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Introducing Functional Grammar

Second Edition

Geoff Thompson
University of Liverpool

A member of the Hodder Headline Group LONDON Distributed in the United States of America by Oxford University Press Inc., New York

Contents

Foreword

ix

Acknowledgements The purposes of linguistic analysis 1.1 Starting points 1.1.1 Going in through form 1.1.2 Going in through meaning 1.2 Language, context and function: a preliminary exploration Exercise Recognizing clauses and clause constituents 2.1 Breaking up the sentence - and labelling the parts 2.1.1 Recognizing constituents 2.1.2 Structural and functional labels 2.2 Ranks Exercises An overview of functional grammar 3.1 Three kinds of meaning 3.1.1 The three metafunctions 3.1.2 Three kinds of function in the clause 3.1.3 Three kinds of structure in the clause 3.1.4 Showing the options: systems networks 3.1.5 A fourth metafunction 3.2 Register and genre 3.2.1 Register (and the corpus) 3.2.2 Genre Exercise Interacting: the interpersonal metafunction 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Roles of addressers and audience 4.3 Mood 4.3.1 The structure of the Mood 4.3.2 Identifying Subject and Finite 4.3.3 Meanings of Subject and Finite 4.3.4 Mood in non-declarative clauses

xi 1 1 2 6 10 12 14 14 15 18 21 26 28 28 30 32 34 35 38 39 40 42 44 45 45 46 49 49 50 52 54

VI

CONTENTS

4.4

4.5 4.6 4.7

4.3.5 Mood in text 4.3.6 The Residue 4.3.7 Modal Adj uncts Modality 4.4.1 Modality and polarity 4.4.2 Types of modality 4.4.3 Modal commitment 4.4.4 Modal responsibility 4.4.5 Modality in text Appraisal Interaction and negotiation Interaction through text Exercises

58 60 63 65 65 67 69 69 72 75 79 80 83 86 86 88 90 92 96 100 103 105 109 112 116 116 117 118 124 125 126 135 138 141 141 142 144 144 146

Representing the world: the experiential metafunction 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Transitivity: processes and participants

5.3

5.4 5.5

5.2.1 Material processes 5.2.2 Mental processes 5.2.3 Relational processes 5.2.4 Verbal processes 5.2.5 Other types of process 5.2.6 Other participant roles 5.2.7 Circumstances 5.2.8 Transitivity in text More complex aspects of transitivity 5.3.1 More on material processes 5.3.2 More on mental processes 5.3.3 More on relational processes 5.3.4 Processes in verbal group complexes 5.3.5 Participants in causation Transitivity patterns in text Ergativity Exercises

Organizing the message: the textual metafunction - Theme 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Theme 6.3 Identifying Theme

6.3.1 6.3.2

Theme in declarative clauses Theme in non-declarative clauses

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Vll

6.4

6.5 6.6

6.7

6.8 6.9

Special thematic structures 6.4.1 Thematic equatives 6.4.2 Predicated Theme 6.4.3 Thematized comment 6.4.4 Preposed Theme 6.4.5 Passive clauses and Theme Theme in clause complexes Multiple Theme 6.6.1 Conj unctions in Theme 6.6.2 Conjunctive and modal Adjuncts in Theme 6.6.3 Textual, interpersonal and experiential elements in Theme 6.6.4 Interrogatives as multiple Themes Some problems in Theme analysis 6.7.1 Existential'there'in Theme 6.7.2 Theme in reported clauses 6.7.3 Interpolations in Theme 6.7.4 Preposed attributives Theme in text A final note on identifying Theme Exercises

149 149 151 152 153 153

154
156 157 157 158 160 160 161 161 162 163 164 173 174 179 179 180 180 184 188 190 194 195 195 196 197 198 203 204 204 206 207

7 !

Organizing the message: the textual metafunction - cohesion 7.1 Cohesion and coherence 7.2 Reference and ellipsis

7.3 7.4

7.2.1 Reference 7.2.2 Ellipsis Conjunction Cohesion in text Exercise

Clauses in combination 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Units of analysis 8.3 Types of relations between clauses

8.4

8.3.1 Logical dependency relations 8.3.2 Logico-semantic relations Expansion 8.4.1 Elaborating 8.4.2 Extending 8.4.3 Enhancing

Vlll

CONTENTS

8.5

Projection 8.5.1 Quotes and reports 8.5.2 Facts 8.5.3 Proj ection in text Exercises

209 210 213 215 216 219 219 220 224 231 235 236 237 240 240 247 249 251
253 283 288

Grammatical metaphor 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Grammatical metaphor 9.3 Experiential and logical metaphors 9.4 Interpersonal metaphors 9.5 Textual metaphor 9.6 A cautionary note Exercises Implications and applications of functional grammar 10.1 Three-dimensional analysis of texts 10.2 A summary review of functional grammar 10.3 Using functional grammar 10.4 Closing

10

Answers to exercises Further reading References

Index

293