Chapter 1: PLUMBING

Group members: (group 1)

PRECY EMANO CIARA CAN ANCIO ELLEN LABRA!OR "O EP# ERINO $EIN "AEL

I.

INTRODUCTION % $#E AR$ AN! CIENCE O& IN $ALLING PIPE ' &I($URE AN! O$#ER APPARA$U $O UPPLY )A$ER $O !I C#ARGE )A $E )A$ER AN! GA E AN! O$#ER UB $ANCE OU$ O& $#E BUIL!ING IN A A&E' OR!ERLY ' #EAL$#Y AN! ANI$ARY )AY $#E CONCEP$ )A APPRECIA$E! !URING $#E GRECO%ROMAN CI*ILI+A$ION

A.)HISTORY OF PLUMBING % IN PRE#I $ORIC $IME' MAN LE&$ $RACE O& PLUMBING )OR, AN! $#E E CRU!E !E*ICE )ERE CON I!ERE! A THE FORERUNNERS OF MODERN DAY PLUMBING. $#E Roma-s .ho /o-s01ere1 1a023 bath0-g as a must' e2e4ate1 bath0-g to the 2e4e2 o5 a 1a023 r0tua26 !ue to these 5a/t' the Roma- A7ue1u/t' a .ater s3stem that /o-t0-uous23 /ha22e-ge the s8022 o5 the prese-t /rops o5 E-g0-eers .as 10s/o4ere16 $he 50e21 o5 p2umb0-g a-1 sa-0tat0o- .as h0-1ere1 .he- 5amous Goth 0-4a1e1 the Roma- Emp0re !ur0-g the Re-a0ssa-/e per0o1' the p2umb0-g .as re404e16 I- the 19th /e-tur3' the E-g20sh par20ame-t passe1 the 50rst p2umb0-g appre-t0/e 2a.6 &ra-/e a2so 5o22o.e1 0- the 1: th /e-tur3 0- bu0210-g .ater 5a/020t0es6 $he U-0te1 tates ho.e4er' .as a 20tt2e s2o. to a1opt the p2umb0-g mo4eme-t be/ause the go4er-me-t /o-/e-trate1 0ts e55ort 0- agr0/u2tura2 pursu0t6

% % % % %

E$YMOLOGY PLUMBER, a t0t2e g04e- to a perso- .ho 0s s8022e1 0- the 50e21 o5 sa-0tat0o-6 It 0s 1er04e1 5rom the a-/0e-t Roma- .or1 Plumbarius .h0/h .as ta8e- 5rom the 2at0- .or1 Plumbum. PLUMBARIUS re5ers to a- 0-10401ua2 .ho .or8e1 0- the sa-0tar3 50e21 o5 a-/0e-t Rome6 PLUMBUM ; mea-s 2ea16 A meta2 res0sta-t 0- a/01 a-1 ma22eab2e6 II. PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES % % % % % Be5ore the 1e/a1es o5 <=>s' the househo21 p2umb0-g .as /o-s01ere1 a 2u?ur3 0tem a4a02ab2e 0- upper /2ass so/0et36 Ma@or0t3 o5 the popu2at0o-' .ere st022 u-a.are o5 the 0mporta-/e sa-0tat0o5a/020t0es 0- the 5orm o5 a- e550/0e-t .ater supp23 a-1 .aste 10sposa26 $he 0-10ge-ous peop2e 0- the rura2 area are st022 a1opt0-g the o21 .a3s u-m0-15u2 o5 the 022 e55e/ts brought b3 poor sa-0tat0o-6 It a2so too8 a 1e/a1e to /o-stru/t sa-0tar3 5a/020t0es 0- rura2 area6 !ue to the ep01em0/ /ause1 b3 u-sa-0tar3 /o-10t0o-' the go4er-me-t he21 a mass04e e1u/at0o- 0- proper sa-0tat0o- .as 0-0t0ate16 )ater supp23 s3stems .ere /o-stru/te1 0- rura2 areas6 Co-/rete .ater sea2 /2oset .as 0-tro1u/e1 re7u0r0-g to ha4e a sa-0tar3 /om5ort room .0th proper se.age 10sposa2 s3stem 8-o.- as ept0/ $a-86

III.

