symmetry.

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For a point charge,

Therefore,

Solving for E gives the result we expect from Coulombs law:

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Using Coulombs law to evaluate the integral of the field of a point charge over the surface of a sphere surrounding the charge gives:

Looking at the arbitrarily shaped surface A2, we see that the same flux passes through it as passes through A1. Therefore, this result should be valid for any closed surface.

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Finally, if a gaussian surface encloses several point charges, the superposition principle shows that:

Therefore, Gausss law is valid for any charge distribution. Note, however, that it only refers to the field due to charges within the gaussian surface charges outside the surface will also create fields.

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Example 22-3: Spherical conductor.

A thin spherical shell of radius r0 possesses a total net charge Q that is uniformly distributed on it. Determine the electric field at points (a) outside the shell, and (b) within the shell. (c) What if the conductor were a solid sphere?

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Example 22-4: Solid sphere of charge. An electric charge Q is distributed uniformly throughout a nonconducting sphere of radius r0. Determine the electric field (a) outside the sphere (r > r0) and (b) inside the sphere (r < r0).

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Example 22-5: Nonuniformly charged solid sphere. Suppose the charge density of a solid sphere is given by E = r2, where is a constant. (a) Find in terms of the total charge Q on the sphere and its radius r0. (b) Find the electric field as a function of r inside the sphere.

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Example 22-6: Long uniform line of charge. A very long straight wire possesses a uniform positive charge per unit length, . Calculate the electric field at points near (but outside) the wire, far from the ends.

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Example 22-7: Infinite plane of charge. Charge is distributed uniformly, with a surface charge density ( = charge per unit area = dQ/dA) over a very large but very thin nonconducting flat plane surface. Determine the electric field at points near the plane.

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Example 22-8: Electric field near any conducting surface. Show that the electric field just outside the surface of any good conductor of arbitrary shape is given by E = /0 where is the surface charge density on the conductors surface at that point.

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The difference between the electric field outside a conducting plane of charge and outside a nonconducting plane of charge can be thought of in two ways: 1. The field inside the conductor is zero, so the flux is all through one end of the cylinder. 2. The nonconducting plane has a total charge density , whereas the conducting plane has a charge density on each side, effectively giving it twice the charge density.

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Procedure for Gausss law problems: 1. Identify the symmetry, and choose a gaussian surface that takes advantage of it (with surfaces along surfaces of constant field).

2. Draw the surface.

3. Use the symmetry to find the direction of 4. Evaluate the flux by integrating. 5. Calculate the enclosed charge. 6. Solve for the field.

E.

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 Two kinds of electric charge positive and negative. Charge is conserved. Charge on electron: e = 1.602 x 10-19 C. Conductors: electrons free to move. Insulators: nonconductors.

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 Charge is quantized in units of e. Objects can be charged by conduction or induction. Coulombs law:

Electric field is force per unit charge:

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 Electric field of a point charge:

Electric field can be represented by electric field lines. Static electric field inside conductor is zero; surface field is perpendicular to surface.

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 Electric flux:

Gausss law:

Gausss law can be used to calculate the field in situations with a high degree of symmetry.

Gausss law applies in all situations, and therefore is more general than Coulombs law.

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