DECLARATION This is to certify that Thesis/Report entitled MICROWAVE BAND PASS FILTERwhich is submitted by us in particalfulfillment of the requirement for

the award of degree B.Tech. in Electronics and communication Engineering to G. B. pant Engineering College comprises only our original work and guidance of our guide

Date:

Name of Students Rahul Kumar(05320902810), Sanjay singh(07020902810), Manish Bansal(08120902810), KuldeepAhirwar(07520902810)

APPROVED BY HOD(ECE) G. B. Pant Engineering College

Certificate
This is to certify that Project entitled MICROWAVE BAND PASS FLTERsubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of degree B.Tech. in Electronics & Communication Engineering at G.B. Pant Engineering College is an authentic work carried out by them under my guidance. I wish all success for their future endeavours.

Mrs. Mamata jain

(HOD ECE)

Mr. Krishna ranshu ranjan

(Assistant professor ECE)

Microwave Band pass flter

Minor Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

B.Tech. In

Electronics and communication Engineering

By Rahul Kumar(05320902810) Sanjay Singh(07020902810) Manish Bansal(08120902810) KuldeepAhirwar(07520902810)
Under the Guidance of Mr .Krishna RanshuRanjan
(Assistant Professor ,ECE)

To Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

G. B. Pant Engineering College

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) OKHLA INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,PHASE-3NEW DELHI-110020

Filter Types
There are four types of filter :Low pass High pass Band pass Band stop LOW PASS FILTER :- The low pass filter allows low frequency signal to be transmitted from the input to the output port with little attenuation .However , as the frequency exceeds a certain cutoff point , the attenuation increase significantly with the result of delivering an amplitude reduced signal to the output . HIGH PASS FILTER :-The high pass filter passes the high frequency signal which is above the cutoff point & attenuates low frequency which is below the cutoff point. BAND PASS FILTER :- The filter that passes the band of frequencies & attenuates all other frequencies which is not coming in this band . BAND STOP FILTER :-The filter that attenuate a band of frequencies that attenuate a band of frequencies & passes the remaining frequencies with little attenuation .

ButterWorth Low pass Filter :-It is also called binomial filter . It exhibits a monotonic attenuation profile. But it has a disadvantage that to achive a steep attenuation trasition from pass band to stop band , a large number of component is needed . To remove this disadvantage chebyshev filter is introduced.

ChebyshevFilter :-This filter has ripple either in passband or stopband for a steeper transition. Elliptic Filter:- This filter has ripple in both bands , passband as well as stopband .This filter has steepest transition.

Parameters
In analysing the various trade off when dealing with filters , the following parameters play key role : insertion loss Ripple Bandwidth Shape factor Quality factor

Insertion loss :- An ideal filter when inserted into the RF ckt. path would introduce no power loss in the pass band i.e. insertion loss is zero But practical filter introduce some power loss . so, the insertion loss quantifies how much below the 0dB line the power amplitude response drops . In mathematically , assuming the filter to a source with zs=zo. IL=10 log(PA/PL) =-20log|S21| where PA =Available power from source PL=Power delivered to the load S21=Filter S parameter ,Characterising signal transmission power from ports to ports . Ripple :-The flatness of the signal in the pass band can be quantified by specifying the ripple o difference between max. and min. amplitude response in either dB or nepers. Bandwidth :- For a band pass filter ,bandwidth defines the difference between upper and lower frequency ,Typically recorded at the points of 3dB attenuation above the passband . BW=fu3dB fl3dB Shape Factor :-This factor describes the sharpness of the response by taking the ratio between the 60 dB & 3B bandwidths SF=BW60dB/BW3dB =fu60dB fl60dB /fu3dB fl3dB Quality Factor :This factor describes the selectivity of the filter . It is defined as the ratio of the average stored energy to the energy loss per cycle at the resonant frequency . Q =2 average energy stored /energy loss per cycle =c In applying this definition , care must be taken to distinguish between an loaded and unloaded filter . When the power loss consists of power loss associated with external load and the filter .the resulting quality factor is named loaded Q or QLD. then,

1/QLD=1/(Power loss in filter /average stored energy )=c 1/QLD=1/QF + 1/QE where QF= Filter Q QE=External Q

Low Pass Filter

By definition, a low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to low-frequency signals and difficult passage to high-frequency signals. There are two basic kinds of circuits capable of accomplishing this objective, and many variations of each one: The inductive low-pass filter in Figure below and the capacitive low-pass filter in Figure below

Inductive low-pass filter The inductor's impedance increases with increasing frequency. This high impedance in series tends to block high-frequency signals from getting to the load.

