LED Seminar

STMicroelectronics
All trademarks and logos are the property of their respective owners. All rights reserved. They are used here only as conceptual examples.

Contents
1. LED Basics

2. Driving High Brightness LEDs in General Lighting Off-line LED Drivers DC-DC converters based solutions

3. LED driving solutions for Signage

4. LED driving solutions for LCD Backlighting

STMicroelectronics
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Contents
1. LED Basics

2. Driving High Brightness LEDs in General Lighting Off-line LED Drivers DC-DC converters based solutions

3. LED driving solutions for Signage

4. LED driving solutions for LCD Backlighting

STMicroelectronics
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About High Brightness LEDs Physics.

An LED consists of several layers of semiconducting material When an LED is operated with DC voltage light is generated in the active layer The generated light is radiated directly or by reflections In contrast to lamps, which emit a continuous spectrum, an LED emits light in a certain color The color of the light depends on the material used Two types of material (lnGaAlP and InGaN) are used to produce LED with a high luminance in all colors from blue to red and also in white (luminescence conversion). Therefore different forward voltages are necessary to operate the diode.
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LEDs Advantages & Drawbacks

Why LEDs?
High Efficiency (energy/TCO cost saving) Environment Friendly (CO2 saving, mercury free, recyclable, etc) Reliable (long life span) Better Light Quality (CRI, directed light output) Indestructible (shock, vibration) Smaller Size, Light Weight Fast Response (solid state lighting, easly dimmable) Ambient Lighting Effects, etc..

The
LEDs drawbacks?
Thermal Management Cost ($/Lumens) Standardization

LED Potential

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LED Driving Circuit: Basics

A LED Driving circuit is a type of power conversion circuit featuring two main characteristics: Delivers a constant average current to the load under all conditions (eg. input voltage change, temperature change, VF change) instead of constant voltage Keeps ripple current at acceptable level under all conditions

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Driving Techniques
R

VIN

IF

VF

IF =

VIN VF R

Resistor Limiting Strenght: Inexpensive, Simple Weakness: Current variation as VF changes Poor efficiency Heat generation on the current limiting resistor Application: Low Power LEDs where brightness resolution is not an issue Linear Control Method Strenght: Simple, high current accuracy Weakness: Poor efficiency Heat dissipation on the driver IC Application: EMI sensitive designs and projects where the drop between VIN and VF is minimum.

VIN

Feedback

VIN

Control & Feedback

Switching Control Method Strenght: High Efficiency, high current accuracy Weakness: Relatively expensive, Circuit complexity Application: Where heat and efficiency is an issue.
R

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LEDs Applications

Display and sign

Full color video Monochrome message boards Variable message signs Transportation - passenger Information

Traffic signals
Road traffic signals Aviation Railway Navigation Emergency/police signals

Illumination
Architectural lighting Flashlights Machine vision General illumination Sign and marker lights Neon and bulb replacement Interior decoration lighting

Automotive & Consumer

Interior/ Exterior lighting Consumer electronics Televisions STCF0x VCR/DVD/stereo/audio/video devices LED770x Household appliances PM660x Toys/games Security equipment

LED Backlighting
Notebook Netbook LCD Panels General backlighting

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Contents
1. LED Basics

2. Driving High Brightness LEDs in General Lighting Off-line LED Drivers DC-DC converters based solutions 3. LED driving solutions for Signage 4. LED driving solutions for LCD Backlighting

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Output Power* [W]

Off-Line LED Drivers: ST Solutions Offering

L6562A/AT/3H (PFC-Boost) + L6599A/AT (Resonant Controller) + DC/DC for each LED string L6562A/AT/3H (PFC-Boost) + L6562A/AT (Modified Buck Converter) L6562A/AT/3H (PFC-Boost) + L6565/6 (Q.R. Controller) + DC/DC for each LED string

100

Architectural & Street Lighting

L6562A/AT (Modified Buck Converter)

25

L6562A/AT/3H (HPF) + DC/DC for each LED string VIPer22A-E/25/27/53-E (Flyback) + TSM10xx VIPer12A/15/17 (Flyback) + TSM10xx

Residential & Commercial Lighting

L6562A/AT (Buck-Boost) VIPer53-E (Buck) VIPerX2A//X7 (N.I. Flyback) + TSM10xx VIPerX2A/16 (Buck)

10

Residential Lighting

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Non-Isolated

Isolated
10

* Output power referred to wide input voltage range

Using LEDs in Street Lighting

Street lights represent an attractive application for LED lighting due to several factors. Large number of streetlights High maintenance costs due to height and location over public roadways Growing pressure for green lighting solutions to reduce CO2 emissions Desire for white light

Benefits of LEDs in Street Lighting Longer lifespan and reduced maintenance costs over the expected practical lifetime of the luminaries (~15 years) An LED system, thanks to its directionality, illuminates more effectively the target area and thus significantly reduces inefficiencies due to unwanted or not useful lighted areas. Energy savings level of about 13% relative to the assumed 250W HPS baseline Improved night visibility due to better Color Rendering Index, higher color temperature and increased illuminance uniformity The "instant-on/instant-off" and dimming capability of LEDs offer additional intrinsic value through control strategies that can brighten and dim based on time of day, ambient light, or any other control parameters desired.
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LED Street Light : ST solution

ST addresses the application with a solution based on PFC+LLC

ac mains 85305 Vac

PFC L6562AT

LLC L6599AT

48 V/130W

90W 250W

AC DC

R LED

R LED

Modified Buck CC regulator

L6562AT and L6599AT are guaranteed over -40 to +125 degrees making them suitable for reliable power supply with very aggressive form factor easily fitting all the current street lamp solutions.
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Modified Buck CC regulator

DIMMING

DIMMING

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ST Solution: EVL130W-STRLIG
48V-130W LED STREET LIGHTING SMPS
Demoboard available in Q4
Functionalities:
WIDE INPUT MAINS RANGE (85 to305 Vac) OUTPUT VOLTAGE: 48V @ 2.7 A EFFICIENCY: >90% @ 115Vac - FULL LOAD NO-LOAD CONSUMPTION: 0.3W @ 230Vac LONG LIFE, HIGH MTBF (NO ELCAPS) MAINS HARMONICS: ACCORDING TO EN61000-3-2, JEITA-MITI EMI: MEETS EN50022 CLASS B SAFETY: MEETS EN60950 MIXED PTH/SMT FOR LABOR COST REDUCTION 1 HEAT SINK ONLY REQUIRED (FOR INPUT BRIDGE) PCB DOUBLE LAYER 90x170 mm MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 30 mm

Key Products:
L6562AT (EXT. TEMP. RANGE -40150C) L6599AT (EXT. TEMP. RANGE -40150C) STB21NM60N STB8NM60N STTH3L06U STPS10150CG SEA05

Typical Applications:
LED Street lighting Hi-Reliability SMPS

Purpose & Positioning:

It addresses customers working on high end lighting applications using high brightness LEDs, where energy saving, long life time, robustness, brightness regulation and of course very high luminous efficiency is required. Main leading application is the street lighting.

