Working of Circuit Breakers

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Working of Circuit Breakers

JOHN FEBRUARY - 26 - 2010 1 COMMENT
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www.emproshunts.com Manufacturers of DC Shunts, Design, Calibration, and Repair available Before going to the depth of this article, there are a few basics that you should know. Especially, about the exact working of electricity. Electricity mainly depends on three parameters. They are voltage, current and resistance. These three parameters are related to each other and a proportional change occurs to these parameters, when a change is subjected to either one of them. Voltage is the parameter that makes the electric charge move. Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge through the conductor. Resistance causes a variation in the above two parameters, and hence the flow, and its value depends on the type of conductor used. The resistance also depends on the size of the conductor. The relation between current [I], voltage [V] and resistance [R] has already been explained in my earlier post. TAKE A LOOK : WORKING OF RESISTORS According to Ohms Law V=I*R i.e, I = V/R So, if the voltage is increased or the resistance is decreased, the charge flow will increase. If the voltage is decreased or resistance is increased, the charge flow will decrease. This electrical charge when distributed to your home will flow through large circuit networks and also small circuit networks. This electrical charge is delivered to the homes using large wires that begin from a power plant or a sub-station. So, the whole circuit is supposedly brought home in a single piece of wire. One end of this wire will be connected to the sub-station and the other will be connected to the ground. The wire that connects to the power plant is called the hot wire and the other end is called the neutral wire. Since there is a voltage difference between these two lines, causes a voltage in the circuit. Thus, when the circuit is in the closed position, a flow of charge occurs. This flow of charge will be in the alternating mode as it changes direction constantly.
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In every country the there will be a standard value for the voltage distributed by the power plants. In USA it is 120/ 240 Volts. Though this is a constant value, the value of the resistance and current will always vary according to our connections. When we buy electrical components like bulbs and tubes, their companys provide a standard resistance value for their effective working. This value, often referred to as the load, is the real reason for the appliances to work. When charge is give to an electric bulb, there occurs a flow which is resisted by the filament. Thus, the more the charge fights to move along, the more is the energy dissipated. This dissipation of energy is in the form of light, causing the bulb to glow.
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http://www.circuitstoday.com/working-of-circuit-breakers[01-Nov-13 07:54:47]
When designing the electrical circuitry at home, special care is taken not to make contact between the neutral and phase. The charge is given to a component which acts as a resistor. This component limits the amount of charge to flow across. Thus, the components are designed in such a manner that the total voltage, current and the resistance across it are always constant. The ampere flow through the circuit is normally kept very small. If the current increases, more energy will be dissipated as the resistance will become low. Thus the extra heat may cause a fire. There may be cases when such a hazard may happen. If the current through a component increases, the heat may increase causing the melting down of the wires inside. This causes a contact between the neutral and phase wires. It can also caused by unknowingly connecting both of them together. The fire thus produced may even cause the whole building to collapse. To avoid this, circuit breakers are used. Whenever the current across the circuit increases above a particular level, the circuit breaker comes into action.
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Working of Circuit Breakers

As the name suggests, whenever the current level goes up, the circuit breaker breaks the connection between the appliance and the main voltage. Thus the hazard is prevented. In olden days, a fuse was the most common type of circuit breaker used. The fuse consisted of just a thin copper wire that was plugged onto the circuit. The fuse is given in such a way that it carries the same current that flows through the rest of the appliances. When the current increases, heat increases and the fuse breaks through causing an open circuit. Thus the appliances are all safe. The only disadvantage with such a device is that it can only be used for one time. After its use, it has to be reinstalled. The circuit breaker has more advantage than a fuse. It has a switch which goes off whenever there is extra current flowing through it. After each break, the switch has to be made on and thus continues its normal operation. There is no need of a reinstallation. A simple circuit breaker consists of the following components. Switch Electromagnet / bimetallic strip Stationary Contact Moving Contact Catch Upper and lower terminal The switch is connected to the electromagnet with the help of a catch arrangement. In some cases a bimetallic strip is also used. The hot wire is connected to both the ends of the switch. During its normal working, the switch will be in the ON position. Thus, there occurs a closed circuit where the current flows from the lower terminal to the electromagnet and then through the stationary contact and out of the circuit through the upper terminal. The moving contact will be connected to the stationary contact. If an electromagnet is used, an electromagnetic force is created when the electricity is passed through it. When current value becomes high, an electromagnetic force is produced which forcedly pulls down the metal lever connected to the switch. Thus the connection between the moving contact and stationary contact stops causing termination of electricity flow. Take a look at the exact working of circuit breaker when the switch is in the ON and OFF positions. If a bimetallic strip is used the passage of a high current actuates a thin strip to bend which in turn moves the metal lever. After the circuit breaks, the working of the circuit breaker can be restored by turning ON the switch.
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Circuit Breaker Operation
Circuit Breaker in OFF position The circuit breaker may be divided into several sub connections. A main fuse box panel may be installed, which includes any smaller circuit breakers which may include living rooms, upstairs, downstairs and so on.
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One Response to Working of Circuit Breakers
pitong
February 27, 2010 at 4:32 am
when the circuit breaker tripped,to normalize it,switch the breaker first to the off position then switch to on.i guess, this is the proper way. Reply
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Working of Resistors
JOHN FEBRUARY - 22 - 2010 16 COMMENTS

