1. What is phonetics? What are main areas of phonetics?

Phonetics is study of speech sounds which are utilized by all human languages to represent meaning. Phonetics is concerned with describing speech sound that occurs in the language of the world. So, the 1st job of phoneticians is try to find out what pp are doing while talking as well as listening to the speech. Phonetics consists of 3 main of aspects (areas): - Articulatory phonetics - Acoustic phonetics - Auditory phonetics 2. State the difference between articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics? - Articulatory phonetics deals with the way in which speech sounds are produced. Sounds are usually classified according to the position of the lips and the tongue, how far open the mouth is, whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating. - Auditory phonetics deals with how speech sounds are perceived by listeners. Eg: A listener may perceive difference in aspiration, for example, the difference between aspirated /p/ in pit and unaspirated /p/ in speed. 3. What is phonology? Phonology is the description of systems & patterns of sounds in a language. It involves the study of language to determine its distingtive sounds & to establish the set of rule that describes the set of changes when the occur in # relationship with other sounds Phonology is also concerned with: - The study of word-to-word in sentences that is how sound patterns are affected by the combination of words. Ex: give/gv/ and him /hm/ may combine to become /gvm/ - The investigation of intonation patterns. 4. What is phonetic transcription/ allophonic transcription? Phonetic transcription is the use of symbols to record, describe or to show sounds or sound sequences in written form. In phonetic, (narrow transcription) - written in square brackets [ ] - phonetic symbols are used to show in detail how of particular sound is pronounced. Ex: month [mn] 5. What is phonemic transcription? Phonemic transcription transcribes a word in a way that shows none of the details of the pronunciation that are predictable by phonological rules, for example, aspiration or nasalization. In other word, phonemic transcription shows only distinctive sound of language (phonemes) it doesnt show the final point of pronunciation. Phonemic transcription is written in slanting brackets / /. Ex: cat / kt/, car /k/, dog /dg/ Phonemic transcription may be used: - For language which have no writing system of their own. - For language teaching purpose. This kind of transcription is especially important for learners of E which have 44 phonetic sounds but only 26 letters. 6. What is transcription?

Transcription is the use of a system of symbols and diacritic to show or to record, describe the # in sounds or sound sequences. 7. What is the difference between phonetic transcription and description? - Phonetic transcription is the use of phonetic symbols to represent various sounds including symbols to show in detail how a particular sound is pronounced. - Phonetic description is the description of the way that sounds are made. Here, the attention is paid to how organs of speech work to produce the sounds. Eg: /k/ in cat /kt/. Its transcribed phonetically as [k] but it is described as a velar, aspirated plosive, voiceless, oral consonant. 8. What is the difference between phonetic and phonemic transcription? - Phonemic transcription shows no detail of pronunciation. Neither does it show the final point of pronunciation & it is written in slanting bracket / /. Eg: car /k/. - Phonetic transcription shows details of pronunciation including the final point of pronunciation and it is written in square bracket [ ]. Eg: car [k]. 9. What is a phoneme? How many phonemes are there in the English language? How many types are they often divided into? Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words by its contrast within words. Ex: Ban /bn/ and bin /bn/ differ only in their vowel. // and //. Therefore, there are 44 phonemes divided into 2 types: 24 consonants and 20 vowels. 10. Give the classification of English phonemes. List all the consonantal phonemes, providing example in each case by giving a broad transcription of the word containing the consonant. Phoneme is the smallest sound unit segment that can be distinguished by their contrast within word. The contrast is identified by the fact that the word changes the own form & meaning. Phoneme can be classified into: - Segmental phonemes: vowels and consonants o Super segmental phonemes: stressed and intonation In E, there are 24 consonantal phonemes divided into 2 types: - Voiceless: p t k f s h t pen /pn/, sound /sand/, teacher /tit/, car /k/, thin /n/, change /tend/, horror /hr/, five /fav/, show // - Voiced: b d g v z d m n l w r j book /bk/, very /vr/, zoo /zu/, they /e/, measure /m/, John /dn/, month /mn/, nose /nz/, sing /s/, life /laf/, rhythm /rm/, year /j/, world /wld/ 11. What is allophone? An allophone is any of different form of the phoneme. It derives from the same phoneme in different distribution or different relationship.

