Digestive System Functions Mastication 1) Take in food.

- breaks large food particles into smaller parts 2) Break down food - increases efficiency of digestion because of 3) Absorb nutrients digestive enzymes 4) Eliminate wastes Salivary Glands Histology of the Digestive Tract - mixture of serous and mucous fluids - digestive tract mouth to the anus - tongue, palate, cheeks, and lips - Three pairs of large compound alveolar glands: Tunics o Parotid glands o Mucosa Serous glands Innermost tunic Surface of the second upper Mucous epithelium molar Lamina propria loose o Submandibular glands connective tissue Produce more serous than Muscularis mucosae thin mucous smooth layer o Sublingual glands o Submucosa Smallest of the three paired Outside the mucosa glands Thick layer of loose connective Produce mucous secretions tissue containing nerve, blood - Saliva 1 liter per day; contains salivary vessels, and small glands amylase (digestive enzyme) Submucosal plexus regulates - Mucin proteoglycan that gives lubricating secretion of glands quality to secretions o Muscularis - Regulated by autonomic nervous system, with Inner layer of circular smooth parasympathetic stimulation muscle and an outer layer of Esophagus longitudinal smooth muscle - muscular tube lined with moist stratified Myenteric plexus controls squamous epithelium motility transports food from the pharynx to the o Serosa or adventitia stomach Oral Cavity - upper esophageal sphincter superior end of - mouth the esophagus - connects to the pharynx through a space called - lower esophageal sphincter lower end of the fauces esophagus; - Divided into two regions: Swallowing o Vestibule space between lips or - Three phases: cheeks and the teeth or gums o Voluntary phase o Oral cavity medial to the teeth Bolus is formed and pushed by Lips and Cheeks the tongue to the oropharynx - for mastication and speech o Pharyngeal phase help manipulate food Reflex that is initiated when a Palate and Palatine Tonsils bolus stimulates tactile - for swallowing receptors in the oropharynx - prevents food from passing into the nasal cavity o Esophageal phase Tongue 5-8 seconds - moves the food in the mouth for proper pharynx to stomach mastication peristalsis (contraction and - major sensory organ for taste and major organ relaxation of esophagus) for speech Stomach Teeth Secretions of the stomach - 32 teeth - gastric juice - for mastication

food is mixed with the gastric juice forming chime - mucus lubricates and protects epithelial cells from damaging effect of acidic chime and pepsin - hydrochloric acid pH of 2 in the stomach - Pepsinogen o Precursor of the enzyme pepsin - Peptide two tor more amino acids united by a peptide bond - Regulation of stomach secretion: o Cephalic Phase Prepares stomach to receive food o Gastric phase Greatest volume of gastric secretions Presence of food in the stomach o Intestinal phase Entrance of chyme to the duodenum of small intestine stimulates neural and hormonal mechanisms that inhibit stomach secretions Reduces acidity of chyme Vomiting - reversed peristalsis - ejection of the stomachs contents Small Intestine 1) Duodenum o simple columnar epithelium cells absorptive cells goblet cells granular cells endocrine cells 2) Jejunum and Ileum - major sites of nutrient absorption Secretions of the Small intestines - mucus protects against digestive enzymes and acids - digestive enzymes (disaccharides and peptidase) are bound to the intestinal walls - Peptidase break the peptide bond in proteins to form amino acids - Disaccharidases break down disaccharides such as maltose and isomaltose, into monosaccharides - chemical or tactile irritation, vagal stimulation, and secretin stimulates intestinal secretion.

Movement of The Small Intestine - Segmental contractions o propagated for short distances o mix secretions from small intestines, pancreas, and liver with ingested materials which promotes their digestion and absorption - peristaltic contractions o proceed along the length of the intestine for variable distances to cause the chyme to move along the intestine Liver and Gallbladder Liver - largest internal organ of the body Gallbladder - stores bile Funcitons of the Liver 1) Bile production o produces 600-1000mL of bile a day o bile neutralizes and dilutes gastric acid and emulsifies fats 2) Storage - Hepatocytes remove sugar from the blood and store it in the form of glycogen - Hepatocytes help control blood sugar levels 3) Nutrient Interconversion 4) Detoxification 5) Phagocytosis 6) Synthesis Bile Transport 1) bile canaliculi collect bile from hepatocytes and join small hepatic ducts in the portal triads 2) Small hepatic ducts converge to form the right and left hepatic ducts, which exit the liver. 3) The cystic duct from the gallbladder joins the common hepatic duct. 4) The cystic duct from the gallbladder joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. 5) The common bile duct and pancreatic duct join the hapatopancreatic ampulla which opens into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. Gallbladder and Bile Storage - the gallbladder is a small sac on the inferior surface of the liver - gallbladder stores and concentrates bile Regulation of Bile Secretion and Release 1) secretin increases bile secretion. 2) Cholecystokinin stimulates gallbladder contraction and relaxation of sphincters of bile duct and hepatopancreatic ampulla.

Pancreas - pancreatic islets o produce inculin and glucagon Pancreatic Secretions - exocrine secretions - Pancreatic juice o Produced by small pancreatic ducts and contains bicarbonate ions o Enzymatic component is produced by the acini and contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates and lipids and porteins Regulation of Pancreatic Secretions - secretin stimulates release of aqueous component which neutralizes acidic chyme - cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of enzymatic component and relaxation of the sphincters of the pancreatic duct and hepatopancreatic ampulla - parasympathetic stimulation increases, and sympathetic stimulation decreases, secretion of the enzymatic component. -