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Resistors Resistors are considered to be the most used and the most important component of all the electronic circuits. Take a look at the working, types and also use of resistors in the field of electronics. We know that the basic idea of any electronic circuit is the flow of electricity. This also is further categorized into two conductors and insulators. Conductors allow the flow of electrons, while insulators do not. But the amount of electricity that we want to pass through them depends on the resistors. If a high voltage is passed through a conductor such as a metal, the whole voltage passes through it. If resistors are introduced, the amount of voltage and current can be controlled.
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Thus resistance can be defined as the ease with which something will let electricity flow through it.
A conductor has lower resistance than an insulator. The amount used by the resistor to control the electrical circuit is termed as the resistance.
What is Resistance?
The definition of resistance is based upon the Ohms law given by the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.
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The Ohms Law states that the voltage [V] across a resistor is directly proportional to the current [I] flowing through it. Here, its resistance [R] is the constant of proportionality. Therefore, V = I * R
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Unit of resistance
http://www.circuitstoday.com/working-of-resistors[01-Nov-13 07:55:46]
The SI-unit of resistance is Ohm []. The higher multiple and sub-multiple values of ohm is kilo ohms [K], mega ohms [M], milli ohm and so on. Thus, the resistance can be defined as the voltage required for making a current of 1 ampere to flow through the circuit. If the circuit requires 100 Volts to make 1 ampere flow, then the resistance is 100 Ohms.
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Symbol of Resistor
Resistor is a 2 terminal passive device. The symbol is given below.
Symbol of resistor
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Working of Resistor
The working of a resistor can be explained with the similarity of water flowing through a pipe. Consider a pipe through which water is allowed to flow. If the diameter of the pipe is reduced, the water flow will be reduced. If the force of the water is increased by increasing the pressure, then the energy will be dissipated as heat. There will also be an enormous difference in pressure in the head and tail ends of the pipe. In this example, the force applied to the water is similar to the current flowing through the resistance. The pressure applied can be resembled to the voltage.
Resistor Series and Parallel Circuits

There may be cases where two or more resistors should be connected in a circuit. The simplest way of connecting them is in the series and parallel ways. In a series connection, the resistors will be connected in a series path and the current flowing through the resistors will be the same. The voltage across the resistors will be equal to the sum of voltages across each resistor. Here is a figure of resistors connected in series. Three resistors R 1 , R 2, and R 3 are connected in series. The total resistance Rtotal is given by Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3
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resistors in series and parallel In a parallel connection, the resistors will be in a parallel path and the voltage applied across each component will be the same. The current across the resistors will be equal to the sum of currents across each resistor. The above figure shows a parallel connection of resistors. Three resistors R 1 , R 2, and R 3 are connected in parallel. The total resistance Rtotal is given by 1/R total = 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 + 1/ R3 . Therefore, Rtotal = R1 * R2 * R3 / R1 + R2 + R3
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Power Dissipated in a Resistor
The power dissipation of a resistor is given by the equation Power, P = I2 * R = V * I = V 2 /R The first equation was obtained from Joules first law, while the other two were derived from Ohms law.
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Types of resistors
The most commonly used resistors all look the same. They look like a small worm with coloured stripes on the side. There are many types of resistors available. The most common one ceramic rod wound by copper wires on the inside. The number of copper turns and the thickness of the copper determine the resistance of the component. The more the turns and lesser the thickness, the more the resistance. There are also resistors with spiral patterns of carbon, instead of the copper winding. Such resistors are used for making smaller value resistors. Let us take a closer look at all the resistors. 1. Wire-wound Resistors The resistors with a ceramic rod wound up with copper wires are called wire-wound resistors. Such resistors have the effect of inductance as they have copper windings. Even though the wires are wound in sections with alternate reversed condition an inductance is produced. Thus, different types of windings are used. One type of winding is called the flat thin former method which helps in reducing the cross-sectional area of the coil to a great extent. There are also other types of windings called Ayrton-Perry winding and bifilar winding. Some wire-wound resistors have an aluminium case so that they can be connected to heat sinks which dissipate heat.
2. Carbon Composition Resistors

They are usual resistors with a resistive element in the shape of a cylinder. The resistive element is a mixture of carbon powder and ceramic. This mixture is held together with the help of a resin. This mixture is embedded with wire leads. This is then attached to wires made of lead. The value of the resistor can be found out by a method called colour coding, which is painted onto the outer body of the resistor. If the concentration of carbon increases, the resistance of the component decreases. This type of resistor is not used so commonly now. Though this resistor was highly reliable, their overheating and overvoltage characteristics are not so reliable.
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3. Carbon film
This type of resistor is applicable for circuits working under a range of temperatures. The resistor is made by depositing a carbon film onto an insulating substrate. They can operate at a range from -55 C to 155 C. The voltage range varies from 100 Volts to 650 Volts with a resistance from 1 to 10 M.
4. Thin and Thick Film Resistors

This type of resistor was the backbone of the popular surface mount device resistors used now. The names differentiate in the manner in which the film is applied onto the cylinder. The For a thin film resistor, vacuum deposition method is used to include the resistive material onto the insulating substrate. This type of resistor is commonly used for making printed circuit boards. This type of resistor produces accurate resistance as the whole process of its making can be controlled. Thick films are also produced in the same manner as a thin film. But they also have some additional compounds like glass and also a screen printing liquid. Both of them vary in their temperature ranges as well as prices. Thin films are more expensive than thick films.
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5. Metal Film Resistors

This type of resistor is made by coating with nickel chromium [NiCr]. The process of making this resistor is similar to that of thin film resistors. The difference will be in the compounds used.
6. Ammeter Shunt Resistor