The response of an inductive low-pass filter falls off with increasing frequency.

Capacitive low-pass filter. The capacitor's impedance decreases with increasing frequency. This low impedance in parallel with the load resistance tends to short out high-frequency signals, dropping most of the voltage across series resistor R1.

The response of a capacitive low-pass filter falls off with increasing frequency. The inductive low-pass filter is the pinnacle of simplicity, with only one component comprising the filter. The capacitive version of this filter is not that much more complex, with only a resistor and capacitor needed for operation. However, despite their increased complexity, capacitive filter designs are generally preferred over inductive because capacitors tend to be purer reactive components than inductors and therefore are more predictable in their behavior. By pure mean that capacitors exhibit little resistive effects than inductors, making them almost 100% reactive. Inductors, on the other hand, typically exhibit significant dissipative (resistor-like) effects, both in the long lengths of wire used to make them, and in the magnetic losses of the core material. Capacitors also tend to participate less in coupling effects with other components (generate and/or receive interference from other components via mutual electric or magnetic fields) than inductors, and are less expensive.

10

However, the inductive low-pass filter is often preferred in AC-DC power supplies to filter out the AC ripple waveform created when AC is converted (rectified) into DC, passing only the pure DC component. The primary reason for this is the requirement of low filter resistance for the output of such a power supply. A capacitive low-pass filter requires an extra resistance in series with the source, whereas the inductive low-pass filter does not. In the design of a high-current circuit like a DC power supply where additional series resistance is undesirable, the inductive low-pass filter is the better design choice. On the other hand, if low weight and compact size are higher priorities than low internal supply resistance in a power supply design, the capacitive low-pass filter might make more sense. All low-pass filters are rated at a certain cutoff frequency. That is, the frequency above which the output voltage falls below 70.7% of the input voltage. This cutoff percentage of 70.7 is not really arbitrary, all though it may seem so at first glance. In a simple capacitive/resistive low-pass filter, it is the frequency at which capacitive reactance in ohms equals resistance in ohms. In a simple capacitive low-pass filter (one resistor, one capacitor), the cutoff frequency is given as:

Inserting the values of R and C from the last SPICE simulation into this formula, we arrive at a cutoff frequency of 45.473 Hz. However, when we look at the plot generated by the SPICE simulation, we see the load voltage well below 70.7% of the source voltage (1 volt) even at a frequency as low as 30 Hz, below the calculated cutoff point. What's wrong? The problem here is that the load resistance of 1 k affects the frequency response of the filter, skewing it down from what the formula told us it would be.

High pass Fillter

High-pass filter's task is just the opposite of a low-pass filter: to offer easy passage of a highfrequency signal and difficult passage to a low-frequency signal. As one might expect, the inductive and capacitive versions of the high-pass filter are just the opposite of their respective low-pass filter designs.

Capacitive high-pass filter. The capacitor's impedance (Figure above) increases with decreasing frequency. (Figure below) This high impedance in series tends to block low-frequency signals from getting to load. 11

The response of the capacitive high-pass filter increases with frequency.

Inductive high-pass filter. The inductor's impedance (Figure above) decreases with decreasing frequency. (Figure below) This low impedance in parallel tends to short out low-frequency signals from getting to the load resistor. As a consequence, most of the voltage gets dropped across series resistor R1.

The response of the inductive high-pass filter increases with frequency. 12

This time, the capacitive design is the simplest, requiring only one component above and beyond the load. And, again, the reactive purity of capacitors over inductors tends to favor their use in filter design, especially with high-pass filters where high frequencies commonly cause inductors to behave strangely due to the skin effect and electromagnetic core losses. As with low-pass filters, high-pass filters have a rated cutoff frequency, above which the output voltage increases above 70.7% of the input voltage. Just as in the case of the capacitive low-pass filter circuit, the capacitive high-pass filter's cutoff frequency can be found with the same formula:

In the example circuit, there is no resistance other than the load resistor, so that is the value for R in the formula.

