Background: The District has developed an Excel spreadsheet that can generate both screening and refined flare

parameters. The screening method previously used was developed by EPA and has been used for since ~1980 to evaluate flares. With the need to evaluate flares against the new PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and /or Significant Impact Levels (SILs), the current screening method has become too conservative for the purposes of evaluating flare impacts against more stringent NAAQS. Refined Method: A refined method was developed using algorithms found in American Petroleum Institute (API), Standard 521 (Flare Designing Method). API is a leader in the development of petroleum and petrochemical equipment and operating standards covering topics that range from drill bits to environmental protection. To ensure that this new method does not over estimate flare modeling parameters several modifications were included: 1) EPAs maximum flame deflection of 45 degrees was added to reduce the flare exit velocity. Please note: this is in addition to the calculated flame distortion adjustment and, 2) The lowest flame velocity estimated between the calculated and that based on the provided flare diameter was used. These adjustments provide a level of conservatism to the modeling parameters ensuring that impacts are not underestimated. Default Parameters: The default parameters are based on natural gas and should be adjusted based on the gas being flared. Specifically, the following parameters should be adjusted based on specific gas information or the information provided in the included tables: 1) Allowable radiation, 2 ) Fraction of heat radiated, 3) Heating value, 4) Gas specific density, 5) Molecular weight, and 6) Ratio of Specific Heats. When adjusting other default parameter (Flowing Gas Temp., Wind Speed, & Mach #) the reviewing agency should be consulted. 1) The Flowing Gas Temp. is considered to be at standard temperature (70 ). 2) The Wind Speed was derived based on meteorological sites in the San Joaquin Valley. 3) The Mach # is based on literature research conducted during the development of the methodology. The research would indicated that most subsonic flares can reach a mach # between 0.2 and 0.5 while sonic flares could reach a mach # >1.0. The Mach # can be effected by the flare design, quality of gas being flared and flame stability. To be conservative it is recommended that the mach # be set to the lowest possible value. As the mach # has a direct effect on the maximum possible exit velocity being calculated.

Enclosed flares should be modeled as normal point sources (stacks). The information below should only be used for open flares where the flame is visible. Modeling Parameters Exit Velocity 20 m/sec Exit Temp 1273 K Eff Diameter 1.96 meters Eff Height 15.62 meters Flare Eff. Diameter Calculation ds = 9.88 E-4 (QH)^0.5 Input Unit Rating In MMBTU / hr 125 MMBTU 1,000,000 BTU 251.996 cal 8749652.778 Cal/sec = * * * Hr 1 MMBTU BTU 1.96 ds 879025.1167 524979.1667 Flare Eff. Height Calculation Heff = Hs + (4.56 E - 03) * (((J/sec) / 4.1868)^0.478) Input 9.144 Flare Height (m) 16485187.5 J/sec 15.62 Heff 125

1 Hr 60 min

ed for open

1 min 60 sec

Flare Modeling Parameter Estimator

Facility ID: Unit ID: Project ID: Provided by Applicant Rating 125000 scf/hr Diameter 0.101 Meters Height 9.144 m Temperature 1832 F Modeling Parameters Eff. Stack Height 14.36 m Eff. Velocity 56.25 m/sec Eff. Diameter 2.27 m Temperature 1273.15 K Default Parameters 1.58 0.25 55.53 0.056 19.5 293.15 8.9 0.2 101.325 1.27
Allowable radiation, kW/m2 (Table 1) Fraction of heat radiated (Table 2) Heating value of component i, MJ/kg (Table 3) Gas specific density (Table 4) Molecular weight of the owing gas (Table 4) Flowing Gas Temp. K Wind Speed m/sec (~99 Percentile) Mach # Pressure at are tip, kPaA Ratio of Specific Heats (Table 5)
th

x 13. m

L 15.14 m Wind 8.9 m/sec y 5.21 m yc 2.61 m Heff 14.36 m Height 9.14 m 2.27 m Dia. H1 11.75 m 6.5 m xc D 24.83 m

21.88 m R1 28.38 m R

Note: The estimated flare parameters were generated using the calculation methodology provided in ANSI/API Standard 521. A publically available reference to these calculations can be found in a book by Arun Datta "Process engineering and design using Visual Basic" starting on page 330. A snippet can be found at http://www.scribd.com/doc/86470056/372/Lower-explosive-limit-ofmixtures.

