4G Wireless Systems

Table of contents Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Service Evolution

2 1 !imensionin" Tar"ets 2 2 !imensionin" #b$ectives 2 % &ulti'technolo"y (pproach

7 1%
14 1) 1)

Chapter % The *ser'centric system

% 1 +ey ,eatures of 4G % 1 1 *ser ,riendliness and *ser -ersonali.ation % 1 2 Terminal /etero"eneity and 0et1or2 /etero"eneity

17
13 13 14

Chapter 4

The 5eal Technical Step'*p of 4G

4 1 6Inte"ration7 of /etero"eneous Systems 4 2 System !esi"n 5ules 4 % -rovisionin" of /etero"eneous Services 4 4 &ultimode85econfi"urable and Inter1or2in" !evices

22
2% 24 2) 27

Chapter )

+ey 4G Technolo"ies
) 1 #,!&( ) 2 Soft1are'defined 5atio ) % &ultiple input &ultiple output ) ) Cachin" and -ico cells ) 9 Covera"e

%:
%1 %2 %2 %% %%

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Chapter 9 Conclusion (ppendices

;iblio"raphy <ist of ,i"ures Glossary

%9 %7
%7 %3 %4

(bstract
The ever-increasing growth of user demand, the limitations of the third generation of wireless mobile communication systems and the emergence of new mobile broadband technologies on the mar et have brought researchers and industries to a thorough reflection on the fourth generation! "any #ro#hetic visions have a##eared in the literature #resenting $% as the ultimate boundary of wireless mobile

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4G Wireless Systems communication without any limit to its #otential, but in #ractical terms not giving any design rules and thus any definition of it! The evolution from '% to $% will be driven by services that offer better (uality )e!g! video and sound* than s to greater bandwidth, more so#histication in the association of a large (uantity of information, and im#roved #ersonali+ation! Convergence with other networ )enter#rise, fi,ed* services will come about through the high session data rate! -t will re(uire an always-on connection and a revenue model based on a fi,ed monthly fee! The im#act on networ ca#acity is e,#ected to be significant! "achine-to-machine transmission will involve two basic e(ui#ment ty#es. sensors )which measure #arameters* and tags )which are generally read/write e(ui#ment*! -t is e,#ected that users will re(uire high data rates, similar to those on fi,ed networ s, for data and streaming a##lications! "obile terminal usage )la#to#s, 0ersonal digital assistants, and handhelds* is e,#ected to grow ra#idly as they become more user friendly! 1luid high (uality video and networ reactivity are im#ortant user re(uirements! 2ey infrastructure design re(uirements include. fast res#onse, high session rate, high ca#acity, low user charges, ra#id return on investment for o#erators, investment that is in line with the growth in demand, and sim#le autonomous terminals!

Chapter 1 Introduction
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Introduction

The Second Generation of &obile Communication Systems =2%* was a huge success story because of its revolutionary technology and the services brought to its customers! Besides high (uality s#eech service, global mobility was a strong reason for buying &% terminals! The Third Generation )'%* has been started in some #arts of the world, but the success story of &% is hard to be re#eated ! One reason is that the evolution from &% towards '% has not brought any (ualitatively new service for the customer, leaving the business model largely unchanged! The well nown services #lus some additional ones are #rovided, which may not be enough to encourage the customers to change their e(ui#ment! The lac of innovative services was encountered too late by the %G -artnership -ro$ect )'%00*! -n the latest documents, an attem#t was made to incor#orate some advanced services into the '%00 architecture such as the &ultimedia ;roadcast and &ulticast Service Center )"B"3* in combination with the I- &ultimedia System )-"3*! 4owever, these smaller corrections were made without the #ossibility to ad5ust the access technology #ro#erly ! The u#coming ,ourth Generation )$%* is #ro5ected to solve still-remaining #roblems of the #revious generation and to #rovide a convergence #latform for a wide variety of new services, from high(uality voice to high-definition video, through high-data-rate wireless channels! Various visions of $% have emerged recently among the telecommunication industries, the universities and the research institutes all over the world !

There has been tremendous interest recently in the 1ourth %eneration )$%* mobile communication technologies on the worldwide basis! 6esearch and develo#ment on $% technologies mainly focus on two directions. O#en 7ireless 8rchitecture )O78*, and Cost-effective and s#ectrum-efficient high-s#eed wireless transmission! -t is well #redicted that the business of $% industries will be over 9:;; billion by the year &;&;, and therefore ma5or develo#ed countries have already s#ent huge 6<= funds on this emerging communication technology!

