United States Patent (10) Patent N0.: US 8,510,269 B2

US008510269B2
(12) United States Patent

Witt
(54) UNINTERRUPTED DATABASE INDEX
REORGANIZATION/MOVEMENT
(10) Patent N0.:

(45) Date of Patent:
5,794,242 A
6,182,079 B1 *
US 8,510,269 B2
Aug. 13, 2013
8/1998 Green et al. .................. .. 707/10

1/2001 LenZie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1/1
6,199,069 B1 *
. 6,377,959 B1 *
3/2001 Dettinger et al.

4/2002 Carlson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
1/1
l/l
(75)
(73)
Inventor:
Assignee:
Russell W1, Plano TX (Us)

CA, Inc., Islandia, NY (US)
2002/0010701 A1
2002/0107876 A1*
2002/0133491 A1*
1/2002 Kosciuszko et al.

8/2002 Tsuchida et a1.
9/2002 Sim et al. . . . . . . .
707/100
707/202
. . . .. 707/10
2004/0098423 A1
5/2004
Chigusa et a1. ............. .. 707/204
(*)
Notice:
Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35
OTHER PUBLICATIQNS
Noti?cation of Transmittal of the International Search Report for
U.S.C. 154(b) by 1465 days.

(21) App1_ No; 11/134,097
(22)
(65)
application PCT/US2005/017602 (7 pages), Dec. 27, 2005.

Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for appli cation PCT/US2005/017602 (5 pages), Dec. 27, 2005.
Communication pursuant to 94(3) EPC, Application No. 05 751 7583-1527, Ref. No. HCD/J00049298EP, 4 pages, Dec. 17, 2010.
*
Filed:
May 20, 2005

PIiOI Publication Data
US 2005/0262118 A1
Nov. 24, 2005
cited by examiner
Related US. Application Data

(60) Provisional application No. 60/573,670, ?led on May
21, 2004-
Primary Examiner * Hosain Alam

Assistant Examiner * Van Oberly (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm * Baker Botts, LLP
(51) (52)
(58)
Int. Cl. G06F 7/00 G06F 17/00 US. Cl.
(2006.01) (2006.01)
(57)
ABSTRACT
USPC ........................................................ .. 707/635
A method for reorganizing a ?rst database includes copying
Field of Classi?cation Search

USPC ........................................................ .. 7 07/635
data from the ?rst database to a second database having an

index structure different from that of the ?rst database, updat
See application ?le for complete search history.

(56) References Cited
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
5,408,654 A * 5,594,900 A * 4/1995 1/1997 Barry .......................... .. 707/752 Cohnet al. .......................... .. 1/1
ing the second database to re?ect changes that have been

made to the ?rst database since the commencement of the
copying, and switching the second database for the ?rst data
base.
29 Claims, 6 Drawing Sheets
V
ORIGINAL DATABASE
Index
V
SECOND DATABASE
Re-Organizcd
Index
Log
Log
US. Patent
Aug. 13, 2013
Sheet 1 of6
US 8,510,269 B2
Fig. 1
ORIGINAL DATABASE
SECOND DATABASE
Index
Re-Organized
Index
\ 12
\ 15
Log
_/
\ 13
Log
\ 16
US. Patent
Aug. 13, 2013
Sheet 2 of6
US 8,510,269 B2
Fig. 2
Desire New Index Structure?
Create Second Database
Lock
\ S22
r r
\ S26
Examine Log
Sync Databases
\ S23
v v
\ S27
Copy
Database
Switch
Databases
\ S24

\ S28
Update
New
Unlock
\
S25 \ s29
Database
US. Patent
Aug. 13, 2013
Sheet 3 0f 6
US 8,510,269 B2
Fig. 3

S32
V
Lock
S36
7
Examine
Sync
Databases
S33 S37
V
Log
Copy
Database S34
1
Switch Databases S38
Update
New
Unlock
Database
S35
US. Patent
Aug. 13, 2013
Sheet 4 of6
US 8,510,269 B2
F1 g. 4
Desire New Index Structure?
\ S42
7
Examine
Log
\
S43
Copy
Database
Apply New
Transactions
to both
databases
\ S44
\ s45
Switch Databases
\ S46
US. Patent
Aug. 13, 2013
Sheet 5 of6
US 8,510,269 B2
F 1g . 5
/
Copying
Unit
53
Updating
51 Unit
55
/ 52
54 /
Switching
\ 56
Unit \
57
User
58
US. Patent
Aug. 13, 2013
Sheet 6 of6
US 8,510,269 B2
Flg. 6
1000
/ 1002
NETWORK CONTROLLER TO
PsTN
CPU
1001 /
\1003
LAN DATA LAN
_ , INTERFACE
MEMORY
TRANSMISSION
CONTROLLER
1004/
HARD
\1005
M 7
.
/
1006
LAN
TO
INPUT DEVICES
/
1008 1007
/
\1009
PRINTER INTERFACE
DISPLAY UNIT
1010 /
\ 1011
US 8,510,269 B2
1
UNINTERRUPTED DATABASE INDEX REORGANIZATION/MOVEMENT REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
2
indexed database, the dynamically indexed database may
require less frequent re-organization.

