Low Carbon /No-Carbon Energy Technologies for Environmental Sustainability y

Dr. V K Sethi ,

Director UIT, RGPV Bhopal

Three Contradictory Global Challenges Quest for increased Generation capacity - Terawatt Challenge Climate Change - rising GHG level Continued focus on coal based generation

Climate Change g
Climate has change over the past century
Global mean temperature has increased 0.5 0 5-1 1o F, F Global sea level has risen 4-10 inches

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate climate (IPCC, (IPCC 1995)

Climate is expected p to continue to change g in the future Projected temperature increase of 3.6oF by 2100 (1.8-6.3oF) Projected sea level rise of 20 inches by 2100 (6-38 inches)

Atmospheric Concentration of GHG increasing

Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have

increased significantly since industrial revolution Carbon dioxide +30%; Methane +100%;Nitrous

oxide +15%

Greenhouse gas concentrations projected to reach double pre-industrial levels by about 2060
Many greenhouse gases remain in atmosphere for a longtime (decades to centuries)

The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) has confirmed:

The temperature of the earths surface has increased by 0 76C over th 0.76 the past t century. t It is very y likely y (more ( than 90 p probability) y) that most of this global warming was due to increased GHGs(green house gases ), resulting from human activity. Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) were among the 12 warmest years on the instrumental record of global surface temperature. Mountain glaciers are receding and snow cover has p declined in both the hemispheres.

The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental g Panel for Climate Change g (IPCC) has also confirmed:

Widespread decreases in glaciers and ice caps have contributed to sea level rise. At continental, regional and oceans basin scales, numerous long term changes in climate have been observed. Temperature is projected to increase further during the 21st century. The extent of change will be determined by how much more GHGs we introduce in the atmosphere. atmosphere Best estimate regarding the future changes y 2099 for low scenario is 1.8 in climate by and for high scenario is 4.0.

INDIAN POWER SECTOR JOINS TERA CLUB BY 2010

POWER GENERATION BY UTILITIES TODAY 1,43,311 MW 600 Billion kWh per annum TARGETTED CAPACITY ADDITION BY 2010 Central 46 500 MW 46,500 State & IPP 41,800 MW NCES 10,700 MW Nuclear 6,400 MW Total 105,400 MW BY 2010 WE NEED TO GENERATE ANNULLY Over 1000 Billion kWh THUS WE WILL BE A TRILLION or TERA kWh (Unit) GENERATING POWER SECTOR BY 2010

Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy & Environment

A terawatt Challenge of 2010 for India

To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy they need by 2010, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by 2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for limiting GHG emission levels

By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in Thermal, certainly it would be the Green G Th Thermal l

Power:

Thermal Renewable & Hydro Nuclear Total

326,000MW 104,000 MW 20,000 MW 450 000 MW 450,000

Energy Security Indian Perspective

AGENDA FOR THE ENERGY GENERATION SECTOR:

Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology. Promote CCT in countries like India & China where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation. Reduce R d At Atmospheric h i Pollution P ll ti from f Energy E Generating Systems. Enhance productivity through Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology. Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Sector

Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options

World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US about 3TW, India - 0.12 TW) today to support 10 billion world population. This is Equivalent to230 million barrels of oil /day. /day By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2 energy to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid century. Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt challenge and at the same time contribute to the reduction of climate change, with about 125,000 TW of global incident sunlight.

Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 OptionsContd.

Key scenario for stabilizing CO2 in the atmosphere during 21st century turn on the viability y of CO2 sequestration. q This implies p CO2 capture, storage and then pumping to aquifers, to stay for millennia. In any case minimum 10 TW is needed within a decade from Breeder Nuclear , Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) and Renewables. Biomass CO2 sequestration could also meet this challenge.

POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

Installed capacity in Utilities as on April 07 1, 1 43 43,311 311 MW Thermal Installed Capacity92,157 MW
(Coal 80,618 MW, Gas 14,582 MW, Diesel 1202 MW + Others- cogen etc.)

Hydro Power 35, 909 MW Nuclear Power 4120 MW Renewable Energy Sources 11,125 11 125 MW Elect. Demand 7to 8 % Peak & Energy Shortage 16.7% & 12.1% T t l energy generation Total ti 587 billion billi kWh Capacity Addition in 11th Plan ... 80,020 MW Base Line figure of Power Sector ... 0.85 tCO2/MWh

INDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT

Total Installed Capacity 1,43,311 MW Th Thermal lG Generation ti over 64 % Although no GHG reduction targets for India but taken steps p through g adoption p of Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant Performance optimization p Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable development as per Framework Convention on Climate change (FCCC)

FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT

GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES PRIMARILY THE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT TRANSPORT, POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ENERGY EFFICIENCY CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR

NCES POTENTIAL AND INSTALLED CAPACITY (In MW)

Renewable Energy Source Wind - Potential - Installed Bio Mass + Co-gen. - Potential All India 45,000
3595

