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Snap-Fit
Design Manual
Table of Contents
Topic Part
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction
Types of Snap-Fits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
U
“ “ & L“ “ Shaped Snaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
Snap-Fit Design
This manual will guide you through the About BASF Performance Polymers
basics of snap-fit design, including: types BASF Plastics is a fully integrated, global supplier of
engineering resins “ from production of feedstocks to the
of snap-fit designs and their applications; compounding, manufacture and distribution of hundreds
of resin grades.
how to calculate the strength of the unit and BASF is committed to continuous product development to
sustain rapid growth in the nylon resin market. In our
amount of force needed for assembly; and the
Plastics Technology Laboratory, a highly experienced staff
of research and development engineers continues to
three common causes of failure in snap-fits
develop new resins to further extend the horizons of
and how to overcome them. product performance.
P
“ etra®“ (post-consumer recycled PET)
U
“ ltradur®“ PBT Thermoplastic Polymer
I-1
SNAP-FIT DESIGN APPLICATIONS
I-2
Part II
Types of Snap-Fits
This chapter provides an overview of the different types of When designing a cantilever snap, it is not unusual for the
cantilever snap-fits and gives an idea of when they are used. designer to go through several iterations (changing length,
thickness, deflection dimensions, etc.) to design a snap-fit
Most engineering material applications with snap-fits use the
with a lower allowable strain for a given material.
cantilever design (see Figure II-1) and, thus, this manual will
focus on that design. The cylindrical design can be Other types of snap-fits which can be used are the U “ “
employed when an unfilled thermoplastic material with or L
“ “ shaped cantilever snaps (see Part V for more detail).
higher elongation will be used (a typical application is an These are used when the strain of the straight cantilever
aspirin bottle/cap assembly). snap cannot be designed below the allowable strain for the
given material.
CANTILEVER
Figure II-1
II-1
;;;
Part III
}
P α+ β
ENTRANCE SIDE
W
β
α
RETRACTION SIDE
Mating Force =W
Figure III-2
The overhang typically has a gentle ramp on the entrance
side and a sharper angle on the retraction side. The small
angle at the entrance side (α) (see Figure III-2) helps to The main design consideration of a snap-fit is integrity
reduce the assembly effort, while the sharp angle at the of the assembly and strength of the beam. The integrity of
retraction side (α“) makes disassembly very difficult or the assembly is controlled by the stiffness (k) of the beam
impossible depending on the intended function. Both the and the amount of deflection required for assembly or
assembly and disassembly force can be optimized by disassembly. Rigidity can be increased either by using a
modifying the angles mentioned above. higher modulus material (E) or by increasing the cross
sectional moment of inertia (I) of the beam. The product of
these two parameters (EI) will determine the total rigidity of
a given beam length.
III-1
SNAP-FIT DESIGN USING CLASSICAL BEAM THEORY
The integrity of the assembly can also be improved by Cantilever Beam: Deflection-Strain Formulas
increasing the overhang depth. As a result, the beam
has to deflect further and, therefore, requires a greater P
t
effort to clear the overhang from the interlocking hook.
However, as the beam deflection increases, the beam
stress also increases. This will result in a failure if the beam
stress is above the yield strength of the material. L
b
Thus, the deflection must be optimized with respect to the
yield strength or strain of the material. This is achieved by I ) Uniform Cross Section,
optimizing the beam section geometry to ensure that the Fixed End to Free End
desired deflection can be reached without exceeding the
strength or strain limit of the material.