EVALUATION BOARD
(http://www.st.com/evalboards)

ST Solution: EVL6562A-LED
Constant current modified Buck LED driver using the L6562A

Functionalities:

Input voltage 48V (+/- 20%) Output current (average): 0.35A Output ripple current < 140mA (+/- 20%) Output current setting / calibration Digital dimming Open / Short circuit protection No electrolytic capacitor

Key Products:
L6562A STPS2H100A STN3NF06

Typical Applications:
Street lighting Interior lighting Decorative lighting General lighting

Purpose & Positioning:

It addresses customers working on lighting applications using high brightness LEDs, where energy saving, long life time, robustness, brightness regulation and of course very high luminous efficiency is required. It is suitable for high input DC voltage LED drivers

EVALUATION BOARD
(http://www.st.com/evalboards)

Modified buck converter - measurement

Measurement at nominal input voltage 48V with the output voltage V_led as a parameter
LED current (average, minimum, maximum) LED ripple current

Efficiency Switching frequency

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Off-line LED driver : ST solution

HIGH POWER FACTOR BOOST CONVERTER
Vin = 88V to 265V ac
Input Filter

MODIFIED BUCK CONVERTER

STTH1L06

400V
STP8NM50FP STPSC806D

80W LOAD

PF controller L6562A

PF controller L6562A

STF9NM50N

Design features:
HIGH POWER FACTOR BOOST CONVERTER: Transition mode operation Wide input voltage range 88V to 265V ac Regulated output voltage 400V MODIFIED BUCK CONVERTER: Continuous conduction mode operation Fix Off Time (FOT) network designed LED current setting 350mA, 700mA and 1A
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PWM GENERATOR
Microcontroller ST7LITEU05

PWM Generator Ordering code: STEVAL-ILL013V2 PWM GENERATOR: PWM frequency 250Hz 0% to 100% DC variation Input voltage 3.3V to 35V

Brightness Control

16

ST Solution: STEVAL-ILL013V1
80W off-line LED driver with dimming based on L6562A

Functionalities:

80W LED driver LED current setting to 350mA, 700mA and 1A High efficiency (~90%) and high Power Factor Wide input voltage range 88V to 265V AC Universal PWM input for dimming (ext. board required) Not isolated SMPS Brightness regulation between 0% and 100% EMI filter implemented EN55015 and EN61000-3-2 compliant
Key Products:
L6562A STTH1L06A STF9NM50N STP8NM50 STPSC806D BUX87

Typical Applications:
Street lighting Interior lighting Decorative lighting

Purpose & Positioning:

It addresses customers working on high end lighting applications using high brightness LEDs, where energy saving, long life time, robustness, brightness regulation and very high luminous efficiency is required. Main leading application is the street lighting.

EVALUATION BOARD
(http://www.st.com/evalboards)

STEVAL-ILL013V1 Measurement
LOAD: LE UW E3B - OSTAR LED FROM OSRAM
Power Factor
1

Power Factor - zoom

Power factor [-]

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 85 100 110 120 140 160 180 200 220 230 240 265 700mA@6LEDs 350mA@12LEDs 1A@4LEDs

Power factor [-]

0.99

0.98

700mA@6LEDs 350mA@12LEDs 1A@4LEDs

0.97

0.96

0.95 85 100 110 120 140 160 180 200 220 230 240 265

Input voltage [V]

Input voltage [V]

THD
12.00 10.00
100.00 90.00 80.00

Efficiency

Efficiency [%]

THD [%]

8.00 700mA@6LEDs 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 85 100 110 120 140 160 180 200 220 230 240 265 350mA@12LEDs 1A@4LEDs

70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 85 100 110 120 140 160 180 200 220 230 240 265 700mA@6LEDs 350mA@12LEDs 1A@4LEDs

Input voltage [V]

Input voltage [V]

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NOTE: Efficiency measured with PWM generator

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Up to 50W Applications: Transition Mode PFC in Isolated Flyback and Modified Buck Topology
48 V bus ac mains 88 264 Vac

L6562A
High-PF Flyback Converter
R LED G LED B LED

L6562A
Modified Buck CC regulator

L6562A
Modified Buck CC regulator

L6562A
Modified Buck CC regulator

DIMMING

DIMMING

DIMMING

Modified Buck CC regulator block: reduced component count in case of customization

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ST Solution: STEVAL-ILL019V1
32W offline RGGB LED driver with individual LED channel brightness regulation Functionalities:

Demoboard available in Q4/Q1

Functionalities: Line voltage range: 88 to 265 VAC

Input voltage (+/- 20%) 4 channels LED48V driver Constant LED current 350mA 0.35A Output current (average): LOAD: 5 to 13 LEDs per each channel Output ripple current < 140mA (+/- 20%) Rated output power: 32W (wide voltage range) Output current setting / calibration Rated output power: 42W (EU voltage range) Digital Isolateddimming SMPS Individual RGGB brightness regulation Open / Short circuit protection EN55015 and EN61000-3-2 No electrolytic capacitorcompliant
PCB double-side, 145 x 75 x 27 mm

Key Products:
L6562AD, STTH1R06U, P6KE300A, STTH3R02S STPS1H100A STTH102A STP7NK80ZFP STS4NF100 TL431AID

Typical Applications:
Decorative lighting Multicolor lighting Wall washing Street Lighting

Purpose & Positioning:

It shows an innovative solution for multiple stage LED driving when PF, isolation and individual LED brightness regulation are required

EVALUATION BOARD
(http://www.st.com/evalboards)

STEVAL-ILL019V1 Measurement: PF, THD and efficiency

Power Factor
1 0.9 0.8 1 0.9 0.8
1 0.98 0.96

Power Factor - zoom

1 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.8 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 265 30 LEDs 20 LEDs