HoWever, With either form of indexed database, periodic re-organization may be required. Re-organization of database
indexes often requires that the database be made temporary
The present disclosure is based on and claims the bene?t of
unavailable. While re-organization is underWay, I/O activity,

such as for example queries, reads, and updates may be pre
vented. There may be other reasons Why a database may be made temporarily unavailable. For example, it may be desirable to
move a database from one device to another. For example, a database may be moved from one server to another. Moving a
Provisional application Ser. No. 60/ 573,670 ?led May 21,

2004, the entire contents of Which are herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field The present disclosure relates to databases and, more spe
database may require that the database be made temporarily

unavailable. Users of modern DBMS are becoming increasingly less
tolerant of DBMS doWntime. There is therefore a need to
ci?cally, to uninterrupted reorganization and movement of

databases. 2. Description of the Related Art A database is an organized collection of data. Most data
bases are computerized and are stored on computer-readable
20
utilize a system and method for re-organizing database tables
Without impeding database I/O activity.

SUMMARY
storage devices, such as hard disks. Computerized databases are frequently built, maintained and called upon to store, organize, and retrieve useful information as needed. A data
base management system (DBMS) is generally a computer

program that is designed to store, organize, and retrieve com
25
A method for reorganizing a ?rst database includes copy ing data from the ?rst database to a second database having an
puterized database information.

Many databases organize information as a collection of
index structure different from that of the ?rst database, updat ing the second database to re?ect changes that have been
tables. Each table may include one or more entries and each copying, and sWitching the second database for the ?rst data base. entry may have one or more attributes. Each attribute may then be assigned one or more values. Each table may include 30 A method for reorganizing a ?rst database includes prepar ing a second database, identifying a most recent transaction one or more columns; a single column generally stores a
single attribute for each entry. Each table may include of one
or more roWs, a single roW generally stores a single entry With
all of its attributes.
In certain databases, for example relational databases, tWo

or more tables may be related to each other by virtue of sharing common entries and/or common elements. A DBMS for relational databases may utilize various indexes in
35
from a ?rst database log, copying data from the ?rst database to the second database, updating the second database With transactions performed to the ?rst database since the identi ?ed most recent transaction, and sWitching the second data base for the ?rst database.
A method for reorganizing a ?rst database includes prepar ing a second database, identifying a most recent transaction from a ?rst database log, copying data from the ?rst database
responding to queries.
Database entries may be hierarchically arranged such that
some entries are parents of other entries Which are children.
40
Indexing is a technique used by most current DBMSs to
speed up particular kinds of queries. For example, redundant

information may be internally generated and stored in the
database tables to more quickly locate table entries. The most
common kind of index is a sorted list of the contents of some
45
to the second database, updating the ?rst database and the second database With transactions performed to the ?rst data base since the identi?ed most recent transaction, and sWitch ing the second database for the ?rst database.
A method for moving a ?rst database from a ?rst device to a second device includes copying data from the ?rst database
on the ?rst device to a second database on the second device,
particular table column, With pointers to the roW associated With the value. There are multiple different forms of indexed databases.
One such form is a ?xed-indexed database. The ?xed-index
50
updating second database to re?ect changes that have been

copying, and sWitching the second database for the ?rst data
base. A system for reorganizing a ?rst database includes a copy ing unit for copying data from the ?rst database to a second database having an index structure different from that of the
database includes an index for assisting in quickly responding to queries that has been speci?cally organized for a particular
database. While the ?xed-indexed database may be able to
quickly respond to queries, it may be necessary to re-organize

the ?xed indexes every time the database is modi?ed. For example, it may be necessary to re-organize ?xed indexes as
neW records are added to the database. Re-organizing an
55
?rst database, an updating unit for updating the second data

base to re?ect changes that have been made to the ?rst data base since the commencement of the copying, and a sWitch
ing unit for sWitching the second database for the ?rst
database. A system for reorganizing a ?rst database includes a pre
60
index is the process of updating the index to re?ect a modi?ed database, for example to re?ect the addition of a neW database entry. For example, Where a ?xed-index is the sorted list
paring unit for preparing a second database, an identifying

unit for identifying a most recent transaction from a ?rst
described above, re-organization may be the re-sorting of the