OB ECTI!ES OF PLUMBING % % 16 $o supp23 .ater to 1055ere-t parts o5 the bu0210-g6 A6 $o remo4e a-1 10s/harge huma- .aste a-1 other substa-/es out the pub20/ se.er or sept0/ ta-8

B6) CONDITIONS FOR AN EFFECTI!E "ATER SUPPLY IN BUILDING 16 $o pro401e su550/0e-t amou-t o5 .ater to supp23 ea/h 50?ture6 A6 $o pre4e-t ba/8 52o. o5 use1 .ater 0-to the .ater s3stem6 C.) DRAINAGE SYSTEM ACCOMPLISHED BY# 16 &ast remo4a2 o5 the .aste .0th a m0-0mum probab020t3 o5 2ea8age a-1 stoppage o5 1ra0-s6

 $o pre4e-t e-tr3 o5 house 4erm0- a-1 ob-o?0ous gases 0-to the house 5rom the p0p0-g s3stem D.) RE$UIREMENTS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM Nat0o-a2 Bu0210-g Co1e pro401es that: BAll drainage system must conform to a set of requirements enumerated as follows 16 A22 p0pes must be .e22 50tte1 a-1 t0ght23 /o--e/te1 .0th ea/h other to pre4e-t 2ea8age o5 gas a-1 207u016 A6 $he 1ra0-age p0pe shou21 be gra1e1 or 0-/20-e1 proper23 5or a 1o.-.ar1 gra40t3 52o. o5 .ater to.ar1s the ma0- se.er 20-e or to the sept0/ ta-86 C6 $he 1ra0-age p0pe shou21 be pro401e1 .0th a1e7uate /2ea-out' a//ess0b2e 5or repa0r 0- /ase o5 stoppage <6 D6 !ra0-age s3stem must be pro401e1 .0th 4e-t02at0o- p0pe that .022 /o-4e3 gases to the atmosphere .here 0t /a- 1o -o harm to huma- hea2th E?/ept 5or .ater /2oset' ea/h 50?ture sha22 be pro401e1 .0th su0tab2e trap that .022 pre4e-t ba/8 52o. o5 gases

E6 !ra0-age s3stem must be 4e-te1' to a4o01 s0pho-age or ba/8 52o. o5 .ater sea26 !. DRAINAGE SYSTEM TYPES OF "ASTES# 16 S%li& "as'(s% 0t 0s be0-g 10s/harge1 b3 .ater /2oset A6 Li)ui& *as'(+ /om0-g 5rom 4ar0ous 50?tures6 TYPES OF "ASTE ARE CON!EYED AND DISPOSED BY TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPING# 16 S%il Pi,(+ /o-4e3s .aste /om0-g 5rom .ater /2oset A6 "as'( Pi,(+ /o-4e3s .aste 5rom 4ar0ous 50?tures other tha- .ater /2oset DRAINAGE INSTALLATION REFERRED AS# D+ 5or 1ra0-age o5 so201 .aste "% 5or .aste /om0-g 5rom 4ar0ous 50?tures other tha- .ater /2oset !% re5ers to the 4e-t02at0o- o5 the p0p0-g s3stem !I. DEFINITION OF TERMS