Power Factor [-]

Power Factor [-]

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 265

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 30 LEDs 20 LEDs

0.94 0.92 0.9 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.8

Input voltage [V]

Input voltage [V]

THD
18 16 14 12 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 265 30 LEDs 20 LEDs
100.0 90.0 80.0

Efficiency
100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 265 30 LEDs 20 LEDs

Efficiency [%]

70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0

THD [%]

10 8 6 4 2 0

Input voltage [V]

Input voltage [V]

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LOAD: 30LEDs (9 blue LBW5SN; 6 + 7 green LTW5SN; 8 red LRW5SN) LOAD: 20LEDs (5 blue LBW5SN; 4 + 4 green LTW5SN; 7 red LRW5SN)
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STEVAL-ILL019V1 Measurement: LED current precision

Output LED precision Iout = 350mA 5%

(5LEDs to 13LEDs)

LED voltage vs. LED current

Modified buck converter current precision
450 400 350

LED current measurement

10

11

12

13

LEDs

I led [m A ]

300 250 I led 200 150 100 50 0 12.1 15 17.9 20.8 23.7 26.7 29.7 32.7 35.6 38.7

LED average current 350mA Switching frequency 189kHz LED peak to peak current ripple 57.8mA

V led [V]

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Off-line TRIAC dimmable LED driver : ST Solution

LED driver solution compatible with TRIAC phase-control dimmers The undimmed power factor is an excellent 0.95
TRIAC based dimmers
Conventional "2-wire" dimmers replace wall switches in some applications. It is highly desirable to have the LED driver accept power from a TRIAC-dimmed source. The TRIAC dimmer limits the average power delivered to the load (LED driver) during each half cycle by increasing the turn on delay hence the conduction angle of TRIAC. Many LED drivers have stickers stating "not for use with dimmers" because they are unable to cope with the sudden rise of voltage late in the half cycle This solution has characteristics compatible with the triac dimmer. It features the (approximately) sinusoidal line current when the driver is not dimmed, and the line current when the triac dimmer (set near maximum) is in the circuit.
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ST Solution: STEVAL-ILL016V2
15W off-line TRIAC dimmable LED driver based on L6562AD and TSM1052 (USA Market - 115 V)
Application note: AN2711 Demoboard available in Q4/Q1

Functionalities:
120 V line (96 V to 132 Vrms) Vout is set at 40 V max Iout is set at 0.7 A maximum average current 0.7 minimum power factor, required for residential use 0.9 or greater power factor, required for commercial use Capable of FCC Class B conducted EMI Emitted acoustic noise less than 24 dBA Isolated output, "safe" voltage Dimmable with low-cost TRIAC based dimmer, average current down to less than 10% of maximum LED current Meets US DOE ENERGY STAR program requirements for SSL luminaires - version 1.0. Key Products:
L6562AD STPS10150CT STP5NK60ZFP TSM1052 AN2711

Typical Applications:
Residential lighting Commercial lighting

Purpose & Positioning:

To give to luminaire manufacturers a low-cost, commonly available dimming option for home fixtures

EVALUATION BOARD
(http://www.st.com/evalboards)

Efficiency measurement A high efficient LED driving system is mandatory in order to maximize illumination efficiency and reduce power dissipation
Efficiency measurements - Vin = 120 Vac Efficiency vs. conduction angle

Efficiency of the board at full load with no dimmer is 82.47%

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ST Solution: STEVAL-ILL027V1
18W single stage off-line LED driver based on L6562A

Functionalities: Buck-Boost topology Input voltage 48V (+/- 20%) Input voltage: 120VAC +/-10% Output current (average): 0.35A Provides 18W constant power to HBLED Output current 140mA 20%) Able toripple drive 14 to 20 < HBLED in (+/series Output current / calibration Open load and setting short load protection Digital dimming Soft-switching Open / Factor Short circuit Power > 0.8 protection No electrolytic capacitor Efficiency > 87% RoHS Compliant
Key Products:
L6562A STD5NM50 STTH1L06A

Functionalities:

40mm
Purpose & Positioning:
Suitable for solid state lighting solution which requires high power factor, high efficiency in the simplest way and at the lower cost

Typical Applications:
General lighting Residential lighting

EVALUATION BOARD
(http://www.st.com/evalboards)

ST Solution: STEVAL-ILL026V1
3W not-isolated off-line LED driver based on VIPER22AS

Functionalities:

Functionalities:
Inputvoltage voltage48V 90 to 265 VRMS Input (+/20%) Provides 350mA constant current for LED Output current (average): 0.35A Able toripple drive current 3x1W LED in series high precision Output < 140mA (+/-with 20%) constant current ( +/- 5% tolerance) Output current setting / calibration Over temperature protection Digital dimming LED open circuit protection Open / Short circuit protection LED short circuit protection No electrolytic capacitor EN55015 & EN6100-3-2 compliant 230Vac Input version with no Electrolytic Cap.
Typical Applications:
General indoor lighting Halogen lamp replacement Downlight

Key Products:
VIPER22AS-E STTH1R06A

Purpose & Positioning:

To promote an easy to design solution with very few external components

EVALUATION BOARD
(http://www.st.com/evalboards)

STEVAL-ILL026V1 - measurement

LED current regulation vs input voltage

Board efficiency vs input voltage

Cost effective and compact solution The circuit is able to protect itself from abnormal condition of open load operation In case of short circuit condition the VIPer works at minimum admissible duty cycle until the voltage applied to the Vdd pin falls below the shutdown voltage

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Off-line LED drivers: Evaluation boards summary (1/2)

Solutions available and technical documentations
P/N Order Code Vin (VAC) Iout (mA) Vout (VDC) Comments AN

VIPER12A (*)

STEVAL-ILL005V1

85 to 265

350 & 700 & 1050

3.5 to 15

Flyback constant current source

AN1916

VIPER22A (*)

STEVAL-ILL001V1

85 to 135 or 185 to 265

350

3.5 to 28

Flyback dimmable

AN2042

VIPER17HN(*)

STEVAL-ILL017V1

176 to 265

500

7 Vmax

Not Isolated Flyback constant current source Buck constant current source

AN2811

VIPER22A

STEVAL-ILL026V1

85 to 265

350

0 to 40

AN2961

(*) plus TSM10x

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Off-line LED drivers: Evaluation boards summary (2/2)