list after a neW entry has been added.
Another form of indexed database is the dynamically indexed database. Dynamically indexed databases may uti lize indexes that may be modi?ed Without having to re-orga nize the index every time the database is modi?ed. While the
dynamically indexed database may not be as fast as the ?xed
database log, a copying unit for copying data from the ?rst database to the second database, an updating unit for updating the second database With transactions performed to the ?rst
65
database since the identi?ed most recent transaction, and a
sWitching unit for sWitching the second database for the ?rst
database.
US 8,510,269 B2
3
A system for moving a ?rst database from a ?rst device to a second device includes a copying unit for copying data from
the ?rst database on the ?rst device to a second database on
4
FIG. 4 is a ?oW chart shoWing a method for re-organizing a database according to another embodiment of the present
disclosure;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram shoWing a system according to an
the second device, an updating unit for updating second data base to re?ect changes that have been made to the ?rst data
base since the commencement of the copying, and a sWitch
ing unit for sWitching the second database for the ?rst
database.
A computer system includes a processor and a program
embodiment of the present disclosure; and FIG. 6 shoWs an example of a computer system capable of implementing the method and apparatus according to embodiments of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
storage device readable by the computer system, embodying

a program of instructions executable by the processor to
perform method steps for reorganizing a ?rst database. The

method includes copying data from the ?rst database to a second database having an index structure different from that
In describing the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure illustrated in the draWings, speci?c terminology is employed for sake of clarity. HoWever, the present disclosure
is not intended to be limited to the speci?c terminology so
of the ?rst database, updating the second database to re?ect changes that have been made to the ?rst database since the commencement of the copying, and sWitching the second database for the ?rst database.
20
selected, and it is to be understood that each speci?c element includes all technical equivalents Which operate in a similar
manner.

Embodiments of the present disclosure alloW for the re organization of database indexes and/or the moving of a data base from one device to another Without interrupting database
functionality for extended periods of time.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram shoWing an embodiment of the
25
perform method steps for reorganizing a ?rst database. The method includes preparing a second database, identifying a most recent transaction from a ?rst database log, copying data from the ?rst database to the second database, updating the second database With transactions performed to the ?rst data
base since the identi?ed most recent transaction, and sWitch ing the second database for the ?rst database. A computer system includes a processor and a program
present disclosure. An original database 11 may handle I/O activity such as, for example, query requests and/ or database updates. The original database 11 may be an indexed data
base, for example a ?xed-indexed database or a dynamically indexed database, containing one or more indexes 12. The original database 11 may additionally contain a transaction log 13 (also referred to as an audit log). The transaction log 13
may be part of the index itself or a separate ?le on the same or
30

perform method steps for reorganizing a ?rst database. The method includes preparing a second database, identifying a most recent transaction from a ?rst database log, copying data from the ?rst database to the second database, updating the ?rst database and the second database With transactions per
formed to the ?rst database since the identi?ed most recent
different data storage device. The transaction log 13 may be a log that records every modi?cation that is made to the original database 11. The transaction log 13 may therefore be used to
35
back out database modi?cations and/ or re-apply database modi?cations in the event that there is a problem With the integrity of the data stored on the database. Embodiments of the present disclosure utilize a second
database 14 that may be located either on the same data storage device as the original database 11 or on a different
transaction, and sWitching the second database for the ?rst

database.
40

a program of instructions executable by the processor to perform method steps for moving a ?rst database from a ?rst device to a second device, the method includes copying data from the ?rst database on the ?rst device to a second database on the second device, updating second database to re?ect changes that have been made to the ?rst database since the
45
data storage device. This second database 14 may be set up to store the data from the ?rst database 11. The second database 14 may contain an index 15 that has been re-organized. The second database 14 may be used to handle I/O activity intended for the ?rst database 11 alloWing for access to the
database 11 data Without signi?cant interruption. The second

database 14 may then continue to function as the primary
database handling I/O activity and maintaining a second data base transaction log 16.
50
commencement of the copying, and sWitching the second

database for the ?rst database.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 2 is a ?oW chart shoWing a method for re-organizing a database according to an embodiment of the present disclo
sure. It may ?rst be determined Whether a neW index structure
A more complete appreciation of the present disclosure and many of the attendant advantages thereof Will be readily
obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference
55
is desired (Step S21). A neW index stricture may be desired, for example, When a database index requires re-organization. Examining the control statements of the DBMS may help
determine Whether a neW index structure is required. If it is determined that a neW index structure is not required (No,
to the folloWing detailed description When considered in con
Step S21) then the determination may be made again (Step

S21) at a later point.
60
nection With the accompanying draWings, Wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram shoWing an embodiment of the
If it is determined that a neW index structure is required
present disclosure;
FIG. 2 shoWs a is a ?oW chart shoWing a method for re-organizing a database according to an embodiment of the
(Yes, Step S21), then a second database may be prepared, for

example, the second database may be created or an existing
second database may be initialized (Step S22). It may be