This is the most unique type of resistor which is used for current sensing. It has four terminals and is used in the milliohms and microohms range. Though they are used for measuring small currents, if the current is allowed to pass through a shunt mechanism, they can be used for measuring high currents as well. Through this mechanism the current is measured with accordance to the voltage drop across it. The shunt mechanism consists of two brass blocks. Inbetween them are strips of low temperature coefficient of resistance alloys. Large bolts threaded into the blocks make the current connections. There are also other types of resistors like lead arrangement resistors, grid resistors and so on. There are also variable resistors like the tapped resistors, metal oxide varistor (MOV) and strain gauge. To know more click on the following links. TAKE A LOOK : POTENTIOMETER AND RHEOSTAT WORKING AND COMPARISON TAKE A LOOK : VARIABLE RESISTORS WORKING AND APPLICATIONS TAKE A LOOK : METAL OXIDE VARISTOR (MOV)
Colour Coding
The value of the resistance is found out by colour coding. The resistors have a band of colours shown in their outer covering. Here are the steps to determine the value of the resistor. All resistors have three bands of colours, followed by a space and then a fourth band of colour. The fourth band of colour will be brown, red, gold or silver. To read the colours turn it to the position such as the three consecutive colours come on the left and then the space and the rest of the colours. The first two colours from the left indicate the first two digits of the value. The third colour represents the digital multiplier. That is, it indicates how much you have to multiply the first two numbers with. Thus if you have a resistance with the first three colours being brown, black and red, the value of resistance is 10*100 = 1000 ohms or 1K. The last band, after the space indicates the tolerance of the resistor. This indicates the range of accuracy of the resistor. Thus, along with the three colours above, if the fourth colour is gold, it means you have a tolerance between +/-5%. Thus the actual value of the resistance can be between 950 Ohms and 1K. There can also be resistors with five colours. If so, the first three represents the digits, the fourth will be the multiplier and the fifth will be the percentage of tolerance. This indicates that a more precise value of the resistor used can be obtained from a 5-colour resistor. Take a look at the colours and their associated numbers given below.
Colour coding of resistors
Uses of Resistors Though resistors can cause wastage of electricity, it has a lot of advantages and applications in our daily life. Resistance is one of the main ingredient in the working of a light bulb. When electricity passes through the filament of the bulb, it burns bright as it turns extremely hot due to its smaller size. Though this mechanism wastes a lot of electricity, we are forced to use it to obtain light. The light used nowadays are highy efficient than the older incandascent lamps. The similar filament working is the main ingredient in the working of some of our usual household stuffs like electric kettles, electric radiators, electric showers, coffee makers, toasters, and so on. The application of variable resistance is also helpful to us. Our TVs, radios, loud speakers and so on work on this principle.
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16 Responses to Working of Resistors
from nigeria
April 24, 2013 at 3:49 am
pls i need all the details of resistor in my mail box. Reply priyanka singh
January 16, 2013 at 7:04 pm
i am an engg. student i want to know that if i have to make a new circuit it is very confusing that where to use resister. capacitor, and which ic should be choosed and how to connect it either in series or in parallel. plz can you help me. Reply Anish
January 19, 2013 at 8:30 am
Hi, test out the various circuits in this website. Dont worry as your study progresses, you will be able to solve it yourself. Reply
giri prasad
July 28, 2012 at 9:03 pm
i am studying diploma 2nd year i interested in electronics i know some thing about electronics please help me Reply giri prasad
July 28, 2012 at 8:52 pm
i want some knowledge about resistor, capacitor. Reply Johnijay

May 27, 2012 at 4:44 am
My real name is john i am nigeria citizen i was born in march 3 1995 i am talent in electronic construction hi nid 2 learn more about electronics plz hi nid ur help Reply lathaar
July 8, 2011 at 11:12 pm
i want like this electronic circuit Reply david mens

April 19, 2011 at 4:52 am
thanks a lot for your great knowledge sharing to us. Pls i want u to help me with some best knowledge in all the component testing as much as u can. Example like the capacitor, resistor transistor ic ans so on.I want to know their behavior when u connect them to a tester and is either working of not how will u know and even if is working but not working to the best expected how will i know, pls pls pls help me with this Reply
Anusha Dhananjaya
September 16, 2010 at 1:23 pm
Very nice article.. I really liked resistor explanation in very simple words Reply Zuber
April 28, 2010 at 8:00 pm
Awesome Article, makes lots of sense, it explain a whole lot. Reply DEPESHI
February 25, 2010 at 5:37 pm
YA THIS IS A BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF ELECTRONICS.WHOLE OF THE ELECTRONICS IS BASED ON THESE RESISTORS. DEPENDING UPON THE USEAGE WATTAGE OF THE RESISTORS ALSO MATTERS. Reply V. Hari Hara Prasad
Microelectronics has set into the electronics field and the surface mounted devices (SMDs). Semi conductor Resistors also have come. It would have been appropriate if you would have dealt with all those types too, including trim-pots and presets. Hope you understood my feelings. We need to update at frequent intervals. Reply seetharaman
Thanks for the nice article. The following can be added: in the muliplier gold is for 10( 10) and silver is for 10(100). This will enable us to represent 1ohm 5% Tolerance resistance as be Brown, Black, Black Gold and Gold. For 0.22ohm 5% Tolerance resistance as Red, Red, silver and Gold. Dear editor the next article can be on preffered values and on industrial metal film resistances of high accuracy tight tolerance and temperature coefficient colour coding. Reply jawid akhtar
I find Circuits today articles very helpful and interesting both for beginners and experts. If one keeps in touch with there articles one may considerably enhance is knowledge regarding electronics. I do appreciate sending me such emails so frequently. And of course I am very grateful to you. Thanks. Reply Ansari
nice article Reply Rolfi

A good idea to not forget that resistors are practical components! The question is this: How to select the right resistor for a given application?
So, what about the different properties of the different types? (Temperature coefficients, precision, stability, noise generation? Besides, there are variable resistors, (potmeters, presets) and more exotic ones, like NTC, PTC, VDRs.. Reply
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9 V regulator using 7809

ADMIN APRIL - 26 - 2008 38 COMMENTS

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www.hartmann.gs Standard Systems, Applications Customized Solutions Description. Here is the circuit diagram of 9 V regulator using popular 7809 IC. The 7809 is a 9 Volt voltage regulator IC with features such as internal current limit, safe area protection, thermal protection etc. A 16 V transformer brings down the 230V mains, 1A bridge rectifier rectifies it and capacitor C1 filters it and 7809 regulates it to produce a steady9V DC output. Circuit diagram with Parts list.
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Notes. If a current of 300 mA or above is required, fit a proper heat sink to the IC 7809. If 1A bridge is not available, make one using four 1N 4007 diodes.
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38 Responses to 9 V regulator using 7809
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Chiliman
October 30, 2013 at 6:24 am
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Can the regulator be changed into a 12v regulator without any other change in the circuit? Reply Seetharaman
The regulator can be changed for 12 volt and also for 15 volt, which is maximum for the specified transformer. Reply
Rohit Jha
May 14, 2013 at 4:32 am
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Sir, is there any way to replace transformer Reply Seetharaman