 AIR GAP% the u-obstru/te1 4ert0/a2 10sta-/e through the 5ree atmosphere bet.eethe 2o.est ope-0-g 5rom a-3 p0pe BAC, &LO)% 0s the 52o. o5 .ater or other 207u01 m0?ture or substa-/es 0-to the 10str0but0-g p0pes o5 a potab2e .ater supp23 BAC, IP#ONAGE% re5ers to the ba/8 52o. o5 use1 /o-tam0-ate1 or po22ute1 .ater 5rom a p2umb0-g 50?ture BA$$ERY &I($URE% re5ers to a-3 group o5 t.o or more s0m02ar a1@a/e-t 50?tures .h0/h 10s/harges 0-to /ommo- hor0Fo-ta2 .aste p0pe BIB% s3-o-3mous o5 5au/et BLIN! &LANGE% a 52a-ge that /2oses at the e-1 o5 the p0pe BLO) O&&% /o-tro22e1 out2et o- a p0pe20-e use1 to 10s/harge .ater6 BRANC#% a-3 part o5 p0p0-g s3stem other tha- the ma0- r0ser or sta/8 BRANC# IN$ER*AL% 2e-gth o5 a so02 or .aste sta/8 /orrespo-10-g 0- ge-era2 to a store3 he0ght but 0- -o 2ess tha- A6<= m6 BRANC# *EN$% a 4e-t /o--e/t0-g o-e or more 0-10401ua2 4e-ts .0th a 4e-t sta/8 CAL,ING% 0s p2ugg0-g a- ope-0-g .0th oa8um' 2ea1 or other mater0a2s' that are pou-1e1 0-to the p2a/e6 CIRCUI$ *EN$% 4ert0/a2 4e-t /o--e/t0-g to the 1ra0- to .h0/h the 4e-t /o--e/ts COMBINA$ION &I($URE % a 50?ture /omb0-0-g o-e s0-8 a-1 tra3 or a t.o or three /ompartme-t s0-8 COMBINA$ION )A $E AN! *EN$ Y $EM% a spe/0a223 1es0g-e1 s3stem o5 .aste p0p0-g embo130-g the hor0Fo-ta2 .et 4e-t0-g o5 o-e or more s0-8s COMMON *EN$% a 1ra0- 5rom t.o or three 50?ture /o--e/te1 to a s0-g2e trap CRO CONNEC$ION% a-3 ph3s0/a2 /o--e/t0o- bet.ee- t.o other.0se separate p0p0-g s3stem' o-e /o-ta0-s potab2e .ater a-1 other 5rom u-8-o.- or 7uest0o-ab2e sa5et3 !EA! EN!% e?te-1e1 port0o- o5 a p0pe that 0s /2ose1 at o-e e-1 perm0tt0-g the stag-at0o- o5 .ater or a0r6 !E*ELOPE! LENG$#% 2e-gth a2o-g the /e-ter o5 the p0pe or 50tt0-g !IAME$ER% re5ers to the -om0-a2 0-ter-a2 10ameter o5 su/h p0pe e?/ept brass a-1 /opper tube6

 !RAINAGE Y $EM% 0-/2u1es a22 p0p0-g .0th0- pub20/ or pr04ate prem0ses that /o-4e3s se.age' ra0-.ater or other 207u01 .aste !RY *EN$% a 4e-t that 1oes -ot /arr3 .ater or .ater bor-e .astes E&&EC$I*E OPENING% the m0-0mum /ross se/t0o-a2 area at the po0-t o5 .ater supp23 10s/harge' measure1 or e?presse1 0- terms o5 10ameter o5 a /0r/2e6 E(I$ING )OR,% sha22 app23 to that port0o- o5 a p2umb0-g s3stem that has bee0-sta22e1 a-1 appro4e1 pr0or to the /o-temp2ate1 a110t0o-6 &I($URE BRANC#% a p0pe /o--e/t0-g se4era2 50?tures &I($URE !RAIN% the 1ra0- 5rom the trap o5 a 50?ture to the @u-/t0o- o5 that 1ra0 &I($URE UPPLY% a .ater supp23 p0pe /o--e/t0-g the 50?ture6 &I($URE UNI$ % a 7ua-t0t3 0- terms o5 .h0/h the 2oa1 pro1u/0-g e55e/ts o- the p2umb0-g s3stem o5 1055ere-t 80-1s o5 p2umb0-g 50?tures &I($URE UNI$ &LO) RA$E% tota2 10s/harge 52o. 0- ga22o-s per m0-ute o5 a s0mp2e 50?ture 10401e1 b3 96D ga22o-s6 &0?tures are rate1 as mu2t0p2e o5 th0s u-0t o5 52o.6 &LOO! LE*EL% a 1e40/e 2o/ate1 0-s01e the ta-8 5or the purpose o5 ma0-ta0-0-g .ater 5or e55e/t04e 52ush0-g o5 .ater /2oset &ERRULE% a meta220/ s2ee4 /a22e1 or other.0se @o0-e1 to a- ope-0-g 0- p0pe 0-to .h0/h p2ug 0s s/re.e1 that /a- be remo4e1 5or the purpose o5 /2ea-0-g &LU # *AL*E% a 1e40/e 2o/ate1 at the bottom o5 the ta-8 5or 52ush0-g .ater /2oset a-1 s0m02ar 50?tures &LU #OME$ER *AL*E% a 1e40/e .h0/h 10s/harges a pre1eterm0-e1 7ua-t0t3 05 .ater /2osets a-1 s0m02ar 50?tures GRA!E% the s2ope or 5a22 o5 p0pe 0- re5ere-/e to a 5ra/t0o- o5 a- 0-/h per 5oot 2e-gth o5 p0pe GROUP *EN$% a bra-/h 4e-t that per5orms 0ts 5u-/t0o- 5or t.o or more traps #ORI+ON$AL PIPE%mea-s a-3 p0pe or 50tt0-g .h0/h ma8es a- a-g2e o5 more tha- <D 1egree .0th the 4ert0/a2 IN*ER$% 2o.est port0o- o5 the 0-s01e o5 a-3 p0pe oor /o-1u0t that 0s -ot 4ert0/a2 LIGUI! )A $E% the 10s/harge 5rom a-3 50?ture' app20a-/e or appurte-a-/e 0/o--e/t0o- .0th a p2umb0-g s3stem .h0/h 1oes -ot re/e04e 5e/a2 matter6 LOCAL *EN$ PIPE% a p0pe o- the 50?ture s01e o5 the trap .h0/h 4apor or 5ou2 a0r 0s remo4e1 5rom s room or 50?ture