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4G Wireless Systems -n Euro#e, the European Commission )EC* envisions that $% will ensure seamless service #rovisioning across a multitude of wireless systems and networ s, from #rivate to #ublic, from indoor to wide area, and #rovide an o#timum delivery via the most a##ro#riate )i!e!, efficient* networ available! 1rom the service #oint of view, it foresees that $% will be mainly focused on #ersonali+ed services ! -n 8sia, the >a#anese o#erator ?TT =oCo"o has introduced the conce#t of "8%-C for defining $%. "obile multimedia@ anytime, anywhere, anyone@ %lobal mobility su##ort@ integrated wireless solution@ and Customi+ed #ersonal service, which mostly focuses on #ublic systems and treats $% as the e,tension of '% cellular service! This view is referred to as the linear 4G vision and, in essence, focuses on a future $% networ that will generally have a cellular structure and will #rovide very high data rates )e,ceeding 1;; "b/s*! -n general, the latter is also the main tendency in China and 3outh 2orea ! ?evertheless, even if $% is named as the successor of the #revious generations, the future is not limited to cellular systems and $% should not be seen e,clusively as a linear e,tension of '%! -ndia aims to lea#frog to $% )fourth-generation* wireless technologies, s i##ing '% technologies as it has not been found to be cost-effective! Even if $% is named as the successor of #revious 7ireless communication generations, it is not limited to cellular systems, therefore has not to be e,clusively understood as a linear e,tension of '%! ,i"ure1 shows the shift in #aradigm! There is clearly a need for a methodological change in the design of $%! -ndeed, in order to boost innovation and define and solve relevant technical #roblems, the system-level #ers#ective has to be envisioned and understood with a broader view, ta ing the user as its de#arting #oint! This user'centric a##roach can result in a beneficial method for identifying innovation to#ics at AallB the different #rotocol layers and avoiding a #otential mismatch in terms of service #rovisioning and user e,#ectations! 8 new user-centric methodology that considers users as the cornerstone in the design of $% and identifies their functional needs and e,#ectations, reflecting and illustrating them in everyday life situations is needed! -n this way, fundamental user scenarios that im#licitly reveal the ey features of $%, which are then e,#ressed e,#licitly in a new framewor C the Duser-centricE system C that describes the various level of interde#endency among them! This a##roach conse(uently contributes to the identification of the real technical ste#-u# of $% with res#ect to '% and thus to a less #ro#hetic and more #ragmatic definition of the forthcoming technology!

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,i"ure 1 Evolution from 2G to 4G>i? 7hile &% was focused on full coverage for cellular systems offering only one technology and '% #rovides its services only in dedicated areas and introduces the conce#t of vertical handover through the cou#ling with Wireless <ocal (rea 0et1or2 )7G8?* systems, $% will be a convergence #latform e,tended to all the networ layers! "oreover, in order to boost the innovation and define and solve relevant technical #roblems, it has to be envisioned and understood the system level at a broader view, ta ing #rimarily into account the user! This a##roach can result in a beneficial method for identifying innovation to#ics at all the different #rotocol layers! There is clearly a need for a methodological change in the design of the ne,t wireless communication generation The design should be more user-centric to avoid #otential Dflo#E of the system! 1inally, it is also worth to highlight that the forthcoming technology should be as less de#endent as #ossible from any geogra#hical matter, addressing very different mar ets, such as Euro#e, 8sia, and 8merica!

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Chapter 2 Service Evolution

2 1 !imensionin" Tar"ets 2 2 !imensionin" #b$ectives 2 % &ulti'technolo"y (pproach

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Service Evolution

The evolution from '% to $% will be driven by services that offer better (uality )e!g! video and sound* than s to greater bandwidth, more so#histication in the association of a large (uantity of information, and im#roved #ersonali+ation! Convergence with other networ )enter#rise, fi,ed* services will come about through the high session data rate! -t will re(uire an always-on connection and a revenue model based on a fi,ed monthly fee! The im#act on networ ca#acity is e,#ected to be significant! "achine-to-machine transmission will involve two basic e(ui#ment ty#es. sensors )which measure #arameters* and tags )which are generally read/write e(ui#ment*! -t is e,#ected that users will re(uire high data rates, similar to those on fi,ed networ s, for data and streaming a##licationsJivK! "obile terminal usage )la#to#s, 0ersonal digital assistants, handhelds* is e,#ected to grow ra#idly as they become more user friendly! 1luid high (uality video and networ reactivity are im#ortant user re(uirements! 2ey infrastructure design re(uirements include. fast res#onse, high session rate, high ca#acity, low user charges, ra#id return on investment for o#erators, investment that is in line with the growth in demand, and sim#le autonomous terminals! The infrastructure will be much more distributed than in current de#loyments, facilitating the introduction of a new source of local traffic. machine-to-machine! ,i"ure 2 shows one vision of how services are li ely to evolve@ most such visions are similar!

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4G Wireless Systems ,i"ure 2 Service Evolution @ision

2 1 !imensionin" tar"ets
8 sim#le calculation illustrates the order of magnitude! The design target in terms of 6adio #erformance is to achieve a scalable ca#acity from F; to F;;bit/s/4+/ h+ )including ca#acity for indoor use*, as shown in ,i"ure%! 8s a com#arison, the e,#ected best #erformance of '% is around 1; bit/s/4+/ m& using 4igh 3#eed =ownlin 0ac et 8ccess )43=08*, "ulti#le--n#ut "ulti#le-Out#ut )"-"O*, etc! ?o current technology is ca#able of such #erformanceJivK!