May 15, 2013 at 1:00 am
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Theoretically yes. practically not useful. for low current application with capacitor you can replace transformer not for high current requirements. Reply

nishigandha garudkar
May 10, 2013 at 3:52 am
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Are you sure about diodes in rectifier. They are upside down.Where is + must be . Reply Limar
is there a 230/220vAC to 12vDC transformer that is small in size? can it work with this circuit? and is this circuit capable to hold five loads for example different effects for guitar, if not how many can it handle? Thanks Reply harish
August 22, 2012 at 9:50 pm
yes chethan its better to use 12v and 12v is easy available in markt, so go with that Reply Seetharaman
June 28, 2012 at 5:54 am
Hi Chetan with 9 volt transformer the DC at the input of IC will be 12 approx. will not be sufficient. Minimum should be greater than 10.5 volt, hence use a standard heavy duty 12 volt transformer. Reply deepak
March 9, 2013 at 9:21 am
Sir i whant make a street light circuit project for my polytechnic diplom i am electrical engineering student so plz give me some idia sir i m wating for your answer..
Reply
Chetan M.P
June 27, 2012 at 9:57 pm
Sir, can I use 9 volt transformer. Reply Yashwanth

June 11, 2012 at 12:02 am
sir, will this ckt work with sunlight or only in the night time?.. if it works based on sunlight during monsoon there will be no sun.. then the light will glow continuosly during day time also is this not a disadvantage? and ALSO please SEND ME THE COMPLETE REPORT THIS TOPIC to my mail. Reply harish
June 8, 2012 at 7:24 am
hi sir i want full theory of working of this to my mail eeesparksvag@gmail.com Reply harish
June 6, 2012 at 4:14 am
am not geeting relay response with change in light Reply harish

June 6, 2012 at 4:08 am
iam getting output less than 9 volts nearly 8.7 Reply harish
June 6, 2012 at 4:00 am
sir iing out put made total ckt bt am not geting output sir Reply Seetharaman
June 6, 2012 at 3:03 am
Hi Harish grounding for electrical system at home or for any electronic gadget Reply harish
June 6, 2012 at 1:47 am
how to provide grounding sir please reply me Reply harish

June 6, 2012 at 12:45 am
thank you Reply
Seetharaman
June 5, 2012 at 10:21 pm
Hi Harish you can use. Hi Caloy it is not possible Hi Larry you have to use 6 1N4007 diodes in series in forward biased condition between regulator common and negative bus to achieve 9volts from 5 volt regulator Reply harish
June 5, 2012 at 7:19 am
sir can we use 230/12 v transfomer instead of 230/16 v please give reply to my mail its too urgent Reply CALOY
December 4, 2011 at 4:05 am
good day sir,, how can i divide the 1 amp output into three isolated 300mA output??? Reply RAVI
November 19, 2011 at 1:07 pm
DEAR sir i wish to do some change to ur circuit for to make lights for home its very nice.. Reply Larry Holmes
November 13, 2011 at 12:15 am
I have also made power supplies using this method, virtually identical to your schematic, with one difference. I did not have a 7809 regulator, but I have hundreds of 7805s left from my old company. I needed the power supply right away, and there is no local source for the 7809. I solved this problem by using the 7805 in place of the 7809, but, I placed several rectifier diodes (of the 1N400X family, but others will work as well) in series with the 7805 GND (pin 2 in your schematic) pin, that is, between pin 2 and the negative side of the power supply. The diodes are connected cathode to anode, so they will conduct when properly biased by a DC voltage/current, and the anode of the first diode in the series string is connected to pin 2 of the 7805. I believe I used 3 diodes, as the series combination had a voltage drop of about 4 volts, though it isnt important to use 3; all that matters is that the series forward voltage drop is, in this case, 4 volts (I measured the forward voltage drop of each diode, selecting from a larger quantity of diodes, ones that fit my need, that is, those that yielded a total forward voltage drop of four volts). I also connected a 3K resistor from pin 3 of the 7805 to pin 2, to provide bias current for the series diodes, but the resistor value is not critical, as long as a few mA of current flows through the diodes independent of current from pin 2 of the 7805. A 4 volt zener diode would work here also, in place of the rectifier diodes, but they are not often stocked by experimenters! Sometimes, it is a good idea to add a capacitor from pin 2 to the negative supply, to bypass the diodes, and give good transient response, since that pin is now floating above the negative supply and may cause some problems if the power supply needs to furnish power to a load which produces fast transients which the supply needs to control. The capacitor value is not critical; I over-killed it with a 10uF electrolytic and a 0.1uF ceramic in parallel. Since it was only a one-off power supply for bench-top use, I didnt worry about costs; I just used what I had on hand. This can also be accomplished by using a voltage divider with two resistors. One is connected in series with pin 2 and the negative supply (be sure to remove the connection from pin 2 to the negative supply which is shown in the schematic), while the other is connected from pin 3 to pin 2. If you make the first resistor variable, you can make the power supply variable from 5 volts to about 12 volts or so, depending on the transformer and rectifier voltages and current rating. Also, it is a good idea to heat sink the 7805, as it will heat up quickly if more than a few mA is drawn from the supply.
These instructions are sketchy, I know, but perhaps someone will place more information here to show how it is done, as I dont have anything which allows me to put a schematic here. Hope this is of use to someone. Larry (I apologize if there are any errors; if I can help, contact me at lspeed1 at comcast dot net. Reply RICK
Maybe We Should Increase C1 to 1000-2200 uF To Improve Filtering Action and Reduce Ripple. A LED in series with a 470 ohm Resistor would be Nice At the 7809s Output. Otherwise a Great Power Supply To have on your Bench!! Nice Circuit Too!! Reply Lucy lu
Really luv dis, and it helped me alot on my project wrk, which Design and construction of Automatic street light control switch thanks.. Reply bhav
March 27, 2011 at 2:55 am
can i use 230:12 ,2A transformer instead of 230:9 ?and components will remain same? Reply seetharaman
September 8, 2010 at 12:11 am
Hi JHKNJ you can use center tapped transformer of minimum 12 0 12 or greater may be upto 18 0 18 with a good heat sink for the regulator IC, if you are likely draw higher current. Reply jhknj
Thats a gud 1. can u pls tel whether a full wave rectifier can b used instead of bridge and a center tapped transformer in the place of 230v,13v transformer Reply shore
January 25, 2010 at 1:22 pm
That thing looks very nasty and slimy too. Reply SHAREM
October 13, 2009 at 7:45 pm
thank you to this circuit we actually made like this for our project and it works. we also add some features like fan, LED with resistor connected is series for much beautiful outcome. we use a transformer which is 220V, 12V @ 1A. thank you Reply
August 30, 2009 at 7:30 am
Reply hjg
June 4, 2009 at 9:26 pm
very good 9 V voltage regulator circuit Reply hsiiq48