65
present disclosure;
FIG. 3 shoWs a is a ?oW chart shoWing a method for copying a database according to an embodiment of the
present disclosure;
bene?cial to check to see that the appropriate requirements for creating the second database are satis?ed before the sec ond database is created. For example, it may be bene?cial to check to see that enough free space remains on the device that
US 8,510,269 B2
5
the second database is to be created on. There should be
6
original database since the copying began may be applied to
the second database (Step S35). Next an exclusive lock may
be placed on the original database to ensure that no further
enough free space to accommodate the existing data in the original database plus the neW index structure. Depending on the ?le-structure of the platform upon Which the second data base is to be located, the check for free space may not be necessary.
changes may be made to the original database (Step S36). The

transaction log may then be reexamined to ensure that the
Next, the transaction log of the original database may be

examined to determine the identity of the last transaction to be
logged to the transaction log (Step S23). Then, the data con
tent of the original database may be copied to the created second database (Step S24). Since the index structure of the neW database might be different from the index structure of the old database, a get command used to read data from the original database and a put command used to Write data to
the second database may each refer to their oWn index struc ture. For example, data taken from a particular address on the original database may not occupy the same address once
second database is properly synchronized With the original database (Step S37). While the database is locked, the second database is sWitched for the original database (Step S38). The exclusive lock may then be removed alloWing l/ 0 activity to be directed to the second database (Step S39).
FIG. 4 is a How chart shoWing a method for re-organiZing a database according to another embodiment of the present
disclosure. Aspects of this embodiment of the present disclo sure closely folloW the embodiment described above and
shoWn in FIG. 2. Details described above may therefore be
used in carrying out corresponding steps in the current embodiment.

It may ?rst be determined Whether a neW index structure is
copied to the second database. After all data has been copied to the second database (Step S24), all transactions that have occurred on the original data base since the copying began may be applied to the second database (Step S25). These transactions may be determined
desired (Step S41). If it is determined that a neW index struc

20
ture is not required (No, Step S41) then the determination may be made again (Step S41) at a later point. If it is deter
mined that a neW index structure is required (Yes, Step S41), then a second database may be created (Step S42). The trans action log of the original database may be examined to deter mine the identity of the last transaction to be logged to the
by examining the transaction log of the original database and

applying all transactions that occurred after the last transac tion as identi?ed in Step S23. Care may be given to ensure that the transactions are applied to the second database in a Way that accounts for the neW index structure of the second data base. Next an exclusive lock may be placed on the original data base to ensure that no further changes may be made to the
25
transaction log (Step S43). Then the data content of the origi
nal database may be copied to the created second database
(Step S44) While subsequent database transactions are

applied to both the original database as Well as the second
30
original database (Step S26). The transaction log may then be

reexamined to ensure that the second database is properly
database (Step S45). These steps (S44 and S45) may be car ried out simultaneously, for example, using parallel pro
cesses. There may be multiple Ways to apply the transactions to each database simultaneously. For example, if the transac tion relates to data that has already been copied, the transac tion may be successfully applied to each database While if the transaction relates to data that has yet to be copied, the trans action may be successfully applied to the original database Where it Will be later copied to the second database. After all data has been copied to the second database (Step S44), the second database may be sWitched for the original database
synchronized With the original database (Step S27). This may

entail applying updates to the second database that Were made on the original database While second database Was updated in Step S25. This step is likely to be very short and therefore the length of time the database is locked for is minimized. While the database is locked, the second database may be
35
sWitched for the original database (Step S28). This may entail updating the l/ 0 control blocks of the applications that utiliZe the database, for example the DBMS, so that they point to the second database rather than the original database. The exclu sive lock may then be removed alloWing 110 activity to be directed to the second database (Step S29). After the above method has been completed, the original database may be disabled to prevent applications from accessing the original database. This Will help to ensure that
40
(Step S46).
FIG. 5 is a block diagram shoWing a system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. A copying unit 53 may
copy data from a ?rst database 51 on a ?rst device 52 to a
45
all applications using the database have successfully been