,i"ure % !imensionin" EAamples

2 2 !imensionin" ob$ectives
Based on various traffic analyses, the 7ireless 7orld -nitiative )77-* has issued target air interface #erformance figures! 8 consensus has been reached around #ea rates of 1;; "bit/s in mobile situations and 1 %bit/s in nomadic and #edestrian situations, at least as targets! 3o far, in a 1; "4+ s#ectrum, a carrier rate of &; "bit/s has been achieved when the user is moving at high s#eed, and $; "bit/s in nomadic use! These values will double when "-"O is introduced! Clearly, the bitrate should be associated with an amount of s#ectrum! 1or mobile use, a good target is a networ #erformance of F bit/s/4+, rising to : bit/s/4+ in nomadic use!

2 % &ulti'technolo"y (pproach

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4G Wireless Systems "any technologies are com#eting on the road to $%, as can be seen in ,i"ure 4! Three #aths are #ossible, even if they are more or less s#eciali+ed! The first is the '%-centric #ath, in which Code =ivision "ulti#le 8ccess )C="8* will be #rogressively #ushed to the #oint at which terminal manufacturers will give u#! 7hen this #oint is reached, another technology will be needed to reali+e the re(uired increases in ca#acity and data rates! The second #ath is the radio G8? one! 7ides#read de#loyment of 7i1i is e,#ected to start in &;;F for 0Cs, la#to#s and 0=8s! -n enter#rises, voice may start to be carried by Voice over 7ireless G8? )Vo7G8?*! 4owever, it is not clear what the ne,t successful technology will be! 6eaching a consensus on a &;; "bit/s )and more* technology will be a lengthy tas , with too many #ro#rietary solutions on offer! 8 third #ath is -EEE :;&!1He and :;&!&;, which are sim#ler than '% for the e(uivalent #erformance! 8 core networ evolution towards a broadband ?e,t %eneration ?etwor )?%?* will facilitate the introduction of new access networ technologies through standard access gateways, based on ET3--

T-308?, -TU-T, '%00, China Communication 3tandards 8ssociation )CC38* and other standards! 4ow can an o#erator #rovide a large number of users with high session data rates using its e,isting infrastructureM 8t least two technologies are needed! The first )called D#arent coverageE* is dedicated to large coverage and real-time services! Gegacy technologies, such as &%/'% and their evolutions will be com#lemented by 7i1i and 7i"8N! 8 second set of technologies is needed to increase ca#acity, and can be designed without any constraints on coverage continuity! This is nown as #ico-cell coverage! Only the use of both technologies can achieve both targets ),i"ure 4B 4andover between #arent coverage and #ico cell coverage is different from a classical roaming #rocess, but similar to classical handover! 0arent coverage can also be used as a bac -u# when service delivery in the #ico cell becomes too difficult!

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4G Wireless Systems

,i"ure 4 &ultiple #verlay (rchitecture>iv?

Chapter % The *ser'centric system % 1 +ey ,eatures of 4G

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% 1 1 *ser ,riendliness and *ser -ersonali.ation % 1 2 Terminal /etero"eneity and 0et1or2 /etero"eneity

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3
scale!

The *ser'Centric System

-n this section, - list and describe all the ey features derived from the #revious user scenarios! -ns#ired by the 4elioscentric Co#ernican theoryJiK, the user is located in the center of the system and the different ey features defining $% rotate around him on orbits with a distance de#endent on a user'sensitive

% 1 +ey ,eatures of 4G % 1 1 *ser ,riendliness and *ser -ersonali.ation

-n order to encourage #eo#le to move towards a new technology, which is a #rocess that usually ta es a long time and a great deal of effort from the o#eratorsB side, a combination of user friendliness and user #ersonali+ation a##ears to be the winning conce#t! User friendliness e,em#lifies and minimi+es the interaction between a##lications and users than s to a well designed trans#arency that allows the users and the terminals to naturally interact )e!g!, the integration of new s#eech interfaces is a great ste# for achieving this goal*! 1or instance, consider a scenario 8, where even before leaving home to reach the #lace of a wor a##ointment, users would li e to receive information about train/subway schedules, door-to-door delays, and so forth, as well as more #ersonali+ed information, such as nowing how long it ta es to wal ing to be on schedule in order to eventually wait for the ne,t train! 8ccording to the usersB decisions, their time-#lan must conse(uently be scheduled in the most efficient way! =uring their stay on the train, users would li e to download e-mails, listen to radio, watch TV, and so on! 1inally, before they get off the last #lanned train, the most time-saving e,it and way to reach their final destination must be multimedia format. User #ersonali+ation refers to the way users can configure the o#erational mode of their device and #reselect the content of the services chosen according to their #references! 3ince every new technology is designed ee#ing in mind the #rinci#al aim to #enetrate the mass mar et and to have a strongly im#act on #eo#leBs lifestyles, the new conce#ts introduced by $% are based on the assum#tion that each user wants to BVUCOE 1$ nown and available in

4G Wireless Systems be considered as a distinct, valued customer who demands s#ecial treatment for his or her e,clusive needs! Therefore, in order to embrace a large s#ectrum of customers, user #ersonali+ation must be #rovided with high granularity, so that the huge amount of information is filtered according to the usersB choices! This can be illustrated in scenario where users can receive targeted #o#-u# advertisements! The combination between user #ersonali+ation and user friendliness #rovides users with easy management of the overall features of their devices and ma,imum e,#loitation of all the #ossible a##lications, thus conferring the right value to their e,#ense!