April 1, 2009 at 5:08 am
this regulator,is can to charger a lead acid battery because my battery work it less than 7,5-8,0v. Reply admin
April 2, 2009 at 4:28 am
hi there i cant understand what you have written, pls write clearly Reply
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Electronic mosquito repeller

ADMIN MARCH - 25 - 2009 143 COMMENTS

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www.kuhne-electronic.de Different frequencies available. Manufacturer with own development! Description. Here is the circuit diagram of an ultrasonic mosquito repeller.The circuit is based on the theory that insects like mosquito can be repelled by using sound frequencies in the ultrasonic (above 20KHz) range.The circuit is nothing but a PLL IC CMOS 4047 wired as an oscillator working at 22KHz.A complementary symmetry amplifier consisting of four transistor is used to amplify the sound.The piezo buzzer converts the output of amplifier to ultrasonic sound that can be heard by the insects. Circuit diagram with Parts list.
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Notes. Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB. The circuit can be powered from 12V DC. The buzzer can be any general purpose piezo buzzer. The IC1 must be mounted on a holder.
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143 Responses to Electronic mosquito repeller
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plz send the electronics circuits to my mail up to date Reply Terrence Banister
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sir, iam a second year student.does this project works well? what is the use of this circuit? could you please tell as early as possible

Reply jayaram
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heyyyyy we got the result for this circuit Reply Sana Naseer
December 20, 2012 at 11:56 pm
which type of output waveform will appear on oscilloscope? Reply sana

which type of waveform will b appeared? Reply seetharaman

BHARATH.T on Electronic mosquito repeller Seetharaman on 9 V regulator using 7809 Seetharaman on FM Radio jammer Seetharaman on 5 channel radio remote control neethu on Frequency to voltage converter using LM331
Hi Tank you can connect an oscilloscope and see the waveform Reply Tank Parag
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Hello sir ,can i remove the buzzer and check the frequency on CRO ??? Reply Electronics Projects
August 8, 2012 at 6:46 pm
CD4047 has very good applications. Oscillator function of Cd4047 is Damn good.My Suggestion is Better to use RPS with output 12V D.C for regular use at home because battery not stands for long time . Reply Lijo joseph
July 20, 2012 at 4:43 am
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Can we replace the transistor bk100 Reply Lijo joseph

July 20, 2012 at 4:37 am
Can we replace the 4.7nf capacitor to any other capacitor Reply Tittu Thomas
June 24, 2012 at 9:07 am
Hi.. You can try All in One Repellent Circuit Reply
Muthu
March 30, 2012 at 11:00 pm
How rate on this ckt design Reply krishnan

March 26, 2012 at 10:40 pm
I like this electronic mosquito repeller. . . . i want more detail about this project. please.. Reply pushaya
the circuit part are not fully give with the need Reply Meera
I connect the circuit as it is . But it not working properly Why it so happened???????? Reply Priyadharshini
hi.i used piezo buzzer and we didnt hear any sound,is there any alternative? also instead of mosquitos what can we use to test this experiment. very urgent please reply. Reply Sreenidhi
Hello did u gv me buzzer Reply
Shrimanta
Can i use piezo tweeter Reply Kes

Pls friends am just a computer technician from nigeria who is very much interested in electronics.pls contact me by my email omoghaghaekes@yahoo.com thanks . Reply Vishak
Will this circuit scare of the squirrels?? i dont want that to happen. Reply basanta
hi sir can i use speaker instead of piezo buzzer and if any new schematic diagram please send to my email address my email adderss is basanta4111@gmail.com Reply seetharaman
Hi Zunnur there are so many makes available. you can use the one meant for car stereo add on tweeters two small one comes in a pack. clarion etc. Reply zunnur
Thanks for the ckt diagram.Would u please inform me the model number of the piezo tweeter available most in market. Reply seetharaman
October 11, 2011 at 11:41 am
Hi Susan connect 4.7nF in parallel to C1 the oscillator frequency will be in audible range. now check any out put is there if not check all the components and IC pin connections. if it gives audible sound, remove the capacitor connected in parallel, the circuit is ready for use. Piezotransducer will emit the in audible signal of the oscillator. sound level indicator is an equipment to measure the sound level (noise level) in an environment. they operate in human audible range only. Reply susan
sir,we want a method to check the circuits. what about that piezo transducer or that sound level indicator? can you please explain this? can that be used to check the circuit? Reply Khurami_45
hi this circuit is is a good achievement for insect specially mosquito if u will use the right component then no problem circuit will work i also checked it Reply juncobe
can i used pic 16f877A TO THIS CIRCUIT?.. Reply Electronics Projects

No need of 16f877a. CD4047 is enough because it is simple and low cost and works well as Oscillator. Reply
juncobe
Nice project..How far the ultrasonic frequency can reach Reply JUNCOBE
nice project ..how many square meter can reach the ultrasonic frequency Reply seetharaman
Hi Annalisa you can use BC337 / BC327 for SL100 / SK100. or the latest 8050 /8550 coplimentary transistors Reply jasmine
hi.i used piezo buzzer and we didnt hear any sound,is there any alternative? also instead of mosquitos what can we use to test this experiment. very urgent please reply. Reply annalisa
ginawa ko kaso pumutok yong bc337 o SL100 ko n transistor ng sinubukan ko Reply Sahid tunde
Pls i need a cct diagram 4 rat repeller and details on the working principles plsits very urgent Reply mahdi
i need to build wall avoider robot with out microcontroller pls help thanks Reply marzooq
August 17, 2011 at 8:10 am
yet this circuit does not work? Reply viyas