MP 5500

35 19,500
750

100 36 410.13 40 -

- Installed Small Hydro Potential - Installed Energy - Potential from Waste - Installed Solar PV - Potential - Installed

5000 1705 1700

42

20 MW/Sq. km
264

100 k Wp

KYOTO PROTOCOL

Under aegis of UNFCC International, legally binding commitment in which industrialized countries will reduce their combined GHG emissions by 5.2 % compared to 1990 levels by 2008-2012 India acceded in August 2002 June 2003 : 109 countries ratified or acceded 44% out of 55% of 1990 emissions

Kyoto Protocol Signatories

Sources: UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). 2003,

Kyoto Protocol Mechanism

Emission reduction arising from project investment in other developed countries (with own emission targets)

Joint Implementation (Article 6):

Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12):

Emission reduction arising from project investments in developing countries (don (don't t have emission targets)

Portions of developed countrys country s emission allowances can be bought ? Sold in international C trading market. A Supplement to domestic action.

Emission Trading (Article 17)

CDM- A WIN-WIN SITUATION

Industrialized countries (AI)
To assist in meeting their emission limitation commitments

Investors
CDM project activity

P j t proponents Project t
(private ( i b business, i governments, NGOs)

(private business, governments, NGOs)

Developing countries (Non-AI)

To assist in achieving sustainable development

What makes a project activity a CDM project activity?

GHG What would have happened happened situation What (fictitious situation) = baseline CERs CDM project activity

Start of CDM project p j activity y

time
GHG = Greenhouse gas emissions CERs =certified emissions reduction

Projects for benefit from CDM Finance

Renewable energy Fuel l switching i hi (i (in i d industry, transport, residential sector etc.) Solid waste management Advanced d a ced coa coal-based based po power e generation ge e at o technologies like IGCC Renovation and modernization Demand-side management I d t i l energy efficiency Industrial ffi i i improvement t

Towards Low Carbon Economy

Climate Change Natures Fury S l for Solar f irrigation i i ti High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells H d ogen as Fuel Hydrogen F el for fo future f t e Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear Reactor Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC Bio-fuels Bio fuels for Railways and Mass Transport Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence by2030

.Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005

Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for India for 11th & 12th Plans

Supercritical Power Plants

( 11th Plan- 10x660 MW + 2x 800 MW)

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants

CONCLUSIONS The Green Energy solutions

Promote CCT in countries like India & China where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation. Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology CO2 Capture p and Sequestration q Energy Farming Bio-fuels & Biodiesel Energy Efficiency on top of the agenda Major shift towards Green Technologies p of Renewable Energy gy Technologies g in Adoption Rural Sector

CONCLUSIONS
Why invest in Low Carbon Sources of Energy?

In and of itself, the greenhouse effect is certainly not bad. we have it to thank for the existence of life on earth, earth, Theres no question what happens when an atmosphere has a lot of carbon dioxide - at the Venus the surface temperature is high enough Venus, to melt lead. What alarms environmental scientists is that, carbon dioxide has a long lifetime once its in the atmosphere- about a century,

...CONCLUSIONS
There is so much momentum in the system that we almost certainly will double the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by the end of the twenty-first century, century present level 420 ppm But if you divide the current amount of carbon dioxide produced by a country by the number of people, the United States and Europol produce 20 to 50 times the amount per person than the developing nations. India is at the level of 2 tCO2/Yr O / per person There is a serous under-investment today in research in basic energy technology such as photovoltaic materials for cost costeffective solar cells, membrane materials for better fuel cells, and wide band-gap semiconductors for power electronics, Helium 3 Fusion will be a reality by 2050 and fusion offers a most viable long term solution as NO carbon Energy Source - Must invest in basic research of Science & Technology.

RGTU INITIATIVES
Hybrid power plant of Wind, Solar & Biomass has been setup p which will p pave way y for sustainable p power supply pp y for variety of biomass fuels & environment limitations. Biomass Gasifier (10kW) & Bio-diesel Plant (100 LPD) has been commissioned Green Energy Technology Center has been set up to focus on following areas: - Clean Coal Technology gy & CDM - Bio-fuels and bio-diesel - Renewable Energy devices (hybrid) targeted to produce 1 MW Power for the campus - Energy Conservation & Management - CO2 Sequestration & CO2 capture technologies

BIOMASS GASIFIER

AICTE-RPS PROJECT: SOLAR WIND & BIOMASS HYBRID

100 Ltrs. Bio Diesel Reactor commissioned at RGTU

Recent Happenings pp g

10 KWe Bio mass Gasifier installed at RGTU

Impact Green Projects at RGPV

CO2 Capture, Capture Sequestration and Production of Multi-purpose fuels Hydrogen, Methane and Biodiesel through Algae route Production of CNG from Coalgasification route Solar, Wind & Biomass Hybrid System 60 kW Solar-Wind Hybrid system at Hill top of RGTU High yield Jatropha plantation and Bio-diesel Bio diesel production using indigenously designed Bio-diesel reactors