% 1 2 Terminal /etero"eneity and 0et1or2 /etero"eneity

-n order to be a ste# ahead of '%, $% must not only #rovide higher data rates but also a clear and tangible advantage in #eo#leBs everyday life! Therefore, we believe that the success of $% will consist of a combination of terminal hetero"eneity and net1or2 hetero"eneity! Terminal heterogeneity refers to the different ty#es of terminals in terms of dis#lay si+e, energy consum#tion, #ortability/weight, com#le,ity, and so forth ),i"ure)*! ?etwor heterogeneity is related to the increasing heterogeneity of wireless networ s due to the #roliferation in the number of access technologies available )e!g!, U"T3, 7i"8N, 7i-1i, Bluetooth*! These heterogeneous wireless access networ s ty#ically differ in terms of coverage, data rate, latency, and loss rate! Therefore, each of them is #ractically designed to su##ort a different set of s#ecific services and devices! 8s e,#lained below, $% will encom#ass various ty#es of terminals, which may have to #rovide common services inde#endently of their ca#abilities! Therefore, tailoring content for end-user devices will be necessary in order to o#timi+e the service #resentation! 1urthermore, the ca#abilities of the terminal in use will determine whether or not new services are to be #rovisioned, so as to offer the best en5oyment to the user and #revent declining interest and elimination of a service offering! This conce#t is referred to as service personali.ation! -t im#licitly constrains the number of access technologies su##ortable by the userBs #ersonal device! 4owever, this limitation may be solved in the following ways.

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4G Wireless Systems ,i"ure ) /etero"eneous Terminals

% 1 2 1 ;y the development of devices 1ith 6evolutionary desi"n 7

8 naive e,am#le can clarify this conce#t. in the case where a user has a watch-#hone on which he would li e to see a football match, sim#ly by #ressing a button on the watchBs side, a self e,tracting monitor with a larger dis#lay can emerge! Therefore, having the most ada#table device in terms of design can #rovide customers with the most com#lete a##lication #ac age, thus ma,imi+ing the number of services su##ortedJiK!

% 1 2 2 ;y mean of a 6personali.ation transfer 7

8n e,am#le can clarify this conce#t. in the case where the user has a watch-#hone on which he would li e to see a video, he does not need to #ossess larger dis#lay terminals, as all the #ublicly available terminals can be borrowed for the dis#laying time! Therefore, the advantage for the customers is to buy a device on which they have the #otential to get the right #resentation for each service, freeing it from its intrinsic restrictions! 1urthermore, in a #rivate environment, users can o#timi+e the service #resentation as they wish, thus e,#loiting the multi#le terminals they have at dis#osal! The several levels of de#endency highlighted by the Duser centricE system definitely stress the fact that it is not feasible to design $% starting from the access technology in order to satisfy the userBs re(uirements! 8 conte,tual and a strong #reliminary consideration of the user are a more relevant and a##ro#riate a##roach to the design!

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4G Wireless Systems

Chapter4 The 5eal Technical Step'*p of 4G 4 1 6Inte"ration7 of /etero"eneous Systems

4 2 System !esi"n 5ules 4 % -rovisionin" of /etero"eneous Services 4 4 &ultimode85econfi"urable and Inter1or2in" !evices

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4G Wireless Systems

The 5eal Technical Step'*p of 4G

4 1 6Inte"ration7 of /etero"eneous Systems

The real technical ste#-u# of $% with res#ect to '% can be summari+ed with the word integration C seamless integration of already e,isting and new networ s, services, and terminals, in order to satisfy everincreasing user demands!

,i"ure 9 /etero"eneous 0et1or2s

4 2 System !esi"n 5ules

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4G Wireless Systems 6egardless of the actual technology, the forthcoming generation will be able to allow com#lete intero#erability among heterogeneous networ s and associated technologies, thus #roviding clear advantages in terms of.

4 2 1 Covera"e
-n 1ig! F, the shift in #aradigm is shown. while &% was focused on full coverage for cellular systems offering only one technology and '% #rovides its services only in dedicated areas and introduces the conce#t of vertical handover through the cou#ling with wireless local area networ )7G8?* systems,$% will be a convergence #latform e,tended to all the networ layers! 4ence, the user will be connected almost anywhere than s to wides#read coverage due to the e,#loitation of the various networ s available! -n #articular, service #rovision will be granted with at least the same level of (uality of service )Oo3* when #assing from one networ Bs su##ort to that of another one!