Periodic Structure
An infinite transmission line or waveguide periodically loaded with reactive elements is an example of a periodic structure. As shown in Figure 8.1, periodic structures can take various forms, depending on the transmission line media being used. Often the loading elements are formed as discontinuities in the line itself, but in any case they can be modeled as lumped reactances in shunt (or series) on a transmission line, as shown in Figure 8.2. Periodic structures support slow-wave propagation (slower than the phase velocity of theunloaded line), and have passband and stopband characteristics similar to those of filters; they find application in traveling-wave tubes, masers, phase shifters, and antennas.

13

Analysis of Infinite Periodic Structures

We first consider the propagation characteristics of the infinite loaded line shown in Figure 8.2. Each unit cell of this line consists of a length, d, of transmission line with a shunt susceptance across the midpoint of the line; the susceptance, b, is normalized to the characteristic impedance, Z0. If we consider the infinite line as being composed of a cascade of identical two-port networks, we can relate the voltages and currents on either side of the nth unit cell using the ABCD matrix.

whereA, B,C, and D are the matrix parameters for a cascade of a transmission line section of length d/2, a shunt susceptanceb, and another transmission line section of length d/2. From Table 4.1 we then have, in normalized form,

14

where = kd, and k is the propagation constant of the unloaded line. The reader can verify thatAD BC = 1, as required for reciprocal networks. For a wave propagating in the +z direction, we must have
V(z) = V(0)e z , I (z) = I (0)e z , (8.3a) (8.3b)

for a phase reference at z = 0. Since the structure is infinitely long, the voltage and current at the nth terminals can differ from the voltage and current at the n + 1 terminals only by the propagation factor, e d . Thus, Vn+1 = Vne d ,(8.4a) In+1 = Ine d .(8.4b) Using this result in (8.1) gives the following:

For a nontrivial solution, the determinant of the above matrix must vanish: AD + e2 d (A + D)ed BC = 0, (8.6) or, since AD BC = 1, 15

1 + e2 d (A + D)ed = 0, ed + ed = A + D, cosh d = A + D/2 = cos b/2 sin, (8.7) where (8.2) was used for the values of A and D. Now, if = + j, we have that cosh d = cosh d cosd + j sinhd sin d = cos b/2 sin. (8.8) Since the right-hand side of (8.8) is purely real, we must have either = 0 or = 0. Case 1: = 0, _= 0. This case corresponds to a nonattenuated propagating wave on the periodic structure, and defines the passband of the structure. Equation (8.8) reduces to cosd = cos b/2 sin, (8.9a) which can be solved for if the magnitude of the right-hand side is less than or equal to unity. Note that there are an infinite number of values of that can satisfy (8.9a). Case 2: _= 0, = 0, . In this case the wave does not propagate, but is attenuated along the line; this defines the stopband of the structure. Because the line is lossless, power is not dissipated, but is reflected back to the input of the line. The magnitude of (8.8) reduces to

which has only one solution ( >0) for positively traveling waves; <0 applies for negatively traveling waves. If cos (b/2) sin 1, (8.9b) is obtained from (8.8) by letting = ; then all the lumped loads on the line are /2 apart, yielding an input impedance the same as if = 0. Thus, depending on the frequency and normalized susceptance values, the periodically loaded line will exhibit eitherpassbands or stopbands, and so can be considered as a type of filter. It is important to note that the voltage and current waves defined in (8.3) and (8.4) are meaningful only when measured at the terminals of the unit cells, and do not apply to voltages and currents that may exist at points within a unit cell. These waves are similar to 16

the elastic waves (Bloch waves) that propagate through periodic crystal lattices. Besides the propagation constant of the waves on the periodically loaded line, we will also be interested in the characteristic impedance for these waves. We can define a characteristic impedance at the unit cell terminals as

The solutions correspond to the characteristic impedance for positively and negatively traveling waves, respectively. For symmetric networks these impedances are the same except for the sign; the characteristic impedance for a negatively traveling wave is negative because we have defined In in Figure 8.2 as always being in the positive direction. From (8.2) we see that B is always purely imaginary. If = 0, _= 0 (passband), then (8.7) shows that cosh d = A 1 (for symmetric networks), and (8.12) shows that ZB will be real. If _= 0, = 0 (stopband), then (8.7) shows that cosh d = A 1, and (8.12) shows that ZB is imaginary. This situation is similar to that for the wave impedance of a waveguide, which is real for propagating modes and imaginary for cutoff, or evanescent, modes. Terminated Periodic Structures Next consider a truncated periodic structure terminated in a load impedance ZL, as shown in Figure 8.3. At the terminals of an arbitrary unit cell, the incident and reflected voltages