August 14, 2011 at 7:46 am
already we knew that the human audio freq range is 20 to 20000 ..how can u say that ultra freq range wont affect human. .kindly please explain that Reply james Holy
August 8, 2011 at 10:39 pm
please can you list all the components that are use and their specification,my school approved this as my project. Reply shiva
August 7, 2011 at 7:36 am
pls send hearing range mosquito Reply shiva

is this news true Reply shiva

Electronic Mosquito Repellents Dont Work, Say Researchers ScienceDaily (Apr. 18, 2007) Electronic mosquito repellents buzzing devices marketed to prevent malaria dont prevent bites and therefore dont prevent disease transmission, according to a new review of studies. . . is this true Reply seetharaman
July 22, 2011 at 8:48 am
If you use R1 as 22K and C1 as 10PF tha frequency out will be 1000kHz, similarly for 10 kHz C1 should be 100pF and R1 should be 220k or 22k and 1000pF. for 20kHz either you make C1 half (500pF) the value or R1 (11k)half the value(as the formula is inversely proportional) Reply Phuah
July 21, 2011 at 6:08 pm
Hi Seerharaman, May I know what is the formula calculation for this result as you mention? How we calculate it? Thanks. Seetharaman. A 1000 kHz 22k 10 pF B 100 kHz 22k 100 pF C 10 kHz 220k 100 pF D 1 kHz 220k 1000 pF Reply seetharaman
July 20, 2011 at 10:48 pm
Hi Phuah Freq R1 C1 A 1000 kHz 22k 10 pF B 100 kHz 22k 100 pF C 10 kHz 220k 100 pF D 1 kHz 220k 1000 pF The above is the data for CD4047. From this you can calculate. Reply Phuah
July 20, 2011 at 9:43 pm
Actually what range of the output frequency can be generate by this circuit? How we calculate the output frequency? Got any calculation formula? Thanks. Reply seetharaman
July 20, 2011 at 7:57 am
Hi Phuah it should be ok as we require the frequency around 18 to 22kHz to drive them. Reply admin
July 20, 2011 at 1:00 am
REPLY TO AZIM C2 is an electrolytic capacitor and they are available in different voltage ratings, from few volts to hundreds of volts and thats why its a common practice to represent the voltage rating of electrolytic capacitors in the circuit diagram. C1 is a ceramic capacitor and the commonly available ones are rated from 50V to 400V. Some manufacturers represent the voltage rating using some code while others not. Any way we can guess that a commonly available ceramic disc capacitor will be rated at least 50V or so. Here the working voltage is 12V and a 50V ceramic capacitor will be more than enough. Reply Phuah
July 19, 2011 at 9:53 pm
Hi Seetharaman, thanks for your respond. Can this circuit work with Piezo Tweeter with 98bd, 20khz. Is it workable to repel the mosquito? Reply seetharaman
July 18, 2011 at 2:48 am
Hi Phuah see the following data sheet. you can use Peerless tweeters also. You can construct a variable frequency oscillator (function generator chip like ICL8038) and use it by shifting the frequency often. http://www.morelhifi.com/products/pdf/Tweeters/CAT/Specs%20sheet%20CAT378.pdf Reply Phuah
July 17, 2011 at 5:40 pm
Hi Seetharaman, may I know what type of the output speaker is most effective for pets repellent? How can I make a frequency for all range of pets include rat,mosquito, mice and spider? Thanks. Reply seetharaman
July 17, 2011 at 9:31 am
Hi Bhaskardev piezo tweeters are the only inexpensive device which can respond to high end of sonic frequencies. Reply bhaskardev
July 16, 2011 at 8:17 am
can piezo buzzer :can produce that much frequency in 20khz range Reply
seetharaman
June 30, 2011 at 8:36 am
Hi Zaman these small speakers may not respond beyond 11 to 12kHz. only hi-fi tweeters can respond they will be quite expensive. Hence Piezo tweeters are quite in expensive. this is normally used as additional attachment with car system speakers or part of portable sound system. you can use them. Reply zaman
June 30, 2011 at 1:57 am
Hi Seetharaman Can I use table clock mini speaker instead of Piezo Buzzer? Reply kanni
June 14, 2011 at 7:28 pm
Hi it may repel the mosquito but does it affect the pets like cat and dogs becoz It shold not affect my doggy Reply Ravendra Singh
June 9, 2011 at 2:54 am
can i use 20khz mp3 file played on speaker? Reply Abhishek

May 23, 2011 at 10:18 am
What is the Cost of the IC and the 4 transistors Pls tell me approximately!! Reply Electronics Projects
you will get total components in the circuit at below Rs.25 Reply
vishwanath
May 21, 2011 at 8:20 am
Dear sir, I am a chemical engr by profession. I need an electronic mosquito repellent which may be powered by 9 volt battery, for my personal use in travelling. I assembled mosquito repellent circuit. I am observing, mosquitoes are not affected by this. I dont know whether the circuit is working or not. I used a piezo tweeter which works with 8000+ frequencies which I can hear (in other tests). I want to know where to be connected with No 2 leg of IC 4047. Can you please suggest me in this regard? If it works, I want to assemble few more for our use. Can you suggest me how to make a mosquito repellent with Variable Frequency (from 16 kHz to 45 kHz+) with sufficiently powerful output so that it should be sufficient to a 30 X 40 house. Or can you prepare me one such piece? regards Vishwanath Reply Wiki
May 5, 2011 at 11:05 am
There are also insect repellent products available based on sound production, particularly ultrasound (inaudibly high frequency sounds). These electronic devices have been shown to have no effect as a mosquito repellent by studies done by the EPA and many universities. Copied from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellent#cite_note-0 Reply Ucheson
May 4, 2011 at 3:57 pm
Thanks alot for the cct! But my question instead of ic,can one use multivibrator circuit to generate the frequency! Since T(time const)=RC and we know that F(freqency)=1/T.We just make capacitor const and increase our resistor value to generate 20khz and above.Then connect output of our NPN collector with ultrasonic transmitter! Can it work that way? Reply fahad
May 4, 2011 at 11:48 am
Hi Seetharaman, Thanks for reply. Can u do me another favour by telling the number of resisters used and the specifications of resistors.If there is any diode used please tell me the numbers and specs. thanks. Reply Seetharaman
May 4, 2011 at 4:25 am
Hi Fahad the number of transistors are 4 and IC is one. The transistor are SK100 PNP general purpose transistor. SL100 NPN general purpose transistor. you can use the recent types 8050 for SL100 and 8550 for SK100. Reply fahad
May 3, 2011 at 6:40 am
Hi Seetharaman. please tell me the number of transistors used in this circuit and value of these transistors. thanks. Reply sourov
March 28, 2011 at 7:14 am
thanks to both of you. Reply Seetharaman