4 2 2 ;and1idth
6esource sharing among the various networ s available will smooth the #roblem related to the s#ectrum limitations relative to '%!

4 2 % -o1er consumption
Battery drain is a chronic #roblem of wireless devices and battery technology is not #rogressing at an a##ro#riate #ace! 1or e,am#le, &% mobile #hones were shi##ed out with one battery, whereas '% ones are shi##ed out with two batteries! Therefore, if we follow this '% rule, #ower consum#tion will increase #ro#ortionally to more advanced services! 1or e,am#le, a cellular system that also su##orts short-range communications among the terminals can achieve the goals outlined above! The rationale for introducing short-range communications is mainly due to the need to su##ort #eer-to-#eer )0&0* high-s#eed wireless lin s between mobile stations )"3s* and to enhance the communication between an "3 and the base station )B3* by fostering coo#erative communication #rotocols among s#atially #ro,imate devices! This communication enhancement #rimarily refers to higher lin reliability, larger coverage, higher s#ectral efficiency, and lower #ower consum#tion due to the use of e,clusive coo#erative stations )e!g!, relay stations )63s* de#loyed by o#erators* or shortrange communications among different "3s! -ndeed, the conce#t of cooperation introduces a new form of diversity where terminals are less susce#tible to channel variations and shadowing effects! This results in an im#rovement of the reliability of the communication and the e,tension of the coverage! 1urthermore,

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4G Wireless Systems whereas in voice networ s the resources are dedicated se#arately for each user, in cellular-controlled shortrange data networ s it is #ossible to grou# users in clusters and gain the following advantages. Only the cluster head )C4* needs to have a dedicated channel to the B3, while the other "3s can communicate using unlicensed bands@ thus, more bandwidth is not re(uired! The C4 selection is an im#ortant issue that should ta e into account, among other factors, the channel conditions of the shortrange lin s )63-"3 and "3-"3* and the long-range ones )B3-"3*, the available rate, the s#eed, the location, the com#utational #ower, and the residual energy of the "3s! =ue to the short range of the transmissions #erformed by the "3s to the C4, it is #ossible to reduce their #ower consum#tion and hence #rolong their battery life!

4 % -rovisionin" of /etero"eneous Services

3ervices are heterogeneous in nature )e!g!, different ty#es of services such as audio, video, #o#-u# advertisements, etc!*, (uality, and accessibility! -n fact, at a certain time and #lace, the (uality of and the accessibility to a service may not be the same due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of the networ ! 1or instance, users in #ro,imity to the sho##ing mall but outside the coverage of a 7G8? can still receive #o#u# advertisements by e,#loiting a #ossible multiho# ad hoc networ in their surroundings! Therefore, than s to the dynamics of the networ environment )in which the number of users, terminals, to#ology, etc! can change*, $% ma,imi+es the #robability to #rovide users with the re(uested connectivity! Therefore, contrary to the #revious generations, the services #rovided in $% will de#end on the time, #lace, terminal, and user. S2G C constD =%B S%G C f =placeBD =4B S4G C f=timeD placeD terminalD userBD =)B where the service #rovisioning de#ends on terminal and user because of terminal heterogeneity and service #ersonali+ation, and user #ersonali+ation, res#ectively! 8#art from some soft additional emerging services )e!g!, fast -nternet connection, #o#-u# advertisements, etc!*, there is still a lac of really new and distinct services that will enable new a##lications with tangible benefits for their users! Therefore, we envision that the real advantage in terms of services that $% will bring will be based on the integration of technologies designed to match the needs of different mar et segments.