sWitched to the second database. This process may be repeated every time a neW index structure is desired. For example, the resources of the original database may be used as a subsequent database When it is determined that the index structure of the second database is to be reneWed. FIG. 3 is a How chart shoWing a method for copying a database according to an embodiment of the present disclo sure. Aspects of this embodiment of the present disclosure
50
second database 55 on a second device 56. The second data base 55 may have a different index structure than the ?rst database 51 . An updating unit 54 may then update the second database 55 to re?ect changes that may have been made to the
?st database 51 since the commencement of the copying. A sWitching unit 57 may then sWitch the second database 55 for the ?rst database 51. FIG. 6 shoWs an example of a computer system Which may
55
closely folloW the embodiment described above and shoWn in FIG. 2. Details described above may therefore be used in
implement the method and system of the present disclosure. The system and method of the present disclosure may be implemented in the form of a softWare application running on a computer system, for example, a mainframe, personal com puter (PC), handheld computer, server, etc. The softWare application may be stored on a recording media locally acces sible by the computer system and accessible via a hard Wired
or Wireless connection to a netWork, for example, a local area
carrying out corresponding steps in the current embodiment. First, a second database may be created (Step S32). Next, the transaction log of the original database may be examined to determine the identity of the last transaction to be logged to the transaction log (Step S33). Then the data content of the original database may be copied to the created second data base (Step S34). After all data has been copied to the second database (Step S34), all transactions that have occurred on the
60
netWork, or the lntemet.
The computer system referred to generally as system 1000
may include, for example, a central processing unit (CPU)

65
1001, random access memory (RAM) 1004, a printer inter face 1010, a display unit 1011, a local area netWork (LAN) data transmission controller 1005, a LAN interface 1006, a
netWork controller 1003, an internal bus 1002, and one or
US 8,510,269 B2
7
more input devices 1009, for example, a keyboard, mouse etc. As shown, the system 1000 may be connected to a data storage device, for example, a hard disk, 1008 via a link 1007. The above speci?c embodiments are illustrative, and many
variations can be introduced on these embodiments Without
8
using one or more computer systems to determine, based
on one or more control statements, that a neW index
structure of the ?rst database is required, the one or more

control statements comprising one or more DBMS con
trol statements that identify that the ?rst database has

been modi?ed and that an index structure of the ?rst
departing from the spirit of the disclosure or from the scope of
the appended claims. For example, elements and/or features

of different illustrative embodiments may be combined With each other and/ or substituted for each other Within the scope
database requires reorganization to re?ect the modi?ca tion to the ?rst database;
in response to determining that the neW index structure of the ?rst database is required, using the one or more computer systems to prepare a second database having a second index structure, the second index structure dif ferent from the ?rst index structure such that the index structure of the second database is updated to include the
of this disclosure and appended claims.

What is claimed is: 1. A method for reorganizing a ?rst database, comprising: using one or more computer systems to determine, based
structure of a ?rst database is required, the one or more

modi?cation to the ?rst database;

identifying a most recent transaction from a ?rst database

log, the ?rst database log recording a plurality of modi

?cations made to the ?rst database;
20
in response to determining that the neW index structure of the ?rst database is required, using the one or more computer systems to create a second database; using the one or more computer systems to copy data from the ?rst database to the second database, the second database having an index structure that is different from the index structure of the ?rst database such that the index structure of the second database is updated to
using the one or more computer systems to copy data from
25
the ?rst database to the second database; using the one or more computer systems to update the second database With transactions performed to the ?rst database since the identi?ed most recent transaction; and
include the modi?cation to the ?rst database; using the one or more computer systems to update the second database to re?ect a modi?cation made to the ?rst database since the commencement of the copying; and
sWitching the second database for the ?rst database. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: locking the ?rst database after updating the second data base With transactions performed to the ?rst database
30
since the identi?ed most recent transaction; and
synchronizing the second database With the ?rst database. 9. A method for reorganizing a ?rst database, comprising: maintaining a ?rst database having a ?rst index structure;
35
sWitching the second database for the ?rst database. 2. The method of claim 1, Wherein prior to copying the data
from the ?rst database to the second database, a most recent transaction made to the ?rst database is identi?ed and When

structure of the ?rst database is required, the one or more

updating the second database to re?ect changes that have

been made to the ?rst database since the commencement of the copying, those transactions that Were made to the ?rst
database since the identi?ed most recent transaction are
40

in response to determining that the neW index structure of the ?rst database is required, using the one or more computer systems to create a second database having a second index structure, the second index structure dif ferent from the ?rst index structure such that the index structure of the second database is updated to include the
applied to the second database.
3. The method of claim 1, additionally comprising: locking the ?rst database from further transactions, and applying any transactions that have been applied to the ?rst
database but not the second database to the second data
base, after updating the second database to re?ect changes that have been made to the ?rst database since the commencement of the copying and before sWitching the second database for the ?rst database, and unlocking the ?rst database after sWitching the second database for the ?rst database. 4. The method of claim 1, Wherein the index structure of the
second database is a reorganization of the index structure of the ?rst database. 5. The method of claim 1, Wherein copying the data com prises using a get command referring to an index structure of the ?rst database to read data from the ?rst database and using a put command referring to the index structure of the second database to Write data to the second database.
modi?cation to the ?rst database;