Minimum Distance The minimum distance from the center of the are to the point of exposureis estimated as follows D = ( * F * Q / 4 * K)0.5 = 1.00 F= 0.25 Q= 48,976.64 kW K= 1.58 D= 24.83 m 81.47 ft Where: D = minimum distance from ame center, m = fraction of heat intensity transmitted (for a conservative analysis, the value of



is assumed as 1.) F = fraction of heat radiated (Table 2) Q = heat release, kW 2 K = allowable radiation, kW/m (Table 1) Fraction of heat radiated, F This depends on the composition of gas and the burner diameter. An approx-imate value of F can be applied based on Table 2. The values presentedin Table 2 are applicable to radiation from a gas. If liquid droplets of the hydrocarbon larger than 150 m in size are present in the ame, the values should be increased.

Heat release, Q For gases with known compositions, the heat release is estimated as follows: Q = (W / 3.6 ) * wiqi W= wi = qi = Q= 3175.15 1 55.53 48,976.64

Where: Q = heat release, kW W = gas ow rate, kg/hr wi = mass fraction of component i qi = heating value of component i, MJ/kg (Table 3) If the gas composition is not known, the heating value of the gas can be assumed as 50 MJ/kg. Heating values of commonly used gases are presented in Table 3. Mass flow rate in lb. per hour W=V*D V= 125000 D= 0.056 W= 7000.00 lb. per hour, 3,175.15 kg per hour, Where W = mass flow rate in lb. per hour, V = flow rate in scf/hr, D = gas specific density (Table 4) SG = Specific Gravity (Table 4)

Sizing of a are stack: simple approach Calculation of stack diameter Flare stack diameter depends on the Mach number and is estimated by using the following equation: Mach = 3.23 *10-5 (W / (P * d2)) * (z * T /( k * MW))0.5 Mach = 0.2 W= 3175.15 P= 101.325 z= 1 T= 293.15 k= 1.27 MW = 19.5 Mach # d= 0.132 Calculated 0.20 d= 0.101 Provided 0.34 Where: Mach = design Mach number W = ow rate, kg/h P = pressure at are tip, kPaA d = are stack diameter, m z = compressibility of the owing gas T = temperature of the owing gas, K k = ratio of specic heat

Calculation of ame length The ame length is calculated by using the following equation: L = exp(0.4562 * ln(Q) - 5.3603) Q = 48976636.15 L= 15.14 m Where: L = ame length, m Q = heat release, watt Flame distortion caused by wind velocity: This depends on the actual ow rate of the gas and the wind velocity. Actual Volumetric Fow F = (22.4 * W * T) / (3600 * 273 * MW) W= 3175.15 MW = 19.5 T= 293.15 m3/sec F= 1.09 Where: F = actual volumetric ow, m3/sec W = mass ow rate, kg/h (Table 4) MW = molecular weight of the owing gas (Table 4) T = temperature of the owing gas, K

The are tip exit velocity is calculated as follows: Uj = (4 *F) / (Pi * d2) Calculated* d= 0.132 Uj = 56.25 Provided* 0.101 96.02 m/sec

*Values adjusted to consider the max deflection assumed by EPA of 45 degrees or cos(45) or Sin(45)=0.7071068

Where: Uj = are tip exit velocity, m/sec d = are stack diameter, m Flame distortion caused by wind velocity is calculated as follows U = Ux / Uj Ux = Uj = U= 8.9 Calculated 56.25 0.158 Provided 96.02 0.093

Where: U = velocity factor Ux = wind velocity, m/sec Flame vertical length, y, is estimated by using the following equation y = L * [ -0.0392 + (0.1267 / U0.5) + ( 0.0178 / U) - (0.003 / U1.5)] L= 15.14 Calculated Provided U= 0.158 0.093 y = 5.21 7.01 m Where: y = Flame vertical length L = ame length, m

U = velocity factor

Fame horizontal length, x, is estimated by using the following equation x = L * [ 0.9402 + (0.1067 / U0.5) - ( 0.0165 / U) + (0.0038 / U1.5)]-1.0 L= 15.14 Calculated Provided U= 0.158 0.093 x = 13.00 12.14 m Where: x = Flame horizontal length L = ame length, m U = velocity factor Flame Center The center of the ame from the top of the are stack can be calculatedas follows: yc = 1/2 * y yc = xc = 1/2 * x xc = Calculated 6.50 Provided 6.07 Calculated 2.61 Provided 3.50

Where: yc = vertical distance of ame center from the top of are stack, m xc = horizontal distance of ame center from the top of are stack, m

Table 1 Recommended Total RadiationsRadiation Condition (kW/m2)a Heat intensity on structures and in areas where operators are not likely to be performing duties and 15.77 where shelter from radiant heat is available (e.g., behind equipment) Value of K at design are release at any location to which people have access (e.g., at grade below the are or a service platform of a nearbytower); exposure should be limited to a few seconds, 9.46 sufcient for escape only Heat intensity in areas where emergency actions lasting up to 1 min may be required by personnel 6.31 without shielding but with appropriate clothing Heat intensity in areas where emergency actions lasting several minutes may be required by 4.73 personnel without shielding but with appropriate clothing 1.58 Value of K at any location where personnel with appropriate clothing may be continuously exposed
a