Solutions available and technical documentations
P/N Order Code Vin (VAC) Iout (mA) Vout (VDC) Comments AN

L6562A

STEVAL-ILL016V2

120Vac20%

700mA

40Vmax

15W HP Flyback constant current source

AN2711

L6562A

EVL6562A-35WFLB

90 to 265

700mA

48V

35W HP Flyback constant current source 80W PFC Boost + Modified buck converter 130W PFC Boost + LLC LED SMPS 18W single stage off-line LED driver 32W off-line RGGB LED driver

AN2838

L6562A

STEVAL-ILL013V1

85 to 265

350mA, 700mA or 1A

400V

AN2928 UM0670

L6562AT L6599AT

EVL130W-STRLIG

85 to 305

2.7A

48V

DRAFT

L6562A

STEVAL-ILL027V1

120Vac10%

350mA

54V

DRAFT

L6562A

STEVAL-ILL019V1

85 to 265

4x350mA

48V

DRAFT

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Contents
1. LED Basics

2. Driving High Brightness LEDs in General Lighting Off-line LED Drivers DC-DC converters based solutions

3. LED driving solutions for Signage

4. LED driving solutions for LCD Backlighting

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LED Driver Concept using DC-DC Converters

Basic Topologies
BOOST: (Vin<Vout)
CONVENTIONAL
DC SOURCE IN OUT

BUCK-BOOST: (Vout<Vin or Vin<Vout)

Iled Feedback Rsense

DC/DC

Converter

POSITIVE INVERTING FLOATING SEPIC

BUCK: (Vin>Vout)
CONVENTIONAL FLOATING

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Basic topologies: Boost

VIN

BOOST

VOUT

Low-side switch Load referenced to GND Low-side current sensing

ISW

Supported by:
VREF L6920D LED7706 LED7707 PM6600 STLD41 (in development)

1 VOUT = VIN 1 D

I SW

1 = IOUT 1 D
r=

**D = VOUT VIN

VOUT

r2 I LED I SW,RMS = D 1+ 1 D 12

VOUT (1 D)2 I LED L f

** DREAL>DIDEAL in the formula to compensate for losses. Always check the real duty cycle.
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Basic topologies: Positive Buck-Boost

Positive Buck-Boost
VIN ISW VOUT

High-side switch Load referenced to GND Low-side current sensing Supported by: STCF07 L497X L597X L598X Require external FET L6902 L6928

VREF

D VOUT = VIN 1 D

I SW

1 = IOUT 1 D
r=

**D =

VOUT VOUT + VIN

r2 I LED I SW,RMS = D 1+ 1 D 12

VOUT (1 D)2 I LED L f

** DREAL>DIDEAL in the formula to compensate for losses. Always check the real duty cycle.
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Basic topologies: Inverting Buck-Boost

Inverting Buck-Boost
VIN ISW VOUT

High-side switch Load referenced to GND High-side current sensing Negative output Supported by: L497X L597X L598X L6902

VREF

D VOUT = VIN 1 D

I SW

1 = IOUT 1 D
r= VOUT (1 D)2 I LED L f

**D =

VOUT VOUT + VIN

r2 I LED I SW,RMS = D 1+ 1 D 12

** DREAL>DIDEAL in the formula to compensate for losses. Always check the real duty cycle.
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Basic topologies: SEPIC (Buck-Boost)

VIN

SEPIC

IOUT VOUT

Low-side switch Load referenced to GND Low-side current sensing

ISW

Supported by:
VREF

LED7706 LED7707

D VOUT = VIN 1 D
I SW,RMS IOUT

I SW

1 = IOUT 1 D

**D =

VOUT VOUT + VIN

VOUT (VOUT +VIN ) 2 VIN

** DREAL>DIDEAL in the formula to compensate for losses. Always check the real duty cycle.
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Basic topologies: Conventional Buck

Conventional BUCK
VIN ISW VOUT

High-side switch Load referenced to GND Low-side current sensing Supported by:

VREF

L597X L598X L6902 L6925/6/8 ST1S10 PWM controller (L6726A)+ FETs

VOUT = VIN D
I SW,RMS = I LED r2 D 1+ 12

I SW = IOUT
r=

**D = VOUT

VIN

VOUT (1 D) I LED L f

** DREAL>DIDEAL in the formula to compensate for losses. Always check the real duty cycle.
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ST Solution: STEVAL-ILL010V1
High-intensity LED driver with dimming based on L6902

Functionalities:
Buck topology Input voltage Vin: 8 V to 30 Vdc Designed for 350mA LEDs Fully dimmable board Easy modification for higher current Analog dimming Digital (PWM) dimming Maximum output voltage limited 5 LEDs can be driven with 700mA output current (Vf = 4.4V) 6 LEDs can be driven with 350mA output current (Vf = 4V)
Key Products:
L6902D STPS340U

Typical Applications:
Architectural lighting General Lighting Gaming Machine

Purpose & Positioning:

An high efficiency switching buck converter current source able to supply High Brightness LEDs. To provide a tool to test and evaluate the L6902D as LED driver with analog and PWM dimming functionality

EVALUATION BOARD
(http://www.st.com/evalboards)

ST Solution: STEVAL-ILL023V1
High Efficiency Switching LED Driver for High Current LEDs based on L6726A

Functionalities:
Buck topology Input voltage Vin: 8V to 18V Output voltage (with Vin= 18 V): 2.5V to 14 V Output current ILED: 1A / 1.5A / 2.8A Analog dimming (with ILED= 0 A) : 0V to 2.5V Low level PWM signal: 0 V High level PWM signal: 2.8V to 3.8V (typ.: 3.3V) Duty cycle (at fdim = 200 Hz) : 0% to 99% Efficiency (with Vin =18 V and Vout = 12.6V): 94.8%
Key Products:
L6726A L78L06ACU STS8DNH3LL STPS1l30A TS821B

Typical Applications:
General lighting Architectural lighting Decoration lighting Reading lighting Cabinet Lighting

Purpose & Positioning:

For customers working with LEDs applications which need high current solutions. Typical example could be P7 from SEOUL-Semiconductor.