50
using the one or more computer systems to identify a most
recent transaction from a ?rst database log, the ?rst
database log recording a plurality of modi?cations made

to the ?rst database;
using the one or more computer systems to copy data from
55
the ?rst database to the second database; using the one or more computer systems to update the ?rst database and the second database With transactions per formed to the ?rst database since the identi?ed most
60
recent transaction; and sWitching the second database for the ?rst database.
10. A method for moving a ?rst database from a ?rst device to a second device, comprising: using one or more computer systems to determine, based
6. The method of claim 1, Wherein sWitching the second database for the ?rst database comprises updating a control
block of an application that accesses the ?rst database to point to the second data base rather than the ?rst database.
65

7. A method for reorganizing a ?rst database, comprising: maintaining a ?rst database having a ?rst index structure;
US 8,510,269 B2
9
10
determining, based on one or more control state
in response to determining that the neW index structure of the ?rst database is required, using the one or more computer systems to create a second database; using the one or more computer systems to copy data from the ?rst database on the ?rst device to the second data base on the second device; using the one or more computer systems to update the second database to re?ect a modi?cation made to the
ments, that a neW index structure of the ?rst data base is required, the one or more control statements
comprising one or more DBMS control statements
that identify that the ?rst database has been modi

?ed and that an index structure of the ?rst database
requires reorganization to re?ect the modi?cation

to the ?rst database; and
in response to determining that the neW index struc
?rst database; and sWitching the second database for the ?rst database. 11. A system for reorganizing a ?rst database, comprising: a transaction log recording a plurality of modi?cations made to the ?rst database; and at least one computer system operable to reorganize the
ture of the ?rst database is required, creating a second database having a second index structure, the second index structure different from the ?rst index structure such that the index structure of the second database is updated to include the modi? cation to the ?rst database;
an identifying unit for identifying a most recent transac
?rst database, the computer system comprising:

a preparing unit for:
20
tion from a ?rst database log, the ?rst database log recording a plurality of modi?cations made to the ?rst
database;
a copying unit for: copying data from the ?rst database to the second
ments, that a neW index structure of the ?rst data base is required, the one or more control statements comprising one or more DBMS control statements
database;
25


to the ?rst database; creating a second database in response to determining
that the neW index structure of the ?rst database is
required;
a copying unit for:
30
an updating unit for updating the second database With transactions performed to the ?rst database since the identi?ed most recent transaction; and a sWitching unit for sWitching the second database for the ?rst database. 16. The system of claim 15, further comprising: a locking unit for locking the ?rst database after updating the second database With transactions performed to the
?rst database since the identi?ed most recent transac
copying data from the ?rst database to the second

database having an index structure different from
tion; and
a synchronizing unit for synchronizing the second database With the ?rst database. 17. A system for reorganizing a ?rst database, comprising:
a ?rst database having a ?rst index structure;
that of the ?rst database; an updating unit for updating the second database to
re?ect a modi?cation made to the ?rst database since
the commencement of the copying; and a sWitching unit for sWitching the second database for the ?rst database. 12. The system of claim 11, Wherein prior to copying the
data from the ?rst database to the second database, a most recent transaction made to the ?rst database is identi?ed and
at least one computer system operable to reorganize the

ments, that a neW index structure of the ?rst data base is required, the one or more control statements
comprising one or more DBMS control statements
When updating the second database to re?ect changes that

have been made to the ?rst database since the commencement of the copying, those transactions that Were made to the ?rst
database since the identi?ed most recent transaction are


to the ?rst database; and
in response to determining that the neW index struc
50
applied to the second database.
13. The system of claim 11, additionally comprising:

a locking unit for locking the ?rst database from further
transactions, and
an applying unit for applying any transactions that have been applied to the ?rst database but not the second database to the second database, after updating the sec ond database to re?ect changes that have been made to the ?rst database since the commencement of the copy ing and before sWitching the second database for the ?rst
ture of the ?rst database is required, creating a second database having a second index structure, the second index structure different from the ?rst index structure such that the index structure of the second database is updated to include the modi? cation to the ?rst database;
an identifying unit for identifying a most recent transac
database, and
an unlocking unit for unlocking the ?rst database after sWitching the second database for the ?rst database. 14. The system of claim 11, Wherein the index structure of the second database is a reorganization of the index structure of the ?rst database. 15. A system for reorganizing a ?rst database, comprising:
a ?rst database having a ?rst index structure;
tion from a ?rst database log, the ?rst database log recording a plurality of modi?cations made to the ?rst
database;
a copying unit for: copying data from the ?rst database to the second
database;
an updating unit for updating the ?rst database and the second database With transactions performed to the
?rst database since the identi?ed most recent transac
tion; and
a sWitching unit for sWitching the second database for the ?rst database.