Includes solar radiation from 0.79 to 1.04 kW/m

Table 2 Radiation from Gaseous Diffusion Flames Value of F Gas Type 0.15 Hydrogen 0.3 Butane Methane 0.15 Natural gas 0.25

Table 3 Heating Value of Commonly Used Gases Heating Value (MJ/kg) Gases Methane 55.53 Ethane 51.91 Propane 50.38 i-Butane 49.44 n-Butane 49.55 i-Pentane 48.96 n-Pentane 48.77 n-Hexane 48.7 n-Heptane 48.07 n-Octane 47.88 Hydrogen 142.1 Carbon monoxide 10.11 Carbon dioxide 0 Nitrogen 0

Table 4 Densities, Molecular Weight, and Chemical Formulas Molecular Gas Formula weight Acetylene (ethyne) Air Alcohol vapor Ammonia Argon Arsine Benzene Blast furnace gas Butadiene - C4H6 Butane Butylene (Butene) Carbon dioxide Carbon disulphide Carbon monoxide Carbureted Water Gas Chlorine Coal gas Coke Oven Gas Combustion products Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclopentane Cyclopropane Decane CO NH 3 Ar C6H6 C4 H6 C 4 H 10 C4H8 CO 2 58.1 56.11 44.01 76.13 28.01 17.031 39.948 C2H2 26 29

Density - (lb m /ft 3 ) (kg/m 3 ) 1.092 1.1702) 1.2051) 1.2932) 0.717 0.7692) 1.6611) 1.78372) 3.486 1.250
2) 1) 1)

Specific Gravity1) - SG 0.9 11) 1.601

0.0682 0.07292) 0.07521) 0.08062) 0.0448 0.04802) 0.10371) 0.1113532) 0.20643 0.07802) 0.15541) 0.1562) 0.1482) 0.11501) 0.12342) 0.07271) 0.07802) 0.048
1)

1)

0.59 1.38 2.69 2.6961 1.02 1.87 2.0061 1.94 1.5189

78.11

2.4891) 2.52) 2.504 1.842 1.9772) 1.1651) 1.2502)

1)

0.9667 0.63 2.486 0.44

Cl 2

70.906

2.9941) 0.582) 1.112)

0.18691) 0.0342) 0.0692)

1.938 84.16 2.422 1.451 4.915

Deutrium - D2 Digester Gas (Sewage or Biogas) Ethane Ether vapor Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl Chloride Ethylene Fluorine Helium N-Heptane Hexane Hydrogen Hydrogen Chloride Hydrofluoric acid Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen Sulfide Illuminating gas Isobutane Isopentane Krypton Marsh gas Mercury vapor Methane Methyl Alcohol Methyl Butane Methyl Chloride Natural gas Neon Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen Dioxide

0.07 0.062 C2H6 30.07 46.07 64.52 28.03 4.02 100.2 86.17 2.016 36.5 36.47 34.076 1.260
2)

0.8 1.0378 2.586 2.23

1.2641)

0.07891)

C2H5Cl C2H4 He

0.0786

2)

0.9683 1.31 0.138 3.459 2.973 0.0696 1.268 2.37 1.261 1.1763 0.4 2.01 2.48 2.89 0.555 6.94 0.5537

0.16641) 0.17852)

0.010391) 0.0111432)

H2 HCl

0.08992) 1.5281) 1.632) 1.4341)

0.00562) 0.09541)

H2S

0.08951)

3.742)

CH 4

16.043 32.04 72.15 50.49 19.5

0.6681) 0.7172)

0.04171) 0.04472)

1.74 0.7 - 0.92) 0.89992) 1.2491) 1.1651) 1.25062) 0.044 0.0562) 0.0561792) 0.07801) 0.07271) 0.0780722) 0.60 - 0.70 0.697 1.037 0.9669(Pure) 0.9723(Atmospheric)

Ne NO N2 NO 2

20.179 30 28.02 46.006

Nitrous Oxide Nitrous Trioxide N-Octane Nonane Octane Oxygen Ozone N-Pentane Iso-Pentane Propane Propene (propylene) R-11 R-12 R-22 R-114 R-123 R-134a Sasol Sulfur Sulfur Dioxide