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4G Wireless Systems 3hort-range wireless technologies, such as 7i-1i and Bluetooth, will enable machine-to-machine )"&"* communications, where users sign u# online on the waiting list, which sends them bac the a##ro,imate waiting time, where they can transfer content to a #ublicly available larger dis#lay! -n #articular, from the sociological #oint of view, in the latter case the private and public s#heres are definitely mi,ed! This recombination can result in the enhancement of #ublic access such that the access to dis#lays will be as common as the access to #ublic tele#hone booths is nowadays! 3hort-range wireless technologies also o#en the #ossibility to coo#erative communication strategies, which can #rovide better services at lower costs, thus ma,imi+ing the usersB #rofit! -n this way, they increase the social coo#erative behavior and em#ower the consumer to ma e clever use of it! 4ence, the userBs #ersonal device is no longer a mere medium for transferring information, but a social medium that hel#s to build grou#s and friendshi#s! 3ince '% networ s are not able to deliver multicast services efficiently or at a decent level of (uality, the synergy of Universal "obile Telecommunication 3ystem )U"T3* and digital audio/video broadcasting )=8B/=VB* will o#en the #ossibility to #rovide to mobile users interactive or on demand services C so called T0 data casting C and audio and video streaming in a much more efficient way than using the #oint-to-#oint switch networ ! The embedding in the user terminal of a %lobal 0ositioning 3ystem )%03* receiver will offer the essential feature of location-awareness that is necessary to #rovide users with the most com#rehensive and e,tensive level of information, thus bringing about real revolution in terms of #ersonali+ed services! The user terminal can hence #rovide not only location based information, such as ma#s and directions to follow to reach a s#ecific #lace, but also useful information relevant in time and s#ace, such as #o#-u# advertisements concerning offers in sho#s nearby! 4owever, %03 technology can only su##ort outdoor locali+ation! -ndoor locali+ation, which is im#ortant in order to #rovide, for instance, the guided tour in a museum, re(uires the coo#eration of short-range wireless technologies! 1inally, it is worth highlighting that although users are attracted by high data rates, they would certainly be even more attracted by useful services e,#loiting high data rates! The su##ort of imaging and video as well as high-(uality audio gives service #roviders )30s* a myriad of #ossibilities for develo#ing a##ealing a##lications! These features, blended with the su##ort of high data rates, result in a #articularly attractive combination! -ndeed, in addition to an e,#losive increase in data traffic, we can e,#ect changes on the ty#ically assumed downlin -u#lin traffic imbalance! =ata transfer in the u#lin direction is e,#ected to increase considerably and, as a result of these trends, the mobile user will ultimately become a content #rovider )C0*! -n future wireless networ s, the C0 conce#t will broaden to encom#ass not only the conventional small- or middle-si+e business-oriented service com#anies, but also any single or grou# of users! "obile C0s will o#en u# a new cha#ter in service #rovision! BVUCOE &1

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4 4 &ultimode85econfi"urable and Inter1or2in" !evices

8s illustrated in 1ig! F, $% is characteri+ed by the su##ort of heterogeneous terminals, ranging from #en#hones to cars! 4owever, due to its wide acce#tance and usage in the #ast ten years, the mobile #hone is still e,#ected to be on the ne,t Dedge of the waveE of the mass mar et! -ndeed, while the #enetration of other devices will occu#y a restricted niche role in the mar et )e!g!, #ersonal digital assistants )0=8s*, watch #hones, and #en-#hones will continue to be restricted to an elite grou# of tech-savvy #eo#le*, the mobile #hone will still have no com#etitor in the near future, due to its si+e and weight, which guarantee high #ortability! "oreover, due to the casual and informal feeling it gives, #eo#le will #ay more attention to the #o#-u# advertisements/news/events they receive on it than on any other device! Goo ing at the latest releases of mobile #hones, the actual tendency is to use a %eneral 0ac et 6adio 3ystem )%063* #latform and #rovide users with the most com#lete range of a##lications #ossible, trying to continually include new additional features )e!g!, digital camera recorder, etc!*! On the other hand, the emerging U-"T3 #hones essentially #rovide the #ossibility to su##ort the mobile video communication! 4owever, the real enhancement that '% brings to our everyday life is not really clear! This new a##lication cannot necessarily be considered as the D iller a##lication,E as the (uality of the video is low and it is #ractically limited to a semi-static situation that im#lies a com#lete concentration of users during the conversation )e!g!, it is obviously not #ractical to watch a mobile #hone while wal ing in the street*, restricting the field of action and raising secondary #roblems, such as safety issues )e!g!, for the driver and #edestrians while driving, etc!*! 3ince $% is based on the integration of heterogeneous systems, the future trend of wireless devices will move toward.

4 4 1 &ultimode8reconfi"urable devices
The user terminal is able to access the core networ by choosing one of the several access networ s available and to initiate the handoff between them without the need for networ modification or interwor ing devices! This leads to the integration of different access technologies in the same device )multimodality* or to the use of the software-defined radio )3=6* )reconfigurability* ! 1or e,am#le, whereas the integration of Bluetooth in the user terminal will enable a #ersonali+ation-transfer service, a built-in %03 receiver will allow users to utili+e their #ersonal devices as navigators 5ust by #lugging them in their cars and thus even lighten the number of needed devices! 4owever, the reconfigurability of the user

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4G Wireless Systems terminal could be a ey as#ect that would ma e the future $% technology as highly ada#table as #ossible to the various worldwide mar ets!

4 4 2 EAploitation of Inter1or2in" devices!

-n order to reduce the hardware embedded in the user terminal and the software com#le,ity, the use of interwor ing devices is e,#loited! 1or e,am#le, this is the case of an integrated access #oint )80* #erforming the interwor ing between a wireless metro#olitan area networ )7"8?* technology and a 7G8? technology, such as 7i"8N and 7i-1i, res#ectively. the 7"8? is considered as the bac bone and the 7G8? as the distribution networ @ therefore, instead of integrating both technologies, the user terminal will only incor#orate the 7i-1i card! The #rice to be #aid for this relief is hence an increased system )infrastructure* com#le,ity!

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4G Wireless Systems

Chapter) +ey 4G Technolo"ies

) 1 #,!&( ) 2 Soft1are'defined 5atio ) % &ultiple input &ultiple output ) 4 Cachin" and -ico cells ) ) Covera"e

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4G Wireless Systems

+ey 4G Technolo"ies

3ome of the ey technologies re(uired for $% are briefly described below.