Stiffness: k = P = Eb t
Y 4 L( ) 3
Strain: e =1.17 t2 Y
L ()
Where:
E = Flexural Modulus
P = Force
Y = Deflection
b = Width of Beam
Figure III-3
III-2
SNAP-FIT DESIGN USING CLASSICAL BEAM THEORY
Close-up of automotive fuse box, snap on sides of box Close-up of automotive fuse box snap
III-3
Part IV
1 Chul S. Lee, Alan Dubin and Elmer D. Jones, S“ hort Cantilever Beam
Deflection Analysis Applied to Thermoplastic Snap-Fit Design,“ 1987 SPE
ANTEC, held in Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
IV-1
IMPROVED CANTILEVER SNAP-FIT DESIGN
8.0
ON A BLOCK
(SOLID WALL)
7.0
6.0 2 4
ON A PLATE
(OR THIN WALL)
DEFLECTION MAGNIFICATION FACTOR Q
3
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
IV-2
IMPROVED CANTILEVER SNAP-FIT DESIGN
DEFLECTION MAGNIFICATION FACTOR Q
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
5T
; 2T
t/2
5T
2.0
2T
1.0
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
IV-3
;
IMPROVED CANTILEVER SNAP-FIT DESIGN
Improved Formulas
MATING FORCE
W = P µ——
P = bt
Where:
——
+—
6L
—
t
∈ = 1.5 —tY
——-
L2 Q
——α
tan
∈
E—
———
——
1– µ tan α
W
b
W = Push-on Force
W’ = Pull-off Force
Y
Figure IV-3
P = Perpendicular Force
P
µ = Coefficient of Friction
α = Lead Angle
α’ = Return Angle
b = Beam Width
t = Beam Thickness
L = Beam Length
E = Flexural Modulus
α
MATERIAL
PEI
PC
Acetal
Nylon 6(4)
PBT
PC/PET
ABS
PET
NOTES:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
August 1989.
Formula
PEI
PC
MATERIAL
Acetal
Nylon 6
PBT
PC/PET
ABS
PET
NOTES:
(1)
Allowable Strain Value, eo
UNFILLED
9.8%(2)
4%(1) - 9.2%(2)
7%(1)
8%(5)
8.8%(2)
5.8%(2)
6% - 7%(3)
Table IV-I
Coefficient of Friction(1)
Table IV-II
2.0%
2.1%(1)
2.0%
1.5%(1)
0.20 - 0.25
0.25 - 0.40
0.20 - 0.35
0.17 - 0.40
0.35 - 0.40
0.40 - 0.50
0.50 - 0.60
0.18 - 0.25
∈ = Strain at Base
∈o = Allowable Material Strain
Q = Deflection Magnification Factor
(refer to Figure IV-2 for proper
Q values)
Y = Deflection
IV-4
;;
IMPROVED CANTILEVER SNAP-FIT DESIGN
t
W
DETERMINE:
Snap-Fit Design Example #1
L
Uniform Beam - Type 4
Y
P
SOLUTION:
GIVEN:
Material ⇒ Ultradur B4300 G3
t = 3 mm
L = 15 mm
b = 6 mm
∈o = 1.5 tY
——
(0.025)(15)2 (2.07)
∈o L—
—- ⇒ Ymax = —
max
L2 Q
1.5 t
—Q—
(PBT)
E = 4830 MPa
µ = 0.3 (From Table
α = 30.0°
IV-II, Coefficient of
Friction)
Figure IV-4
IV-I, Allowable
Strain Value)
P=— bt—
2
—
6L
E—∈
— —o
t
DETERMINE:
Snap-Fit Design Example #2
Uniform Beam - Type 5
∈ = 1.5 —tY
∈ = 1.5 ——
L
——-
L2 Q
L = 3.57 ⇒ Q = 2.7
—
t
P
(0.063)(0.090)
——————— = 6.2%
(0.225)2(2.7)
GIVEN:
Material ⇒ Unfilled
t
Y
L
b
Figure IV-5
SOLUTION:
Acetal
=
=
=
=
0.063 in
0.090 in
0.225 in
0.242 in
6(3)2 (4830)(0.025)
P = ——————————— = 72.45 N
6(15)
W = P µ——
+—tan
——a——
1– µ tan a
0.3 + tan30º
W = 72.45 ———————— = 76.9 N
(72.45)¹ – 0.3 (tan30º)
Therefore, it will take 76.9 N mating force to
assemble parts, if the part deflected to the material’s
allowable strain. Close-up of automotive wheel cover snaps
IV-5
Part V
U
“ “&L
“ “ Shaped Snaps
The L
;;
;
The cantilever beam snap-fit design isn’t appropriate
for all applications. This chapter defines L
snaps and tells when they are used.
“ “ and U
“ “ shaped
Figure V-1
Figure V-2
V-1
“U“ & “L“ SHAPED SNAPS (CONSTANT CROSS SECTION)
L
“ “ SHAPED SNAP–FIT L Shaped Snap-Fit Example
P A) Calculate the minimum length (L2) of the slot (see
sketch, Figure V-3) in the main wall for Ultramid 8233 nylon
in the configuration below. The required deflection is .38
L1
inches.
t
A A
B) Calculate the required force (P) to deflect the
R b
snap .38 inches.