Eg: In E, when the phoneme /p/ occurs at the beginning of words like Middle: put/pt/ and pair /p/, its said with a little puff of air (that is its Low: aspirated). But when /p/ occurs in words like speak /spik/ and 3. Highest part of tongue: spare /sp/, its said without a puff of air (its unaspirated). Both the unaspirated [p] in span and [p] in put have the same phonemic function, that is, they are both heard and identified as /p/ and not as /b/. They are both allophone of the phoneme /p/. 12. What is the difference between a phoneme and an allophone? The difference between them is the phoneme is a basic sound unit which not used to denote a particular pronunciation whereas the allophone gives an actual detail pronunciation of the same phoneme. We can identify the number of phonemes of a particular language but we cant do that with allophone. Eg: 2 words head and dead are distinguished by a change in the 1st consonantal element /h/ and /d/ (phoneme). But allophone of /k/: [k] in cat, car and [k] in sky, skin, skate. 13. What is vowel? How many groups can they be divided into? A vowel is a speech sound in which the airstream from the lung is not blocked in any way in the mouth or the throat & which is usually pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords. Eg: /i/ in see The types of vowel sound which is produced depend largely on the position of the tongue: - Which part of the tongue (front, middle & back) is raised. - How far the tongue is raised. Vowels are divided into 2 groups: Front: Central: Back: 4. Length of sounds: Long: i u

Short: 16. What is a consonant? What makes it different from a vowel in terms of articulation stability? A consonant is a speech sound in which the airstream from the lung is either completely blocked (stopped) or partially blocked (lateral) or where the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction (fricative). With some consonants (nasal), the airstream is blocked in the mouth but allowed to escape through the nose. In the pronunciation of a consonant, the organs of speech always form obstruction. The airstream is stopped before going out of the mouth, and the pronunciation is made with or without vibration of the vocal cords. In contrast, in the pronunciation of vowels, the organ of speech do not form obstruction, the airstream goes out without any stop and the vocal cords are always vibrated. 17. Name the criteria for classifying English consonant. List all English consonant phonemes according to manner of articulation. English consonants are classified according to the phoneme criteria: 1. Place of articulation 2. Manner of articulation. - 12 monophthongs: i u 3. Voicing - 8 diphthongs: e a a 4. Position of soft palate. 14. What is the difference between monophthongs and 5. Force of articulation diphthongs? Give example. Regarding to the manner of articulation, E consonantal phonemes Monophthongs are pure vowel sounds which are pronounced include: without changing the organ of speech throughout the process of 1. Plosives: p, b, t, d, k, g. sound production:. 2. Fricatives: f, v, s, z, h, , , , Eg: me /mi/, man /mn/. Affricates: t d Diphthongs are complex vowel sounds consisting of 2 vowel 3. 4. Nasals: m, n, element which are pronounced to form a single syllable. In 5. Lateral: l diphthong production, the organ of speech starts in the position of st 6. Glides: w, r, j the 1 vowel and glides gradually to the next. 18. What are manner of articulation referred to? Describe in Ex: shy /a/, day /de/. brief the manner of articulation in producing stop and 15. What are the general criteria for English vowel affricate. classification? Manner of articulation is the way in which the obstruction of the General criteria for E vowel classification include: airstream is achieved: 1. Shapes of lips: Stop: complete obstruction of the airstream is produced by Spread: i stopping the airstream that passage from the lung into the mouth and then suddenly releasing (The air can be can be completely Rounded: u stopped because the lips or the tongue actually touch some part of Unrounded: upper mouth. 2. Position of tongue: Eg: bilateral /p/, /b/ are bilabial stopped formed by stopping the air with the lips and then releasing them. High: i u