) 1 #,!&(
Orthogonal 1re(uency =ivision "ulti#le,ing )O1="* not only #rovides clear advantages for #hysical layer #erformance, but also a framewor for im#roving layer & #erformance by #ro#osing an additional degree of freedom! Using O=1", it is #ossible to e,#loit the time domain, the s#ace domain, the fre(uency domain and even the code domain to o#timi+e radio channel usage! -t ensures very robust transmission in multi-#ath environments with reduced receiver com#le,ity!

,i"ure 7 #,!& -rinciples>i?

8s shown in ,i"ure 7, the signal is s#lit into orthogonal subcarriers, on each of which the signal is DnarrowbandE )a few 4+* and therefore immune to multi-#ath effects, #rovided a guard interval is inserted between each O1=" symbol! O1=" also #rovides a fre(uency diversity gain, im#roving the #hysical

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4G Wireless Systems layer #erformance! -t is also com#atible with other enhancement technologies, such as smart antennas and "-"O!

) 2 Soft1are defined radio

3oftware =efined 6adio )3=6* benefits from todayBs high #rocessing #ower to develo# multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals! 8lthough in future the terminals will ada#t the air interface to the available radio access technology, at #resent this is done by the infrastructure! 3everal infrastructure gains are e,#ected from 3=6! 1or e,am#le, to increase networ ca#acity at a s#ecific time )e!g! during a s#orts event*, an o#erator will reconfigure its networ adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver 3tation )BT3*! 3=6 ma es this reconfiguration easy! -n the conte,t of $% systems, 3=6 will become an enabler for the aggregation of multi-standard #ico/micro cells! 1or a manufacturer, this can be a #owerful aid to #roviding multi-standard, multi-band e(ui#ment with reduced develo#ment effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel #rocessing!

) % &ultiple'input multiple'output
"-"O uses signal multi#le,ing between multi#le transmitting antennas )s#ace multi#le,* and time or fre(uency! -t is well suited to O1=", as it is #ossible to #rocess inde#endent time symbols as soon as the O1=" waveform is correctly designed for the channel! This as#ect of O1=" greatly sim#lifies #rocessing! The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n antennas! 0rocessing of the received signals may deliver several #erformance im#rovements. range, (uality of received signal and s#ectrum efficiency! -n #rinci#le, "-"O is more efficient when many multi#le #ath signals are received! The #erformance in cellular de#loyments is still sub5ect to research and simulations! 4owever, it is generally admitted that the gain in s#ectrum efficiency is directly related to the minimum number of antennas in the lin !

) 4 Cachin" and -ico Cells

"emory in the networ and terminals facilitates service delivery! -n cellular systems, this e,tends the ca#abilities of the "8C scheduler, as it facilitates the delivery of real-time services! 6esources can be assigned to data only when the radio conditions are favorable! This method can double the ca#acity of a classical cellular system!

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4G Wireless Systems -n #ico cellular coverage, high data rate )non-real-time* services can be delivered even when rece#tion/transmission is interru#ted for a few seconds! Conse(uently, the coverage +one within which data can be received/transmitted can be designed with no constraints other than limiting interference! =ata delivery is #referred in #laces where the bitrate is a ma,imum! Between these areas, the coverage is not used most of the time, creating an a##arent discontinuity! -n these areas, content is sent to the terminal cache at the high data rate and read at the service rate! Coverages are DdiscontinuousE! The advantage of coverage, es#ecially when designed with caching technology, is high s#ectrum efficiency, high scalability )from F; to F;; bit/s/4+*, high ca#acity and lower cost!

) ) Covera"e
Coverage is achieved by adding new technologies )#ossibly in overlay mode* and #rogressively enhancing density! Ta e a 7i"8N de#loyment, for e,am#le. first the #arent coverage is de#loyed@ it is then made denser by adding discontinuous #ico cells, after which the #ico cell is made denser but still discontinuously!

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4G Wireless Systems ,i"ure 3 -ico cell net1or2 desi"n>iv?

1inally the #ico cell coverage is made continuous either by using "-"O or by de#loying another #ico cell coverage in a different fre(uency band =see ,i"ure 4B 0arent coverage #erformance may vary from 1 to &; bit/s/4+/ m, while #ico cell technology can achieve from 1;; to F;; bit/s/4+/ m, de#ending on the com#le,ity of the terminal hardware and software! These #erformances only refer to outdoor coverage@ not all the issues associated with indoor coverage have yet been resolved! 4owever, indoor coverage can be obtained by. !irect penetration@ this is only #ossible in low fre(uency bands )significantly below 1 %4+* and re(uires an e,cess of #ower, which may raise significant interference issues! -ndoor short range radio connected to the fi,ed networ ! Connection via a relay to a #ico cellular access #oint!