Section
A-A
GIVEN:
L2 ∈8233 = .025
t = .1 in
L1 = .5 in
Figure V-3 R = .12 in
I = Moment of Inertia (rectangle)
(6/∈o)Yt(L1+ R) - 4L13 - 3R(2πL12 + πR2 + 8L1R) 1(.1)3
I = bt =
3
L2 = ——— —————————— ———-----–––——–———— = 8.333(10-5)
12(L1 +R)2 12 12
E = 1.31 (106)
or, b = 1.0 in
Y = .38
P
Y= [4L 3+3R(2πL12 +πR2 + 8L1R) + 12L2(L1 + R)2]
12EI 1 (6/∈) Yt(L + R) - 4L13 - 3R(2πL12 + πR2 + 8L1R)
A) L2 = —–––––———1 ————— ——————————————
12(L1 +R)2
Where:
L2 = Length of slot as shown in sketch (6/.025)(.38)(.1)(.62) - 4(.5)3 - .36[.5π +.122π + 4(.12)]
∈o = Allowable strain of material = —————————————2———————————––
12(.62)
Y = Maximum deflection required in direction
of force
t = Thickness L2 = 0.954 in
L1 = Length as shown in sketch
R = Radius as shown in sketch
(at neutral axis)
B) Y = P [4L13+3R(2πL12 +πR2 + 8L1R) + 12L2(L1 + R)2]
P = Force 12EI
b = Beam Width
E = Flexural Modulus
I = Moment of Inertia .38 = P [4(.5)3+(.36)[.5π+
(12)(1.31)(106)(8.333)(10-5)
.122π+ 8(.5).12]+ 12(0.954)(.62)2]
.38 = P (5.655
1.31(103)
P = 88 lb
V-2
“U“ & “L“ SHAPED SNAPS
Case 1
Case 1
A) Calculate the amount of deflection at the tip of the
Y= ∈ [6L + 9R {L1(2πL1 + 8R) + πR }+
3 2 beam for a 1.0 pound load
9(L1 + R)t 1
P = 1.0 lb
or, I = 0.833 x 10-4 in4 = bt3/12 (rectangular cross section)
E = 534,000 psi
R = 0.15 in
Y = P [6L13 + 9R {L1(2πL1 + 8R) + πR2}+ L1= 1.4 in
18EI L2= 0.973 in
6L2 (3L12 - 3L1L2 +L22 )] t = 0.1 in
b = 1.0 in
Case 2
∈
Y= [4L 13 + 2L 33 +3R {L 1(2πL 1 + 8R) + πR2}]
3(L 1 + R)t
or,
Where:
V-3
“U“ & “L“ SHAPED SNAPS
U
“ “ Shaped Snap Concluding points: Snap-fits can use either the U “ “ or L
“ “
Example #2 shaped design to overcome space limitations. Both the L “ “
and U“ “ shaped snaps effectively reduce strain during
assembly, thus making it ideal for materials with lower
L3
allowable strain limits.
P
L2 L1
R
CASE 2 Example 2
Case 2
A) Calculate the amount of deflection at the tip of the
beam for a 1.0 pound load
GIVEN:
P
Y = [4L 3 + 2L33 + 3R {L1(2πL1 + 8R) + πR2}]
6EI 1
1
= [4(0.7)3 + 2(0.273)3 +
6(534,000)(0.833 x 10-4)
3(0.15){0.7(2π • 0.7 + 8(0.15)) + π (0.15)2}]
= 0.012 in
Inset shot of a U
“ “ shaped snap-fit design
V-4
;;
Part VI
;;;;
General Design Guidelines
Three basic issues should be reviewed before finalizing between the parts, relaxation at the joint can result in loss
a snap-fit design: stress concentration, creep/relaxation, of seal pressure, resulting in leakage of the contained fluid.