March 27, 2011 at 9:22 am
Hi sourov Badeekh is correct it is a variable resistance to change the frequency of oscillation. Reply Badeekh
March 26, 2011 at 10:41 am
Hi Sourov, its not a thing to be confused, clearly, its a variable resistance.. n Thx Seethharaman! Reply
sourov
March 21, 2011 at 5:21 am
is R1 a relay or resistance or variable resistance? i am confuse. plz help me. Reply Seetharaman
March 20, 2011 at 9:52 am
Hi Badeekh it should be 40KHz and it may not work. the response should start from 20kHz Reply Badeekh
March 20, 2011 at 9:43 am
Thx Sir, i bought the components today, just last thing, i got 40MHz ultrasonic transmitter, is it ok? Reply Seetharaman
March 20, 2011 at 4:33 am
Hi Badeekh you cannot use piezo buzzer they have built in electronics for producing music or sound. piezo transducer or piezo tweeter. you can use ultrasonuc transmitter (sender transducer), ensure that they are capable of reproducing from 20kHz. Reply Badeekh
March 19, 2011 at 12:43 pm
Hi Seetharaman, m going to assemble it, just confused about the sound source, shoud i use simple piezo buzzer or the ultrasonic transmitter available in market? Reply Seetharaman
March 19, 2011 at 8:24 am
Hi Moon CD4047 is a standard CMOS digital chip freely available. For SL100 you can use BD135, BD137, BD139, 2N1711, 2N2219. For SL100 you can use BD136, BD138, BD140. 2N2905 Reply Moon
March 18, 2011 at 10:34 am
What is the subsitute for this IC, and the transistors ? Reply Sazzad
Many researcher says that Electronic mosquito repeller doesnt work. Is it true? Reply pego
please add the circuit diagram using NE555, because its not easy to found IC1 CD4047. Reply
Seetharaman
Hi Hider since the frequency generated is beyond our hearing it will be difficult to hear, but you can make a sound level indicator using a condencer mic with suitable electronics. Piezo transducers can respond from around 1kHz to beyond audible range. they are normally used as tweeters in hifi loud speaker systems. Car reverse horns musical chime electronic music generators use them as they are wheather proof and they contain no moving parts like magnetic voice coil loud speakers http://www3.telus.net/chemelec/Projects/SPL/SPL-1.png Reply hider
1.how can we detect this ultrasonic wave sound produce in this circuit 2.does piezo buzzer produce any sound Reply BUJJU
hi frds i am bujju. Now i am studying D.E.E.E i want to improve my electrical and electronics knowledge.so pls any one help me contact me into my mail id hello.bujju@gmail.com. Pls help me Reply jojo
Hello Buju, Browse through all our articles. You will gain good knowledge. Reply
MUTHU
HI IS THE COST OF MAKING THIS CIRCUIT WILL BE ECONOMICAL?AND IS THE EQUIPMENTS AVAILABLE IN ALL ELECTRONIC SHOPS!!!!!!!! Reply Seetharaman
Hi Ravovan they are low current type bc326 327 can be used Reply Radovan Skalamera
Hi, can I use transistors BC556 and BC546? Thanks Reply Sethumadhavan
Hi! Did anybody tried? Is it really working? Reply
Sethumadhavan
Hi! In what room size the circuit works, 1010, 1520,.? Reply Seetharaman
Hi Haris if you remove the transistors IC may not be in a position to drive the Piezo tweeter directly. Reply HARIS
CAN I REMOVE THE TRANSISTORS FROM THE CKT??? Reply Seetharaman

Hi Pooja the sound produced by this device irritates them and they become either sluggish or defunct or try to fly away. Thus they are driven away from the visinity. Reply pooja
how does electronic mosquito repeller work? Reply zaipee

another one question, if we remove 22 mf capacitor then what will happen? and is the piezo buzzer is the example of piezoelectric sensor? Reply zaipee
thanks for the circuit but i want to know how the ic cd4047 works in this circuit(does if change the electric signal to sound signal)and does variable resistance change the output frequency.. plz reply me.. as soon as possible. Reply Seetharaman
Hi Senthil the ultasonic frequency range is just beyond human hearing range of 20KHz to 100KHz. There transducers available for sender and receiver. you can use them with amplification and detection and convert into signal strength with a DMM in Volt/mV range. Reply senthil
very nice and useful circuit.can u pls tell me how to check the ultrasonic frequiency.is there any such circuits avilable? Reply Seetharaman
Hi Biomer you can use NE555 timer IC with one transistor and tweeter. There is no equivallent for CD4047 it is a standard digital ic. Reply biomer
October 30, 2010 at 11:44 am
Thanks your share. What is the CD4047s alternative for this circuit. Thanks. Reply Seetharaman
October 22, 2010 at 12:28 am
Hi Prakash you can use 16 ohms tweeter or two 8 ohms tweeters in series. Hi Firoz assemble this try using it near the group of mosquitos, you can see the reaction of them. you also see my aug 30th comment Reply Prakash
Pl. tell me, instead of piezo buzzer can i use any speaker. If yes pl. give me idea. Reply Firoz
Hi, how can i test this circuit Reply Seetharaman