- Voiceless: p t k - Voiced: b d g 23. What is voicing? Voicing refers to the vibration of the vocal cords. Sounds made with Eg: /t/ begins with the stop consonant /t/ and is released as the the vocal cords vibrating are voiced sounds and those made with no such vibration are voiceless sounds. fricative // Voicing is one way that make consonant different from one another. 19. What happens to English fortis plosive when they are Eg: voiceless consonant: p t k f s h t preceded by a voiceless alveolar fricative? The fortis plosive in English: p, t, k The voiceless alveolar fricative: s When fortis plosive are preceded by /s/, they become unaspirated. Eg: pan [pn], span [spn] 20. What make an English plosive different from English fricative? English plosive is pronounced when the air passage is completely closed in the flow of air is stopped at the place of articulation. When the obstruction is instantly removed or broken, the air goes out causing an effect of an explosion. English fricative is pronounced when the air passage is narrowed, the air flow passes through the narrow gap causing audible friction Eg: Plosive: p, b, k, g, t, d Fricative: f, v, s, z, , , , , h 21. State the difference between fricatives and affricates in English in the manner of production. In terms of manner of production, an English fricative is pronounced by allowing the airstream from the lung to escape with a friction. This is caused by bringing the two articulators. For example, the upper teeth and the lower lip are close together, but not close enough to stop the airstream completely. E.g: alveolar: /s/; /z/ Labial dental : / /, /v/ Dental: / , / Affricates are complex consonant sounds: In their articulation, the tip of the tongue makes contact with the top of the mouth and then separate slightly with a friction, so that a fricative is made immediately after the stop. Voiced consonant : b d g v z d m n l w r j 24. Classify the consonant in the English language according to the work of the vocal cords. According to the work of the vocal cords, consonants in the English language can be classified into 2 types namely - Voiceless - Voiced Voiced consonants can be subdivided into 2 subtypes: + Non- sonorous: b d g v z d + Sonorous: m n l r j w

Affricate: are complex consonant sounds. In the articulation, the top of the tongue makes contact with the top of the mouth and then separates slightly with a friction so that a fricative is made immediately after the stop.

E.g: palate-alveolar: /t /, /d / 22. What are the basic features that must be included in the classification on English plosive? English plosives are classified according to: 1. Place of articulation: - Bilabial plosive: b p - Alveolar plosive: t d - Velar plosive: k g 2. Force of articulation: chose /tz/ - lose /luz/; face /fes/ - surface /sfis/ - Fortis plosive: p t k - Lenis plosive: b d g here /h/ - hear /h/; no /n/ - know /n/ 29. What is stress? Give examples of different types of 3. Aspiration: stress. - Aspirated: p t k - Unaspirated: b d g Stress is the pronunciation of the syllable with more force than the 4. Voicing: surrounding ones, thus making it more prominent than others.

25. Give the definition of minimal pair. Minimal pairs are pairs of words in which a difference in meaning depends on difference of the phoneme that occurs in the same position or distribution or place (The two identical in every way except one sound) /ht/ & /kt/ 26. What is minimal set? A minimal set is two or more than two words that are identical in every way except one phoneme (sound) that occur in the same position or distribution or place. fat - /ft/; cat - /kt/; hat - /ht/; rat - /rt/, train, brain, drain 27. What can be stated as necessary condition for forming minimal set? Minimal set: - More than two words. - Different in the meaning - Same number of segments. - One different segment in the same distribution. 28. It can be said that English words spelling and pronunciation dont agree. Give 10 examples to support. For most English words, one can not tell how to pronounce them by looking at how they are spelled. There are rules, of course, but there are more exception for the rules than rules themselves.

Eg: translation /tnslen/ 30. What are main types of word stress? Two types: - Primary: the stress is put above the sound or syllable. The stress falls very clearly on the syllable making it more prominent than others. Eg: unknown /nnn/ - Secondary stress: the stress is put under the sound or syllable making it more prominent but less prominent than the one that has primary stress.