,i"ure 4 EAample of deployment in dense traffic areas

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Conclusion

The #rovision of megabit/s data rates to thousands of radio and mobile terminals #er s(uare ilometer #resents several challenges! 3ome ey technologies #ermit the #rogressive introduction of such networ s without 5eo#ardi+ing e,isting investment! =isru#tive technologies are needed to achieve high ca#acity at low cost, but it can still be done in a #rogressive manner! The ey enablers are. 3ufficient s#ectrum, with associated sharing mechanisms! Coverage with two technologies. #arent )&%, '%, 7i"8N* for real-time delivery, and discontinuous #ico cell for high data rate delivery! Caching technology in the networ and terminals! O1=" and "-"O! -0 mobility! "ulti-technology distributed architecture! 1i,ed-mobile convergence )for indoor service*! ?etwor selection mechanisms! "any other features, such as robust transmission and cross-layer o#timi+ation, will contribute to o#timi+ing the #erformance, which can reach between 1;; and F;; bit/s/4+/ m&! The distributed, full -0 architecture can be de#loyed using two main #roducts. base stations and the associated controllers! Terminal com#le,ity de#ends on the number of technologies they can wor with! The minimum number of technologies is two. one for the radio coverage and one for short range use )e!g! 08?s*! 4owever, the #resence of legacy networ s will increase this to si, or seven!

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4G Wireless Systems

7
i ii iii

(ppendices

7 1 5eferences E Fournals and &a"a.ines

3imone 1rattasi, 4anane 1athi, 1ran 4!0 1it+e , and 6am5ee 0rasad, 8alborg University, "arcos =! 2at+, 3amsung Electronics, D!efinin" 4G Technolo"y from the *serGs -erspective7D #ublished by -EEE >an/1eb &;;H 6Third8fourth "eneration 1ireless net1or2s7D #roceeds of the -EEE conference &;;1 2!6!3anthi, %! 3enthil 2umaran, D&i"ration to 4 GE &obile I- based Solutions7D #ublished by -EEE &;;H

iv v

=! 6ouffet, 3! 2erboeuf, G! Cai, V! Ca#devielle, D4G &obile7D technical #a#er #ublished by 8lcatel! Ginda =oyle, 6;eyond %GE 4G ;ased &obile 0et1or2s7

7 2 5eferences E Websites
vi vii viii iA 111 1i2ipedia or" 111 alcatel com 111 ieee or" 111 eurotechnolo"y com

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7 % <ist of ,i"ures and Tables used

1ig!1 1ig!& 1ig!' 1ig!$ 1ig!F 1ig!H 1ig!I 1ig!: 1ig!L

Evolution from 2G to 4G Service Evolution @ision !imensionin" EAamples &ultiple #verlay (rchitecture /etero"eneous Terminals /etero"eneous 0et1or2s #,!& -rinciples -ico cell net1or2 !esi"n EAample of deployment in dense traffic areas

1; 1$ 1$ 1H &; &' '1 '$ 'F

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7 4 Glossary

Access Point(AP). 8n access #oint is a station that transmits and receives data )sometimes referred to as a transceiver*! 8n access #oint connects users to other users within the networ and also can serve as the #oint of interconnection between the 7G8? and a fi,ed wire networ !

Bandwidth. Bandwidth is the width of the range )or band* of fre(uencies that an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium!

Broadband. Broadband refers to telecommunication in which a wide band of fre(uencies is available to transmit information!

CDMA. C="8 is a form of multi#le,ing, which allows numerous signals to occu#y a single transmission channel, o#timi+ing the use of available bandwidth! The technology is used in ultra-high-fre(uency )U41* cellular tele#hone systems in the :;;-"4+ and 1!L-%4+ bands!

Fourth Generation Mobile Systems. $% is the short term for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will su#ersede the third generation )'%*! 7hile neither standards bodies nor carriers have concretely defined or agreed u#on what e,actly $% will be, it is e,#ected that endto-end -0 and high-(uality streaming video will be among $%Ps distinguishing features!

GSM: %3" digiti+es and com#resses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot! IP. The -nternet 0rotocol )-0* is the method or #rotocol by which data is sent from one com#uter to another on the -nternet!

MIM . "-"O )multi#le in#ut, multi#le out#ut* is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multi#le antennas are used at both the source )transmitter* and the destination )receiver*! BVUCOE '&

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FDM. Orthogonal fre(uency-division multi#le,ing )O1="* is a method of digital modulation in which a signal is s#lit into several narrowband channels at different fre(uencies!

Pico Cell. Very small cell in a mobile networ for boosting ca#acity within buildings!

!M"S. U"T3 )Universal "obile Telecommunications 3ervice* is a third-generation )'%* broadband, #ac et-based transmission of te,t, digiti+ed voice, video, and multimedia at data rates u# to & megabits #er second )"b#s*!

#iMA$. 7i"8N )7orldwide -ntero#erability for "icrowave 8ccess* is a wireless industry coalition whose members organi+ed to advance -EEE :;&!1H standards for broadband wireless access ) B78 * networ s!

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