Hi Isuru 4.7n will be written as 472 and voltage will be written in 63V etc if it is Japanese it will with J etc for voltage, here 16volt and above capacitor will do. Reply Isuru(SL)
Is this C1 4.7nF having no such working voltage? like 102, 103 Reply kesavan.b
Sir, vanakkam, i happened to see your article in the site. i am 60 now. about more than 20 years back i was testing such articles as a hobby. now due to over age and due eye problems i am unable to do any work.
will you kindly assemble one and send me for my household use, because we are suffering from heavy invasion of mosquitoes at our city. further the use of chemical repellents make my asthma problems more aggravated and throw me to admission to hospitals for emergency attention. i am ready to send the cost in advance if you can kindly mail me the details. rather if it is at market it may please be informed. thank you very much for your publication. i further wish you to develop many projects which are needed for the peoples welfare and publish such in the website. thank you one again and expecting your reply. kesevan. b Reply Seetharaman
Hi Shubam it is safe for humans and dogs as dogs listening range extends upto 25KHz. Hence this is quite safe Reply SHUBHAM
is it safe for humans and pets like dogs. . . Reply shahul

i need the cost and some video of making thisplease Reply EASY
pls i need full detail about this repeller and how it work and if i want to build it the capacity of the componet i wil use thank you GOD blessed you. Reply Mattew
pls i urgently need a workable simplified circuit diagram for mosquito repellant without any ic. please forward it to my mail cashwot@yahoo.com. I will appreciate it better it many different circuit can be forwarded. Thank Reply Rohith
whats the voltage capacity of capacitor C1 (407nF) Reply Rohith

hi thanks for this circuit but tell me what is the voltage of capacitor C1 4.7nF or else can use any other capacitor? Reply
niju
pls send me transformerless circuit diagram for mosquito repeller @ niju.cvra@gmail.com very urgent pls Reply NIJU SASIDHARAN
hi,I want to assemble it.is this really working.What is its renge?how many meters is its range?reply urgent pls.thank you Reply dapo
what is the use of the 10k variable resistor and what should be the correct resistance tune for the variable resistor? Reply seetharaman
August 30, 2010 at 6:26 am
Hi Vignesh This circuit is based on the simple principle that insects gets immobilised or driven away by using ultrasonic sound above 20KHz. The above circuit operates around 22KHz. You can try by assembling and try to direct it towards the group of mosquitos, you can see the results for yourself. K1 should be Phiezo tweeter (used in two in ones for hi frequency reproduction). Reply vignesh
August 30, 2010 at 2:06 am
realy is it usefull? i want full explanation about that circuit? Reply sattv
August 26, 2010 at 5:14 am
Godwin.Plant a few mosquitoes in the bottle and look at their reaction Reply merrill
August 26, 2010 at 4:49 am
HELLO its so easy Reply Godwin

August 12, 2010 at 10:25 am
How do I test it that it is working or a dud Reply Shree

August 10, 2010 at 9:43 pm
IS IT WORK WITH 9V BATTERY. Reply
chandrasekhar
hi, i would like to get the rodent reppeller circuite Reply aSHu
After completion the circuit How will I understand that it is working properly? -aSHu. Reply seetharaman
July 30, 2010 at 4:52 am
Hi Wandera the cockroaches will not respond to electronic sounds. chemicals are the best solution for them, the combination of which should be changed regularly immunity problem. Reply Wandera
July 29, 2010 at 9:34 am
Hi ,apart from mosquito ,can we get alternative for cockroaches . Reply Azim
July 4, 2010 at 10:44 pm
C2=22nF 10v but C1=4.7nF ?v please Reply VIJAY SWARUP

June 26, 2010 at 8:41 pm
thanks seetharaman.. Reply seetharaman

June 25, 2010 at 9:07 am
Hi Vijay you can try NE555 as an astable. Reply VIJAY SWARUP

June 24, 2010 at 9:29 pm
Hi!!! Is there any replacement for the IC?? Can i use any other IC other than CD4047? Reply seetharaman
June 14, 2010 at 2:21 am
Hi Pablo the transistor can be any medium power low frequency silicon transistor. Vceo 24 volt Ic 500mA Ptot around 1 watt hfe around 100 at 100mA Ft 1MHz Reply
pablo
June 12, 2010 at 9:11 am
please what is the specification for the transistors for the mosquito repellant circuit Reply sonny
June 4, 2010 at 4:30 am
thank you. Reply seetharaman

May 30, 2010 at 8:58 am
Hi Sonny you can try to assemble a variable frequecy oscillator in the range of 16 to 20KHz with a suitable amplifier and a HF transducer(ceramic tweeters. This range will affect only mosquitos not other living things. You can find out at what frequecny the mosquitos flie away as your sounder approaches them. Reply sonny
May 29, 2010 at 1:14 pm
Thank you for the info, is there any alternative circuit(for mosquito repeller) that i can use in our piggery that will not affect my dog? Reply seetharaman
May 29, 2010 at 8:32 am
Hi Sonny with pigs it should not be a problem with dog you will have lots of problem as they can hear it. Reply sonny
May 28, 2010 at 3:12 am
Is this mosquito repeller can be use in our piggery? we noticed our pigs had several bites from mosquitos. Since this circuit is operated in sound frequency above 20khz range, would there be any side effects in our pigs? Reply ASAD
May 27, 2010 at 5:49 am
Thanks alot Seetharaman Reply seetharaman

May 25, 2010 at 8:55 am
Hi Asad FOR SK100 2N2905, BD136, BC327 for SL100 2N1711, BD135, BC337, Hi Adnan for this low power radiation at 22KHz will not have any effect on human health. Reply adnan
May 25, 2010 at 7:01 am
its a safe device or is thee any side effect of 22khz frequency to human health? Reply ASAD
May 23, 2010 at 11:16 pm
Is there any alternative transistors for Sk100, SL100 thanks Reply Digonto
May 15, 2010 at 8:46 am
Seetharaman dada , thanks a lot - Digonto Reply seetharaman

May 15, 2010 at 8:11 am
Hi Digonto yes you can. 12 volt 100mA is sufficient. Reply Digonto

May 14, 2010 at 9:18 pm
Can I use a transformerless power supply(12V 100mA)for this circuit ? - Thanks Reply idiami
April 26, 2010 at 3:25 am
I need a 1kva inverter circuit a full explanation of it, thanks. Reply maxolous
March 7, 2010 at 10:14 am
Thanks for your circuit .is there any replacement for the transistors Reply shankar
IS this circuit really repelling Mosquitos effectiviely Reply
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