17

and currents can be written as (assuming operation in the passband) Vn= V+0ejnd+ -0e jnd(8.13a) In = I+0ejnd+ I0-e jnd=V0+/Z+Bejnd+V0-/Z-Be jnd(8.13b)
where we have replaced z in (8.3) with jndsince we are interested only in terminal quantities. Now define the following incident and reflected voltages at the nth unit cell:

In order to avoid reflections on the terminated periodic structure we must have ZL = ZB, which is real for a lossless structure operating in a passband. If necessary, a quarterwave transformer can be used between the periodically loaded line and the load. k - Diagrams and Wave Velocities When studying the passband and stopband characteristics of a periodic structure, it is useful to plot the propagation constant, , versus the propagation constant of the unloaded line, 18

k(or ). Such a graph is called a k- diagram, or Brillouindiagram, after L. Brillouin, a physicist who studied wave propagation in periodic crystal structures. The k- diagram can be plotted from (8.9a), which is the dispersion relation for a general periodic structure. In fact, a k- diagram can be used to study the dispersion characteristics of many types of microwave components and transmission lines. For instance, consider the dispersion relation for a waveguide mode:

wherekcis the cutoff wave number of the mode, k is the free-space wave number, and is the propagation constant of the mode. Relation (8.19) is plotted in the k- diagram of Figure 8.4. For values of k <kcthere is no real solution for , so the mode is nonpropagating. For k >kcthe mode propagates, and k approaches for large values of (TEM propagation). The k- diagram is also useful for interpreting the various wave velocities associated with a dispersive structure. The phase velocity is vp= /= ck/ , (8.20)

which is seen to be equal to c (speed of light) times the slope of the line from the origin to the operating point on the k- diagram. The group velocity is vg= d/d= cdk/d , (8.21) which is the slope of the k- curve at the operating point. Thus, referring to Figure 8.4, we see that the phase velocity for a propagating waveguide mode is infinite at cutoff and approachesc (from above) as kincreases. The group velocity, however, is zero at cutoff and approachesc (from below) as kincreases. We finish our discussion of periodic structures with a practical example of a capacitively loaded line.

19

FILTER DESIGN BY THE IMAGE PARAMETER METHOD The image parameter method of filter design involves the specification of passband and stopband characteristics for a cascade of simple two-port networks, and so is related in concept to the periodic structures of Section 8.1. The method is relatively simple but has the disadvantage that an arbitrary frequency response cannot be incorporated into the design. This is in contrast to the insertion loss method, which is the subject of the following section. Nevertheless, the image parameter method is useful for simple filters, and it provides a link between infinite periodic structures and practical filter design. The image parameter method also finds application in solid-state traveling-wave amplifier design. Image Impedances and Transfer Functions for Two-Port Networks We begin with definitions of the image impedances and voltage transfer function for an arbitrary reciprocal two-port network; these results are required for the analysis and design of filters by the image parameter method. Consider the arbitrary two-port network shown in Figure 8.7, where the network is specified by its ABCD parameters. Note that the reference direction for the current at port 2 has been chosen according to the convention for ABCD parameters. The image impedances, Zi1 and Zi2, are defined for this network as follows: Zi1 = input impedance at port 1 when port 2 is terminated with Zi2 Zi2 = input impedance at port 2 when port 1 is terminated with Zi1. Thus both ports are matched when terminated in their image impedances. We can derive expressions for the image impedances in terms of the ABCD parameters of the network.