US 8,5 10,269 B2
11
18. A system for moving a ?rst database from a ?rst device to a second device, comprising: a ?rst database having a ?rst index structure;
12
second database, after updating the second database to re?ect changes that have been made to the ?rst database since the commencement of the copying and before sWitching the second database for the ?rst database, and code for unlocking the ?rst database after sWitching the second database for the ?rst database. 22. The computer system of claim 19, Wherein the index

ments, that a neW index structure of the ?rst data structure of the second database is a reorganization of the base is required, the one or more control statements index structure of the ?rst database. comprising one or more DBMS control statements 10

23. A computer system comprising:
a processor; and

to the ?rst database; creating a second database in response to determining
that the neW index structure of the ?rst database is required, the neW index structure of the second database being different from a ?rst index structure of the ?rst database such that the index structure of
a program storage device readable by the computer system,
including computer executable code executable by the

processor for reorganizing a ?rst database, the computer
executable code comprising:

code for maintaining a ?rst database having a ?rst index
structure;
code for determining, based on one or more control state
20
the second database is updated to include the modi ?cation to the ?rst database; a copying unit for: copying data from the ?rst database on the ?rst device to the second database on the second device; an updating unit for: updating the second database to re?ect a modi?cation
made to the ?rst database that Was added since the
ments, that a neW index structure of the ?rst database is required, the one or more control statements comprising one or more DBMS control statements that identify that the ?rst database has been modi?ed and that an index
25
structure of the ?rst database requires reorganization to re?ect the modi?cation to the ?rst database; code for creating a second database having a second index
structure in response to determining that the neW index
commencement of the copying; and a sWitching unit for sWitching the second database for the ?rst database.
structure of the ?rst database is required, the second

30

a processor; and
index structure different from the ?rst index structure such that the index structure of the second database is
updated to include the modi?cation to the ?rst database;

code for identifying a most recent transaction from a ?rst

35
database log, the ?rst database log recording a plurality

of modi?cations made to the ?rst database; code for copying data from the ?rst database to the second

database;
40
ments, that the ?rst database has been modi?ed and that
a neW index structure of the ?rst database is required to
re?ect the modi?cation to the ?rst database; code for creating a second database in response to deter mining that the neW index structure of the ?rst database
is required;
code for copying data from the ?rst database to the second database having an index structure different from that of the ?rst database such that the index structure of the second database is updated to include the modi?cation to the ?rst database; code for updating the second database to re?ect a modi?
cation made to the ?rst database that Was added since the
45
code for updating the second database With transactions performed to the ?rst database since the identi?ed most recent transaction; and code for sWitching the second database for the ?rst data base. 24. The computer system of claim 23, further comprising: code for locking the ?rst database after updating the second database With transactions performed to the ?rst data base since the identi?ed most recent transaction; and code for synchronizing the second database With the ?rst database.

50
a processor; and
commencement of the copying; and code for sWitching the second database for the ?rst data base. 20. The computer system of claim 19, Wherein prior to copying the data from the ?rst database to the second data
base, a most recent transaction made to the ?rst database is


55
code for maintaining a ?rst database having a ?rst index
structure;
identi?ed and When updating the second database to re?ect changes that have been made to the ?rst database since the commencement of the copying, those transactions that Were
made to the ?rst database since the identi?ed most recent transaction are applied to the second database.
60
21. The computer system of claim 19, additionally com
prising:
code for locking the ?rst database from further transac
structure of the ?rst database requires reorganization to re?ect the modi?cation to the ?rst database; code for preparing a second database having a second
index structure in response to determining that the neW index structure of the ?rst database is required, the sec ond index structure different from the ?rst index struc
tions, and code for applying any transactions that have been applied
to the ?rst database but not the second database to the
US 8,510,269 B2
13
ture such that the index structure of the second database is updated to include the modi?cation to the ?rst data
14
using the one or more computer systems to update the second database to re?ect a modi?cation made to the ?rst database since the commencement of the copying; and
base;
code for identifying a most recent transaction from a ?rst
database log, the ?rst database log recording a plurality

of modi?cations made to the ?rst database; code for copying data from the ?rst database to the second
sWitching the second database for the ?rst database, Wherein copying the data comprises using a get command
referring to an index structure of the ?rst database to read
database;
code for updating the ?rst database and the second data base With transactions performed to the ?rst database since the identi?ed most recent transaction; and code for sWitching the second database for the ?rst data base.
data from the ?rst database and using a put command referring to the index structure of the second database to Write data to the second database, and Wherein an address of the data Within the index structure of the ?rst database is different from an address of the data Within the index structure of the second database.
28. A method for reorganizing a ?rst database, comprising:

using one or more computer systems to identify that a neW

a processor; and
entry has been added to a ?rst database having a ?rst

processor for moving a ?rst database from a ?rst device to a second device, the computer executable code com
20
index structure; determining that reorganization of the ?rst database is

required as a result of the neW entry in the ?rst database;
using the one or more computer systems to create a second database as a result of determining that the neW index
prising:
structure is required for the ?rst database;

generating a second index structure for the second data base, Wherein the second index structure of the second database is a reorganization of the ?rst index structure of the ?rst database and includes the neW entry to the ?rst
25
database;
using the one or more computer systems to copy data from the ?rst database to the second database as a result of
30
structure of the ?rst database requires reorganization to re?ect the modi?cation to the ?rst database; code for creating a second database in response to deter mining that the neW index structure of the ?rst database
is required;
code for copying data from the ?rst database on the ?rst device to the second database on the second device; code for updating second database to re?ect a modi?cation
made to the ?rst database that Was added since the com
determining that the neW index structure is required for the ?rst database, Wherein a copy command refers to the ?rst index structure to read the data from the ?rst data base and to the second index structure to Write the data to
the second database; sWitching the second database for the ?rst database. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising:
35
identifying that a neW entry has been added to the second
mencement of the copying; and code for sWitching the second database for the ?rst data base. 27. A method for reorganizing a ?rst database, comprising:
database;
determining that reorganization of the second index struc
ture of the second database is required as a result of the
neW entry in the second database;

40
creating a third database as a result of determining that reorganization of the second index structure of the sec

ond database is required;

45

generating a third index structure for the third database, Wherein the third index structure of the third database is a reorganization of the second index structure of the
second database and includes the neW entry to the sec
in response to determining that the neW index structure of the ?rst database is required, using the one or more computer systems to create a second database; using the one or more computer systems to copy data from the ?rst database to the second database, the second database having an index structure that is different from the index structure of the ?rst database such that the index structure of the second database is updated to
50
ond database copying data from the second database to the third database as a result of determining that reorganization of the second index structure of the second database is required, Wherein a copy command refers to the second index structure to read the data from the second database
and to the third index structure to Write the data to the
55
third database; and sWitching the third database for the second database.
* * * * *
include the modi?cation to the ?rst database;

United States Patent (10) Patent N0.: US 8,510,269 B2

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United States Patent (10) Patent N0.: US 8,510,269 B2

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US008510269B2

(12) United States Patent

(10) Patent N0.:

8/1998 Green et al. .................. .. 707/10

3/2001 Dettinger et al.

Russell W1, Plano TX (Us)

1/2002 Kosciuszko et al.

Chigusa et a1. ............. .. 707/204

U.S.C. 154(b) by 1465 days.

application PCT/US2005/017602 (7 pages), Dec. 27, 2005.

May 20, 2005

Nov. 24, 2005

Related US. Application Data

Primary Examiner * Hosain Alam

Int. Cl. G06F 7/00 G06F 17/00 US. Cl.

USPC ........................................................ .. 707/635

A method for reorganizing a ?rst database includes copying

Field of Classi?cation Search

data from the ?rst database to a second database having an

See application ?le for complete search history.

ing the second database to re?ect changes that have been

29 Claims, 6 Drawing Sheets

Aug. 13, 2013

Aug. 13, 2013

Desire New Index Structure?

Create Second Database

Aug. 13, 2013

Create Second Database

Switch Databases S38

Aug. 13, 2013

Desire New Index Structure?

Create Second Database

Aug. 13, 2013

Aug. 13, 2013

require less frequent re-organization.

The present disclosure is based on and claims the bene?t of

unavailable. While re-organization is underWay, I/O activity,

Provisional application Ser. No. 60/ 573,670 ?led May 21,

database may require that the database be made temporarily

ci?cally, to uninterrupted reorganization and movement of

utilize a system and method for re-organizing database tables

Without impeding database I/O activity.

base management system (DBMS) is generally a computer

puterized database information.

all of its attributes.

In certain databases, for example relational databases, tWo

Indexing is a technique used by most current DBMSs to

speed up particular kinds of queries. For example, redundant

updating second database to re?ect changes that have been

quickly respond to queries, it may be necessary to re-organize

?rst database, an updating unit for updating the second data

paring unit for preparing a second database, an identifying

described above, re-organization may be the re-sorting of the

database since the identi?ed most recent transaction, and a

storage device readable by the computer system, embodying

perform method steps for reorganizing a ?rst database. The

storage device readable by the computer system, embodying

functionality for extended periods of time.

storage device readable by the computer system, embodying

transaction, and sWitching the second database for the ?rst

storage device readable by the computer system, embodying

database 11 data Without signi?cant interruption. The second

commencement of the copying, and sWitching the second