and fatigue. Below are descriptions of these problems Another problem often seen is excessive play between the
and suggestions to prevent them. All should be parts due to tolerance variations, sometimes resulting in
considered as part of good design practice for any noise and vibration. Several ways to minimize these
thermoplastic design. phenomena include: designing a low stress snap beam,
designing the snap-fit to incorporate
The single most common cause of failure in snap-fits is a 90° return angle so that it relaxes in tension versus
stress concentration due to a sharp corner between the bending (see Figure VI-2). This will prevent the mating part
snap-fit beam and the wall to which it is attached. Since from slipping past or becoming loose. Another way is to
this location normally coincides with the point of maximum use a large return angle and increase the land length in the
stress, a sharp corner can increase the stress beyond the return angle area (see Figure VI-3). Increasing the
strength of the material, causing point yielding or overhang depth and evaluating the worst case scenario in
breakage. This is more critical for rigid plastics like glass- a tolerance study will allow the design to retain given pull-
reinforced nylon, which have relatively low ultimate off force even after relaxation occurs.
elongation. More ductile materials, like unreinforced nylon,
tend to yield and deform before they break, redistributing
RELAXED POSITION
the peak stress over a broader region. One solution is to (EXAGGERATED)
UNDEFORMED
POSITION
incorporate a fillet radius at the juncture between the beam
and the wall (see Figure VI-1), so that the ratio of radius to UNDEFORMED P
POSITION P
wall thickness (R/t) is at least 50%. Going beyond 50%
results in a marginal increase in strength and may cause
other problems like internal voids and sink marks. If sink
marks are an issue, a smaller radius can be used, but it RELAXATION IN TENSION RELAXATION IN BENDING
may increase the stress in this area. Another option is to
add the radius only on the tensile side of the beam. P = MATING PART FORCE
Figure VI-2
SHARP R=
CORNER .5t MINIMUM
LAND LENGTH
t
POOR DESIGN GOOD DESIGN
Figure VI-1
RETURN ANGLE
VI-1
GENERAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
Concluding points: There are a number of ways to Close-up of truck mirror patch cover
overcome the issues of stress concentration, stress
relaxation and fatigue. A well thought-out design and
using the right polymer for a given application will minimize
these issues. This allows the application to benefit from all
the advantages of a snap-fit design.
Aerator Circular saw handle inset shot featuring snap-fit closure and mating
VI-2
Notes
English/Metric Conversion Chart
To Convert To Multiply
English System Metric System English Value by. . .
DISTANCE
inches millimeters 25.38
feet meters 0.30478
MASS
ounce (avdp) gram 28.3495
pound gram 453.5925
pound kilogram 0.4536
U.S. ton metric ton 0.9072
VOLUME
inch3 centimeter 3 16.3871
inch3 liter 0.016387
fluid ounce centimeter3 29.5735
quart (liquid) decimeter3 (liter) 0.9464
gallon (U.S.) decimeter3 (liter) 3.7854
TEMPERATURE
degree F degree C (°F–32) / 1.8 = °C
PRESSURE
psi bar 0.0689
psi kPa 6.8948
ksi MN/m2 6.8948
psi MPa 0.00689
VISCOSITY
poise Pa “ s 0.1
BENDING MOMENT
OR TORQUE
ft lb N“m 1.356
DENSITY
lb/in3 g/cm3 27.68
lb/ft3 kg /m3 16.0185
NOTCHED IZOD
ft lb/in J/m 53.4
IMPORTANT: WHILE THE DESCRIPTIONS,
DESIGNS, DATA AND INFORMATION
CONTAINED HEREIN ARE PRESENTED IN GOOD
FAITH AND BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE, IT IS
PROVIDED FOR YOUR GUIDANCE ONLY.
BECAUSE MANY FACTORS MAY AFFECT
PROCESSING OR APPLICATION/USE, WE
RECOMMEND THAT YOU MAKE TESTS TO
DETERMINE THE SUITABILITY OF A PRODUCT
FOR YOUR PARTICULAR PURPOSE PRIOR TO
USE. NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE
MADE REGARDING PRODUCTS DESCRIBED OR
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OR THAT THE PRODUCTS, DESIGNS, DATA OR
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AGREE THAT THE DESCRIPTIONS, DESIGNS,
DATA, AND INFORMATION FURNISHED BY BASF
HEREUNDER ARE GIVEN GRATIS AND BASF
ASSUMES NO OBLIGATION OR LIABILITY FOR
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