EVALUATION BOARD
(http://www.st.com/evalboards)

STEVAL- ILL023V1: Electrical Schematic

Linear regulator L78L06AC PWM controller L6726A Power mosfet STS8DNH3LL

CN1

Vcc18V 1 2 3 U1 C1 22uF 3 IN L78L06AC OUT GND 2 1 Vcc6V C4 10uF C6 100nF U2 5 1N4148 R6 10R L6726A Boot 1 Boot C7 100nF R7 2 8 4 2R2 Phase R8 Lgate C5 D1 100nF TS821 R5 6k8 C3 82nF 2R2 4 3 D3 STPS1L30M 5 6 Q1 STS8DNH3LL Ugate 2 1 C8 4.7uF L1 Inductor 10uH C9 22uF R9 0R56 OUT-K OUT-A 8 7 P1 1 2 3 D2

8-18V K375A

FB R4 4k7 PWM 3 2 1 PWM R1 62k Vref R3 4k7 C2 470pF Comp

6 7

FB Ugate COMP GND Phase Lgate

Vcc

OUT 6 5 4 3 2 1 R14 0R56 R15 0R3 R16 0R3

R2 1k1

R10 0R56

GND

Voltage reference TS821

STMicroelectronics

Schotkky diode STPS1L30M

40

STEVAL-ILL023V1 Current Sensing

Classic current sensing VCC
Power losses on the sense resistor

Ploss = VFB * ILED

Current sensing with offset

1.225V R1 0.8V FB

VCC 2.8A

2.8A

FB

0.8V
R2

0.28V

Ploss

Rsen

Losses on Rsen 2.24 W -65%

TS821

Ploss

Rsen

GND

Ploss = 0.8V * 2.8A Ploss = 2.24W

STMicroelectronics

0.784W

Ploss = 0.28V * 2.8A Ploss = 0.784W

GND

41

STEVAL-ILL023V1: Efficiency 94.8% at full load

Main efficiency factors
Synchronous rectification Decreased feedback voltage from 0.8V to 0.28V Mosfet with Rdson 20m Inductor with DC resistance 7.8m

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STEVAL-ILL023V2: Dimming Interface

Analog: 0 2.5 V Digital: 0 / 3.3 V (0 99 %) Dimming connector Auxiliary supply 6V
PWM GENERATOR: PWM frequency 250Hz 0% to 100% DC variation Input voltage 3.3V to 35V Knob for regulation
Additional board
L78L33

Vdd

Vss PWM

ST7LITEU05
CLKIN NC

ICCCLK AIN2

RESET

ICC programming

External module for brightness regulation

Non-electrical connector for improved mechanical stability only

STMicroelectronics

PWM Generator Ordering code: STEVAL-ILL013V2 Available Q(4)/2009

43

STCF07: Buck-Boost White LED Driver

Features
Drives one power LED up to 1A VIN Input Voltage range: 2.3V to 5.5V CIN LED temperature protection with NTC Open LED failure detection 1.8 MHz typ fixed frequency PWM Synchronous rectification 90% typ. efficiency across all input voltage range Two selectable operational modes:
High current mode: Up to 1A Low current mode: from 20mA
VLX1 VLX1 PV BAT VBAT FB1 EN CSEL COUT

VLX2 VOUT

STCF07

FB2 FB2S

RLC

FAULT GND PGND RX NTC RHC

NTC RX

Adjustable current in both modes True shutdown OVP(5.3V), OTP, SCP < 1A shutdown current QFN 4 x 4 x 1 mm 16 leads

Typical Application
LED Flashlight Camera flash

STMicroelectronics
44

Principle of a Linear Current Regulator

Very similar to a voltage regulator, linear current driving uses a linear pass element with a feedback block that regulates the current in a path rather than the voltage at a node. Devices can be operated as current source or current sink Linear current driving can only be used when the input voltage is always higher than the output voltage. Headroom must also be added for the voltage drop in the driver circuits. Otherwise there is not enough voltage available to operate the LEDs. Advantages: simple design, low component cost. Drawbacks: Low efficiency, heat dissipation on the IC.

Vdriver = Vsupply n VLED

Pdriver = Vdriver * I LED

STMicroelectronics
45

STCSXX/A: Linear LED driver

Main features:
Up to 40V operating input voltage Less than 0.5 V voltage overhead PWM dimming pin Shutdown pin Open LED failure detection A Version: slope compensation for EMI improvement STCS05 features: Up to 0.5 A output current SO-8 package STCS1 features: Up to 1.5 A output current DFN8 & Power SO-8 package STCS2 features: Up to 2 A output current PowerSO-10 package
Input Voltage

VCC PWM EN DISC SLOPE GND

DRAIN

STCS05/1/2/A
FB

Load Disconnection

STMicroelectronics
46

ST Solution: STEVAL-ILL014V1
Constant current controller for high brightness LEDs based on STCS1A

Functionalities:
Linear topology Input voltage (VIN): 4.5V to 40V Less than 0.5V voltage overhead Up to 1.5A output current Selectable PWM dimming (internal circuit/ ext input) Shutdown pin Open LED failure detection

Key Products:
STCS1APUR BAT46ZFILM TS3702IPT L78L05ABUTR

Typical Applications:
Advertising kiosk Backlight Automotive interior and exterior lighting Emergency vehicle warning lights Small appliances lighting General lighting

Purpose & Positioning:

To demonstrate the operation of the STCS1A constant current LED driver To provide a LED driver for automotive and industrial applications ensuring constant brightness and extended LED lifetime

EVALUATION BOARD
(http://www.st.com/evalboards)

Driving LEDs usign DC-DC converters: Evaluation Boards Summary

Part Number L5973D Order Code STEVAL-ILL007V1 Vin 12Vac 12V to 24V dc 1V to 3V 8V to 30V 4.5V to 40V Ioutmax 1A Comments High Intensity LED driver for MR-16 format based on L5973D Cree LED Flashlight with L6920D High Intensity LED Dimming Driver based on L6902 High Brightness Linear LED Driver based on STC1A LEDs Driver with Boost Converter for LCD Panels Backlight LEDs Driver with Boost Converter for LCD Panels Backlight Buck synchronous LED Driver for high current LED based on L6726A + MOSfets White LED Controller in Boost topology Constant current Inverse Buck LED driver AN AN2559