 LOOPE! *EN$% same as C0r/u0t 4e-t e?/ept 0t 2oops ba/8 a-1 /o--e/t .0th a sta/8 4e-t 0-stea1 o5 a 4e-t sta/8 LA$ERAL% 0t 0s a se/o-1ar3 p0pe 6 MAIN% the pr0-/0pa2 arter3 o5 the s3stem to .h0/h bra-/hes ma3 be /o--e/te16 MAIN E)ER% a se.er 20-e s3stem 10re/t23 /o-tro22e1 b3 pub20/ author0t3 MAIN *EN$% pr0-/0pa2 arter3 o5 the 4e-t0-g s3stem to .h0/h 4e-t bra-/hes ma3 be /o--e/te1 PLUMBING &I($URE % are 0-sta22e1 re/epta/2es' 1e40/es or app20a-/es .h0/h are supp20e1 .0th .ater PLUMBING Y $EM% 0-/2u1es .ater supp23 10str0but0o- p0pes' p2umb0-g 50?tures a-1 trapsH so02' .ater a-1 4e-t p0pes6 RELIE& *EN$% pro401e /0r/u2at0o- o5 a0r bet.ee- 1ra0-age a-1 4e-t s3stems6 RE%*EN$ *AL*E% (10401ua2 4e-t) a part o5 4e-t p0pe20-e .h0/h /o--e/ts 10re/2t3 .0th a- 0-10401ua20t3 .aste or group o5 .astes RI ER% a .ater supp23 .h0/h e?te-1 4ert0/a223 o-e 5u22 store3 ROUG#%IN% the 0-sta22at0o- o5 a22 parts o5 p2umb0-g s3stem .h0/h /a- be /omp2ete1 pr0or to the 0-sta22at0o- o5 50?tures6 RE$URN BEN!% a- ope- retur- be-1 usua223 .0th s01e threa1s but app20e1 a2so to 1:= 1egree be-1 0- p0pe PUBLIC E)ER% a /ommo- se.er 10re/t23 /o-tro22e1 b3 pub20/ author0t3 ANI$ARY E)AGE% se.age /o-ta0-0-g huma- e?/reme-t a-1 207u01 househo21 .aste6 A2so /a22e1 as 1omest0/ se.age ANI$ARY E)ER% a se.er 0-te-1e1 to re/e04e sa-0tar3 se.age .0th or .0thout 0-1ustr0a2 .astes ECON!ARY BRANC#% a-3 bra-/h 0- a bu0210-g 1ra0- other tha- the pr0mar3 bra-/h E)ERAGE OR E)ERAGE )OR,% a /omprehe-s04e term 0-/2u10-g a22 /o-stru/t0oor /o22e/t0o-' tra-sportat0o-' pump0-g' treatme-t a-1 50-a2 10spos0t0o- o5 se.age6 IAME E CONNEC$ION% a Y /o--e/t0o- use1 o- 50re 20-es so that t.o 20-es o5 hose ma3be /o--e/te1 to a h31ra-t or to the same -oFF2e $AN!PIPE% a 4ert0/a2 p0pe usua223 use1 5or the storage o5 .ater' 5re7ue-t23 u-1er pressure