/t/ /p/ before /p/ /b/ /m/That pen [bpn] /t/ /k/ before /k/ /g/ /d/ /b/ before /b/ /m/ /d/ /g/ before /k/ /g/ /s/ // before /j/ That cup [kkp] Good morning [gbmn] Good girl [gggl] This year [j]

Eg: Economic /iknmik/ 31. What are the functions of stress? - To emphasize certain part of the sentence. This is also referred to Eg: good boy [gbb] accentual function of the stress. b. Partial: I bought a book yesterday focus on book When the assimilated consonant retain its main phonetic feature and - To express syntactic relationship within words become only party similar in some feature of its articulation to the a. Changing word class: Transport /trnspt/ (n) - /trnspt/ assimilating sound (the sound is changed to be in some way like the (v) assimilating sound). Changing the meaning of the word: Implement /mplmnt/ Eg: good morning [gbmn] c. Intermediate (v): carry out - /mplmnt/ (n): instrument. When the assimilated consonant changes into a different sound but 32. Define pattern of simplification in informal spoken does not coincide with the assimilating consonant (the sound is English. changed to be totally different from the assimilating sound). The pattern of simplification in informal spoken English include: b. 1. Assimilation: Every consonant and every vowel will be affected by its neighboring sound and by the rhythmic structure in which they occur. The adaptation of sounds to each other is inevitable and a universal fact of human language.

/z/ /d/ before /j/ 34. What are degrees of assimilation? a. Complete: When the assimilation consonant fully coincide with the articulation of the assimilating consonant (the sound is totally change to be exactly the same as the assimilating sound)

Eg: cats [kts]; dogs [dgz] 2. Elision: find consonant elision is at the end of the word: first three [f:sri]; is the process of gradation or loss of phoneme that would be present - Vowel elision are found with //, //: similar [sml]; interest: / in slow, careful pronunciation of a word in isolation. ntrst/, / ntrst/ Eg: interest [ntrst] [ntrst] 36. What is liaison? 33. What is assimilation and what are main types of Liaison is the phenomenon where a sound is linked to another in real assimilation? connected speech, especially a consonant to a vowel. Assimilation is a phonetic process by which one speech sound Two main types are often found: comes to resemble or becomes identical with adjacent - Final consonant + initial vowel: Come in [km in]; (neighbouring). Eg: In the word width the phoneme /d/ is an alveolar plosive, // is a - Final vowel + initial vowel (with intrusive /r/): you and I [jurnda] dental fricative. Because of //, /d/ in width becomes identical to the 37. State the function of the following tone: position of //. So /d/ is said to be dentalized by //. - Low fall is used to express impatience. Two main types - High fall is used to express excitement or indignation or - Progressive assimilation: when the preceding sound assimilates disagreement. the following one. - Falling- rising: is used to express doubt, not sure ore Eg: in the word place /l/ become devoiced because of /p/ which is encouragement and also indignation. voiceless and aspirated. We can transcribe the word as follow: 38. What is intonation? Describe basic intonation pattern When speaking, people usually raise or lower their pitch of voice [ples] - Regressive assimilation: in regressive, the preceding sound is forming pitch pattern. They also give some syllable in their utterances a greater degree of loudness and change their speech influenced by the one following it. Eg: in the word man, / / is nasalized by /n/. It becomes [mn]

Eg: havent you [hvntju] 35. What is elision? What are main types of elision? is the process of gradation or loss of phoneme that would be present in slow, careful pronunciation of a word in isolation. Two main types: - Consonant elision: like in assimilation, the most common place to

rhythm. In other word intonation is the rises and fall in pitch level or pattern of pitch changes. The basic intonation patterns are: - Falling nucleus (tone) - Rising nucleus - Falling- rising nucleus - Rising- falling nucleus - Middle level 39. Give different description for aspiration and dentalization Aspiration is a little puff of air that sometimes goes with speech sounds: teacher [tit] Dentalization is the change of an alveolar sound into dental sound when standing before a dental sound: health [hl] 40. Fill each blank with one suitable word: - A distinctive feature is a particular characteristic which (1).distinguishes one distinctive sound of a language (phoneme) from another or one group from another group. For example, in the English (2)..sound. system, one distinctive feature which shows the difference between the sound /k/ in cool and the sound g in good is (3). voicing..The sound /k/ is a (4)..voiceless..stop whereas the sound /g/ us a voiced stop. Lets take another example, /t/ and /d/. They are different sounds because /d/ is pronounced with the vocal cords (5) vibrating..and /t/ is not. Explain the differences between the sounds underlined below: - Meal learn: Palatalized clear - People stop: aspirated unaspirated - Money many: centre front - Plan milk: devoicing palatalized - Monthly inkpot: dentalized velar - Lifeboat classification: clear devoicing