L6920D L6902 STCS1A

STEVAL-IILL008V1 STEVAL -ILL010V1 STEVAL-ILL014V1

350mA 350mA up to 1.5A 20mA per channel 60mA per channel

AN1941 AN2129 UM0422

LED7706

STEVAL-ILL020V1

4.5V to 32V

AN2809

LED7707

STEVAL-ILL021V1

4.5V to 32V

AN2810

L6726A

STEVAL-ILL023V1

8V to 18V

1A / 1.5A / 2.8A

UM0677

STLD40D L6562A

STEVAL-TLL001V1 EVL6562A-LED

3V to 5.5V 48V

up to 20mA 350mA

AN2333 AN2928
48

STMicroelectronics

Buck Converters LED Driver Summary

STMicroelectronics
49

Buck- Boost Converters LED Driver Summary

STMicroelectronics
50

Boost Converters LED Driver Summary

STMicroelectronics
51

Linear Current Regulators Summary

Linear Current Regulators

STMicroelectronics
52

Contents
1. LED Basics

2. Driving High Brightness LEDs in General Lighting Off-line LED Drivers DC-DC converters based solutions

3. LED driving solutions for Signage

4. LED driving solutions for LCD Backlighting

STMicroelectronics
53

LED Display typical architecture

SMPS
Data Bus Flat Ribbon cable

Modular Concept

MAIN PROCESSOR

MCU & LVDS Interface

LED-PCB LED Drivers Temp. Sensor

Image Position adjustment (MEMS)

Modular solution to fit different screen sizes

STMicroelectronics
54

LED Display Panel: Cluster Architecture

Single Cluster-2 56 RGB LEDs
5v 3.3v

LED Block
Temperature Sensor

RGB LED Configuration

Circuit Block
MCU
Control Panel

SPI

LED Driver
OER/G/B
SPI

Brightness

Speed

Mode

LED Driver

SPI

DM

MAIN PROCESSOR

Single Cluster: 1 MCU, multiple LED Drivers in cascade

More Clusters in Cascade..

STMicroelectronics
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LE

LED Driver

Typical Cluster Architecture Example

Single cluster combines 4 blocks of 8x8 LEDs Single cluster includes 32 LED Drivers (STP24DP05), 1 MCU (STM32) and 1 temperature Sensor Supply section is based on 3.3V- 600mA LVDO powering both STP24DP05 and MCU.

Cluster

Module top view

STMicroelectronics
56

Driving Concept for RGB LEDs

STMicroelectronics
57

How to drive LEDs arrays

Serial Configuration: cascaded drivers
are used. The data is sent through all LED drivers via the SPI and then latched to the outputs. Advantage: current in each channel is regulated by software PWM modulation, which means color control of each RGB LED. Disadvantage: lower PWM resolution for high LED count, as the data takes time to reach all drivers.

Parallel Configuration: mainly used

when high light intensity with many LEDs of the same color is required. Advantage: simpler method and better PWM resolution, because of faster data transfer among the drivers. Disadvantage: it increases the number of I/Os on microcontroller in case of RGB applications

Note: It is possible to mix serial and parallel

configurations to provide different colors depth achieving higher brightness.
STMicroelectronics
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LEDs Brightness & Color control by software

Brightness Control:
Limited by PWM resolution and processing data capability of the microcontroller or FPGA It is recommended to select a PWM dimming frequency above 150 Hz to avoid visible flickering.

Color Control:
Depends on three fundamental color components: Red, Green and Blue. The RGB components are used to get the desiderate colors according to the image data processing and the white point at different color temperatures. Color and temperature sensors are generally used.
White Point Area Color Gamut
STMicroelectronics
59

Power Logic LED Driver

Drives multiple low power LEDs used in applications such as signage and matrix display. Constant current control in a single chip solution is allowed. Minimum BOM required: one resistor sets the preferred maximum current for all outputs. Innovative feature of this family are the clock and data re-synchronization useful when at least two devices are cascaded. Features such as high channel to channel precision , LED error-detection, auto power-saving and Symmetrical Turn-ON and Turn OFF are integrated into the newest products of the family.
Next LED driver in cascade Clock Serial In Latch Out EN

SPI Interface

Serial Out

Rext

Constant current

STMicroelectronics
60

Power MOS

Cascaded Power Logic devices

V-LED
LED1 -----------> LED 16 LED17 ------> LED 32 LEDn ------> LEDn +16

STP16CP05
SDI SDO SDI

STP16CP05
SDO SDI

STP16CP05
SDO

SDI = Serial Data In

REXT

SDO = Serial Data Out

REXT

REXT

OE = Output Enable Pin 1 or 0

OE LE

Micro
LE = Latch Enable

Cascaded LED drivers, typical circuit diagram

STMicroelectronics
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STP16CPxx New Constant current P/Ns expand features offering

Keep existing Pinout without PCB re-layout
STP16CPC Symmetrical Turn-ON and Turn-OFF As EMI and inrush current are reduced it suits applications requiring slower Turn-ON and Turn-OFF times . Status: Mass Production STP16CPP/S Excellent accuracy even at low current level. Latest LED technology has dramatically increased the brightness while lowering the flowing current . The STP16CPP05 is the best choice to drive LEDs from 3mA to 40mA. Typical current accuracy +/- 2% among all channels. /S Version with Auto Power Shutdown - eng sample STP16DP/P/S Excellent accuracy even at low current level in addition to LED error detection and Auto Power Saving. Status: Sample Available Pre-production

STMicroelectronics
62

ST Solution: STEVAL-ILL015V1
RGB LED Array based on STP24DP05 and STM32F103C6

Functionalities:
Two STP24DP05 with 16 RGB LEDs. STM32 MCU using a cost effective internal HS oscillator. JTAG interface for MCU firmware change/update. Mini USB connector for interconnection with PC GUI Test point to simplify electrical evaluation. Buttons and a knob to control the board. Error and Over-Temperature Flag for each LED driver. LED failure (Open and short) simulation Input voltage range 7.5V - 18V.