I!E *EN$% a 4e-t /o--e/t0-g to the 1ra0- p0pe through a 50tt0-g at a- a-g2e -ot greater tha- <D 1egree or to the 4ert0/a2 OIL PIPE% a-3 p0pe that /o-4e3s the 10s/harge o5 .ater /2osets or 50?ture ha40-g the same 5u-/t0o-6 $AC,% the 4ert0/a2 ma0- o5 a s3stem o5 so02 ' .aste or 4e-t p0pe $AC, GROUP% a term app20e1 to the 2o/at0o- o5 50?tures 0- re2at0o- to the sta/8 so that b3 mea-s o5 proper 50tt0-g' 4e-ts ma3 be re1u/e1 to a m0-0mum6 $AC, *EN$% the e?te-s0o- o5 so02 or .aste sta/8 abo4e the h0ghest hor0Fo-ta2 1ra0/o--e/te1 to the sta/86 $AC, *EN$ING% a metho1 o5 4e-t0-g a 50?ture or 50?tures through so02 or .aste sta/86 UB OIL !RAIN% u-1ergrou-1 1ra0- p0pes that re/e04e subsur5a/e a-1 /o-4e3 0t to a p2a/e 10sposa26 UMP% a p0t or re/epta/2e at a 2o. po0-t the 207u01 .aste are 1ra0-e1

$RAP% a 50tt0-g or 1e40/e so 1es0g-e1 as to pro401e .he- proper23 4e-te1 a 207u01 sea2 that .022 pre4e-t the ba/8 passage o5 a0r $RAP EAL% a ma?0mum 4ert0/a2 1epth o5 207u01 that trap .022 reta0-' measure1 bet.ee- the /ro.- .e0r a-1 top o5 the 10p o5 the trap6 *EN$ $AC,% a 4ert0/a2 p0pe 0-sta22e1 pr0mar023 5or the purpose o5 pro4010-g /0r/u2at0o- o5 a0r to 1055ere-t parts o5 the 1ra0-age s3stem *EN$ Y $EM% a p0pe or p0pes 0-sta22e1 to pro401e a 52o. or /0r/u2at0o- o5 a0r .0th0the p2umb0-g s3stem to prote/t trap sea2s s0pho-0-g a-1 ba/8 pressure *ER$ICAL PIPE% a p0pe 0-sta22e1 0- a 4ert0/a2 pos0t0o- or at a- a-g2e o5 -ot more tha<D 1egree .0th the 4ert0/a2 )A $E PIPE% a that /o-4e3s 207u01 .aste 5rom 50?ture that 0s 5ree o5 5e/a2 matter6 )A$ER !I $RIBU$ING PIPE% a p0pe that /o-4e3s .ater 5rom the .ater ser40/e p0pe to the p2umb0-g 50?tures a-1 other .ater out2ets6 )A$ER ER*ICE PIPE% the p0pe 5rom the .ater ma0- or other sour/e o5 .ater supp23 to the bu0210-g ser4e16 )A$ER UPPLY Y $EM% prem0ses /o-s0sts o5 the .ater ser40/e p0pe ' the .ater 10str0but0-g p0pes a-1 the -e/essar3 /o--e/t0-g p0pes' 50tt0-g' /o-tro2 4a24es a-1 a22 appurte-a-/e 0- or a1@a/e-t to the bu0210-g or prem0ses )E$ *EN$% a 4e-t that re/e04es the 10s/harge 5rom .astes other tha- .ater /2oset6