N2O NO 3

44.013 62.005 114.22

0.114

1.53

4.428 3.944 O2 O3 32 48 72.15 72.15 44.09 42.1 137.37 120.92 86.48 170.93 152.93 102.03 32.06 64.06 80.062 48.063 92.141 2.2791) 2.9262) 1.3311) 1.42902) 2.142) 0.08311) 0.0892102) 0.125 1.1044 1.66 2.487 1.39 1.5219 1.4523 4.742 4.174 2.985 5.9 5.279 3.522 0.42 1.11 2.264

C3H8 C3H6

1.8821) 1.7481)

0.11751) 0.10911)

S SO 2

0.032 0.135 0.17031) 0.18282)

SO 3 Sulfur Trioxide Sulfuric Oxide SO C7H8 Toluene TolueneMethylbenzene H2O Water Vapor, steam Water gas (bituminous) Xenon 1) NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure 2) STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure

4.111

0.2435 3.1082

18.016

0.804

0.048 0.054

0.6218 0.71 4.53

5.862)

Table 5 Ratio of Specific Heats Specific Heat Gas or Vapor Formula cp (kJ/kg K) Acetone Acetylene Air Alcohol Alcohol Ammonia Argon Benzene Blast furnace gas Bromine Butatiene Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon disulphide Chlorine Chloroform Coal gas Combustion products Ethane Ether Ethylene Freon 22 Helium Hexane Hydrochlor acid Hydrogen Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen Sulfide C2H2 C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 OH NH 3 Ar C6H6 1.47 1.69 1.01 1.88 1.93 2.19 0.52 1.09 1.03 0.25 1.67 0.844 1.02 0.67 0.48 0.63 2.14 1 C2H6 C2H4 He 1.75 2.01 1.53 5.19 0.795 14.32 0.8 1.48 1.95 1.23 3.12 0.567 10.16 0.57 cv (kJ/kg K) 1.32 1.37 0.718 1.67 1.53 1.66 0.312 0.99 0.73 0.2 1.53 0.655 0.72 0.55 0.36 0.55 1.59 cp (Btu/lb m o F) 0.35 0.35 0.24 0.45 0.46 0.52 0.12 0.26 0.25 0.06 0.395 0.21 0.24 0.16 0.12 0.15 0.24 0.39 0.48 0.4 1.25 0.32 0.47 0.33 0.75 1.187 1.03 1.24 1.18 1.667 1.06 1.405 1.41 1.32 cv (Btu/lb m o F) 0.32 0.27 0.17 0.4 0.37 0.4 0.07 0.24 0.17 0.05 0.356 0.16 0.17 0.13 0.09 0.13 Ratio of Specific Heats = cp / cv 1.11 1.232 1.4 1.13 1.26 1.31 1.667 1.12 1.41 1.28 1.12 1.094 1.289 1.4 1.21 1.34 1.15

C 4 H 10 CO 2 CO Cl 2

H2 HCl H2S

3.42 0.191 0.243

2.43 0.135 0.187

Hydroxyl Krypton Methane Methyl Chloride Natural Gas Neon Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrous oxide Oxygen Pentane Propane Propene (propylene) Water Vapor Steam 1 psia. 120 600 oF Steam 14.7 psia. 220 600 oF Steam 150 psia. 360 600 oF Sulfur dioxide (Sulphur dioxide) Xenon

OH CH 4 CH 3 Cl

1.76 0.25 2.22 2.34 1.03 0.995 1.04 4.69 0.88 0.919 1.67 1.5 1.93 1.97 2.26

1.27 0.151 1.7 1.85 0.618 0.718 0.743 4.6 0.69 0.659 1.48 1.31 1.46 1.5 1.76 0.51 0.097

1.384 0.59 0.24 0.56 0.23 0.25 1.12 0.21 0.22 0.39 0.36 0.46 0.47 0.54 0.15 0.45 0.2 0.44 0.17 0.18 1.1 0.17 0.16 0.34 0.31 0.35 0.36 0.42 0.12 1.304 1.2 1.27 1.667 1.386 1.4 1.02 1.27 1.395 1.07 1.127 1.15 1.32 1.31 1.28 1.29

NO N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6

SO 2

0.64 0.16

Individual Gas constant -Rcp - cv cp - cv (ft (kJ/kg K) lb f /lb m o R) 0.15 0.319 59.34 0.287 53.34 0.22 0.39 0.53 0.208 0.1 0.3 0.05 0.143 0.189 0.297 0.12 0.12 0.08 96.5

55.05

26.5 38.86 55.14

0.276 0.06 0.296 2.08

51.5 55.08 386.3

4.12 0.23

765.9 42.4 45.2

0.489 0.518 0.5 0.412 0.277 0.297 0.09 0.18 0.26 0.189 0.18 0.462 0.46 0.5 0.13 24.1 96.4 30.6 79.1

54.99 35.1 48.24 35 36.8