Key Products:
STP24DP05BTR STM32F103C6T6 ST1S10PUR LD3985M33R USBUF01P6

Typical Applications:
LED Diplay Scoreboards LCD Backlighting Traffic diplay and Road Signs

Purpose & Positioning:

An inexpensive and accurate current control for low power RGB LEDs to be used in full color display application . To provide a platform to test and evaluate STMicroelectronics power logic LED driver STP24DP05

EVALUATION BOARD
(http://www.st.com/evalboards)

Power Logic Evaluation Boards Summary

Part Number
STP16CP05 STP16CPS05

Order Code

Description
32 LEDs Array Reference Board

Feature
- Adjustable Brightness - Adjustable Blinking Speed - Animated Text - Animated Text - Adjustable Blinking Speed - GPS Interface - audio output for playback of the prerecorded .wav files - Adjustable Brightness - Adjustable Blinking Speed - Animated Text - Error Detection Feature - Adjustable Brightness - Adjustable Blinking Speed - Animated Text - Error Detection Feature - Adjustable Brightness - Adjustable Blinking Speed - Animated Text - PowerLED Driving - Adjustable Brightness -JTAG interface for C firmware change/update -Mini USB connector for PC GUI connection - Error Detection Feature

Application Notes
AN2241

Power Supply
Standard Supply Connector

STEVAL-ILL003V2

STP16DP05

STEVAL-ILL024V1 STEVAL-ILL025V1

Mother/slave board for LED display based on STM32. 16 x 32 LED matrix display unit

UM DRAFT

5V, 0.5A 3.5V-5V, 3A

STP08DP05

STEVAL-ILL002V3

40 LEDs Diagnostic Reference Board Using OSRAM Blue LEDs

AN2415 AN2478

Standard Supply Connector

STP08DP05

STEVAL-ILL002V4

40 LEDs Diagnostic Reference Board Using Vishay Green LEDs

AN2415 AN2478

Standard Supply Connector

STP04CM05

STEVAL-ILL009V3 STEVAL-ILL009V4 STEVAL-ILL009V5

RGB LED Reference Board OSTAR Projection Module Golden Dragon LEDs

AN2531

Standard Supply Connector

STP24DP05

STEVAL-ILL015V1

16 RGB LED Array based on STP24DP05 and STM32F103C6

UM0574

Standard Supply Connector

64

STMicroelectronics

Power Logic LED Driver portfolio

N.Channel
4 Channel

P/N
STP04CM05 STP08/16CP05 STPIC6D595 STP08/16DP05 STP16CPS05 STP16CPP05 STP16CPPS05 STP16DPP05 STP16DPPS05 STP16CPC05

VDD

Io
80400mA 5100mA 100/250 mA 5100mA 5100mA 3-40mA 3-40mA 3-40mA 3-40mA 5100mA 5-80mA

Key Features

Key Advantage

35.5V 3.3-5.5V 5.V 3 - 5.5V 3.3-5.5V 3.3-5.5V 3.3-5.5V 3.3-5.5V 3.3-5.5V 3.3-5.5V

Integrated solution 4 High current channels Constant current Fast Ton/Toff Response Low side driver Fast Ton/Toff Response Fast Ton/Toff Response with LED Error Detection Auto Power Saving Low current LED driver Auto Power saving Low current Full LED Error detection, Low current ,Full Error Detection, PowerSaving Symmetrical Ton/off (100nS) , 12/16 bit PWM control, Full LED Error Detection Gain current adjust, advanced thermal management 8CHX3 indipendent groups driver, full LED error Detection EXISTING PRODUCT

Best solution to supply high power LEDs (RGGB) Possibility to increase video display frame rate Inexpensive Led Driver solution for H.B. LEDs To control LEDs status in road signs Significant power savings for Green application High accuracy ~ 1% at 3mA Auto Power shutdown, wake up does not need ext.signal To control LEDs status in road signs Significant power savings for Green application + LED Status control Reduces switching inrush current and ghost effect For High End Display, footprint compatible with basic STP16xx series Suitable soluiton for middle-end video display (RGB)

8/16 Channel 8 Channel

8/16 Channel 16 16 16 16 16 16 Channel Channel Channel Channel Channel Channel

16

Channel

STP1612PW05

3.3-5.5V

24

Channel

STP24DP05

3.3-5.5V

5-80mA

STMicroelectronics

NEW PRODUCT

65

STP1612PW05: Low Voltage 16-channel LED Driver with Gain control , PWM and LED Failure Detection
Key Features
5v 3.3v

LED Block
Temperature Sensor

RGB LED Configuration

STP1612PW05

MCU

Control Panel Control

SPI

2 15 16

STP1612PW05
SPI

Brightness

Speed

Mode

ESD protection: 2.5kV HBM, 200V MM

SPI

PWM Clk

OE

LE

More Drivers in Cascade

Application
Video display LED panels, RGB backlighting

Package
STP1612PW05MTR (SO-24) STP1612PW05TTR (TSSOP-24) STP1612PW05XTTR (HTSSOP-24)

Pre-Production
STMicroelectronics

STP1612PW05

16-channel 3-to-60mA Constant Current 12/16-bit Grayscale PWM Control Selectable enhanced PWM for ghost effect reduction 8-bit GAIN control with two selectable ranges for global LED brightness adjustment Full Output LED Error Detection Programmable Progressive output delay 30MHz Clock Frequency Timeout alert if clock signal is missing

Circuit Block

66 66

Contents
1. LED Basics

2. Driving High Brightness LEDs in General Lighting Off-line LED Drivers DC-DC converters based solutions

3. LED driving solutions for Signage

4. LED driving solutions for LCD Backlighting

STMicroelectronics
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LED Backlighting: Introduction

LED backlight dominates the smaller LCD display market Cell Phones, GPS, PDA, etc

Larger display have traditionally used Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFLs). Compared to CCFL, LED allows:
Thinner backlight design Advanced backlight architectures

LEDs now are penetrating larger LCD modules Notebooks have largest adoption today-exceed 30% in 2009 Monitor an TVs are emerging markets

STMicroelectronics
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LED backlighting driver challenges: Current matching

To maintain backlight uniformity, all LEDs must have the same brightness
LED light is controlled by current, not voltage Therefore current needs to be matched among LEDs The current matching target required by LCD markers is 1% Affected by LED forward voltage spread (10-15%)

Assume the LEDs have a VF range of 3.0V to 3.6V (Typ. 3.3V) and we want 20mA:
5V 5V 5V 5V 5V 5V

Vx

Vx

R= (5V-3.3V)/20mA = 85 ILED1 = (5V-3.0V)/ 85 = 24mA ILED2 = (5V-3.6V)/ 85 = 16mA Low cost Poor matching Not suitable for backlight
STMicroelectronics

Ideal Current Source Perfect matching

Real Implementation
Active circuit maintains Vf voltage difference drop across the transistor LED Current is set by Vx/R Best Current matching(1% to 2%) Suitable for backlight LED driver

69

LED backlighting driver challenges: LEDs Connections

Each backlight consist of many LEDs 3 to 1000+ depending on the LCD panel size LEDs can be connected in series and parallel Series Perfect current matching High voltage LED Driver are more expensive Inefficient for high step-up ratio Parallel Requires current matching circuit Allows using lower voltage drivers Multichannels approach increases the cost

Vs

Vs

A series-parallel combination can be also used

Vs

STMicroelectronics
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Other LED driving considerations

VF spread among the LEDs increases the power dissipation/heating
White LEDs have a typical VF between 3V to 3.6V For instance a string of 12 LEDs has a total VF value between 36V to 43.2V Binning is used to reduce the VF variation A linear driver needs to absorb the voltage variation (VVAR) Drivers require an overhead voltage (Vmin) to properly control the current Keeping the overhead voltage low minimizes power dissipation ST products requires ~ 400mV (typ.) to regulate 50mA. PDISS= ((N-1) x ILED x (Vmin + VVAR)) + ILED x Vmin
VVAR +Vmin

Emitted LEDs light wavelength depends on the current intensity

PWM dimming technique allows changing the brightness without color-shift Analog dimming can be used to improve the dynamic range (contrast ratio) at low brightness Human eye is less sensitive to low intensity color To tune RGB LEDs wavelength, current must be independently controlled.

STMicroelectronics
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Typical LED backlight techniques

Edge-type backlight
LED driver

Direct-type backlight
LED driver LED driver LED driver

LEDs are placed along the edge(s) of the LCD panel This technique is generally used in the small panels (up to 20) LCD panel thickness is reduced (<2mm thick) Brightness uniformity might become inconsistent increasing the size of the panel
STMicroelectronics

LEDs array are organized behind the LCD panel (matrix organization) This technique is often used in large LCD panels (30 +) Allows to use enhanced brightness control such as local dimming and scanning Brightness uniformity

72

Typical LCD display block diagram

Power

Backlight Driver Backlight Module

Row driver

Power

LCD Bias IC

Row driver
Column Driver Column Driver Column Driver

Video

Digital Digital Control Control IC IC

STMicroelectronics
73

LCD backlighting for notebook and mid-size display

White LEDs are used ranging from ~ 20mA to ~50mA. The number of LEDs depends on the size of the LCD panel and the kind of final application. The standard displays sizes using a single driver solution are:
7 12 14.1 15.4 = 10 to 16 LEDs = ~ 40 LEDs = ~ 54 LEDs = ~ 60 LEDs

Usually the driver is powered from 12V or 5V bus rail.

In notebooks the input voltage range is 7V to 20V, varying from the battery or the AC adapter. For other portable devices the driver is powered by a single cell Li-Ion battery.
STMicroelectronics
74

STLA02 20mA Boost LED Driver for Backlight

Main Characteristics: Boost DC/DC Converter Synchronous Rectification Drives up to 6 LEDs at 20maA max Output power capability up to 500mW Input Voltage Range 2.5V To 12V Output Current Control 2.3 Mhz Fixed Frequency PWM Input Brightness Control with 300:1 Dimming Range 350mA Integrated Switch OVP & OTP Less than 1A Stand-by Current Internal Soft Start Package DFN 2x2 6L Main Application: Small LCD Display Backlight (7) Keyboard Backlight
E.S. Available
STMicroelectronics
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L

VIN
CIN VIN

LX VOUT STLA02 EN/PWM RFB

FB ILED

GND

LED770x: WLEDs Backlight Driver for medium/large LCD panels (MNT & TV)
BOOST SECTION
4.5V to 36V Input Voltage range Internal Power-MOSFET Up to 93% Efficiency Up to 36V Output Voltage 200kHz to 1MHz Switching Frequency Programmable Soft-Start, OVP and OCP External sync for multi-device application
Input voltage range: 4.5V to Vout Output voltage: up to 36V

Internal PowerMOS EN Internal +5V LDO MODE FAULT

BOOST CTRL LDO ROWS CTRL

BACKLIGHT DRIVER SECTION

Six ROWs capable of driving multiple LEDs in series (e.g. up to ten WLEDs per ROW) LED7706: up to 30mA Programmable Output Current per ROW LED7707: up to 85mA Programmable Output Current per ROW LED7707: ROWs in parallel to drive up to 510mA LEDs 1.5% Current Matching between ROWs Shorted and Open LED Fault Detection PWM Dimming (LED7706: 500ns minimum dimming ON time; LED7707:10us minimum dimming ON time)

FAULT MNGMT

DIM RILIM Shorted LED and open row management PWM dimming

Six rows, up to 10 WLEDs each

Up to 85mA programmable output current

STEVAL-ILL020V1

TARGETED APPLICATIONS
Consumer: Mid to large size LCD (TV & MNT) Automotive: navigation displays and dashboards Industrial: lighting, displays

STEVAL-ILL021V1

STMicroelectronics
76

LED770x: Application Schematic

VIN= 4.5V to VOUT L VOUT= up to 36V
OVP selection

MLCC
Slope Compensation

+5V
AVCC OVSEL VIN LX SLOPE

Switching Frequency selection

LDO5 Internal MOS OCP BILIM Rows current select. RILIM SS COMP SGND DIM

SWF ROW1 ROW2 ROW3 ROW4 ROW5 ROW6 PGND

LED770x
FAULT EN SYNC MODE

Up to 10 WLEDs per row

Dimming Fault Enable Faults Management Selection Sync Output

STMicroelectronics
77

LED7706: Efficiency
Vin = 24V
100 90 80 70 Efficiency [% ] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 DIM duty cycle [%] fDIM = 500Hz fDIM = 20kHz

FULL LOAD

LIGHT LOAD

VIN=24V, VOUT=34V (6x 10WLEDs 100mV VF spread), ILED=20mA Switching Frequency: fSW=660kHz, L=6.8H

STMicroelectronics
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Monitor and TV LED Backlighting

Both white and RGB LEDs are used Low (50mA) or high power (350mA) can be used The number of LEDs depends on the panel size and the LED type:
Up to 2000-4000 low power LEDs A few hundreds for high power LEDs Require multiple drivers per system

Power supply is typically 24V Local dimming improves LCD technology drawbacks:
Contrast ratio Power Consumption

Backlight is adjusted according to the picture content and the area of the screen Scanned backlight improves motion blur effect and it can be combined with local dimming

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STMicroelectronics
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