20

21

Two important types of two-port networks are the T and circuits, which can be made in symmetric form. Table 8.1 lists the image impedances and propagation factors, along with other useful parameters, for these two networks. Constant-k Filter Sections We can now develop low-pass and high-pass filter sections. First consider the T-network shown in Figure 8.9. Intuitively, we can see that this is a low-pass filter network because the series inductors and shunt capacitor tend to block high-frequency signals while passing 22

low-frequency signals. Comparing with the results given in Table 8.1, we have Z1 = jL andZ2 = 1/jC, so the image impedance is

and a nominal characteristic impedance, R0, as

2. For>c: This is the stopband of the filter section. Equation (8.35) shows that ZiT is imaginary, and (8.36) shows that eis real and 1 <e<0 (as seen from the limits as cand ). The attenuation rate for cis 40 dB/decade. Typical phase and attenuation constants are sketched in Figure 8.10. Observe that the attenuation, , is zero or relatively small near the cutoff frequency, although as.This type of filter is known as a constant-k low-pass prototype. There are only

23

two parameters to choose (L and C), which are determined by c, the cutoff frequency, andR0, the image impedance at zero frequency. The above results are valid only when the filter section is terminated in its image impedance at both ports. This is a major weakness of the design because the image impedance is a function of frequency, and is not likely to match a given source or load impedance. This disadvantage, as well as the fact that the attenuation is rather low near cutoff, can be remedied with the modified m-derived sections to be discussed shortly. For the low-pass -network of Figure 8.9, we have that Z1 = jLand Z2 = 1/jC, so the propagation factor is the same as that for the low-pass T-network. The cutoff frequency, c, and nominal characteristic impedance, R0, are the same as the corresponding quantities for the T-network as given in (8.33) and (8.34). At = 0 we have that ZiT= Zi = R0, where Zi is the image impedance of the low-pass -network, but ZiT andZi are generally not equal at other frequencies. High-pass constant-k sections are shown in Figure 8.11; we see that the positions of the inductors and capacitors are reversed from those in the low-pass prototype. The design equations are easily shown to be

m-Derived Filter Sections We have seen that the constant-k filter section suffers from the disadvantages of a relatively slow attenuation rate past cutoff, and a nonconstant image impedance. The m-derived filter section is a modification of the constant-k section designed to overcome these problems. As shown in Figure 8.12a, b the impedances Z1 and Z2 in a constant-k T-section are replaced withZ1 and Z2, and we let

24

Z1=mZ1 .

25

If we restrict 0 < m <1, then these results show that eis real and |e| >1 for >c. Thus the stopband begins at = c, as for the constant-k section. However, when = , where
=c/ 1 m2

the denominators vanish and ebecomes infinite, implying infinite attenuation. Physically, this pole in the attenuation characteristic is caused by the resonance of the series LC resonator in the shunt arm of the T; this is easily verified by showing that the resonant frequency of this LC resonator is . Note that (8.44) indicates that >c, so infinite attenuation occurs after the cutoff frequency, c, as illustrated in Figure 8.14. The position of the pole at can be controlled with the value of m.

We now have a very sharp cutoff response, but one problem with the m-derived section is that its attenuation decreases for > . Since it is often desirable to have infinite attenuation as , the m-derived section can be cascaded with a constant-k section to 26

give the composite attenuation response shown in Figure 8.14. The m-derived T-section was designed so that its image impedance was identical to that of the constant-k section (independent of m), so we still have the problem of a nonconstant image impedance. However, the image impedance of the -equivalent will depend onm, and this extra degree of freedom can be used to design an optimum matching section. The easiest way to obtain the corresponding -section is to consider it as a piece of an infinite cascade of m-derived T-sections, as shown in Figure 8.15. Then the image impedance of this network is, using the results of Table 8.1 and (8.35),

Since this impedance is a function of m, we can choose m to minimize the variation of Zi over the passband of the filter. Figure 8.16 shows this variation with frequency for several values of m; a value of m = 0.6 generally gives the best results. This type of m-derived section can then be used at the input and output of the filter to provide a nearly constant impedance match to and from R0. However, the image impedance of the constant-k and m-derived T-sections, ZiT, does not match Zi; this problem can be surmounted by bisecting the -sections, as shown in Figure 8.17. The image impedances

of this circuit are Zi1 = ZiTand Zi2 = Zi , which can be shown by finding its ABCD parameters:

27

Composite Filters By combining in cascade the constant-k, m-derived sharp cutoff and the m-derived matching sections we can realize a filter with the desired attenuation and matching properties.

This type of design is called a composite filter, and is shown in Figure 8.18. The sharpcutoff section, with m <0.6, places an attenuation pole near the cutoff frequency to provide a sharp attenuation response; the constant-k section provides high attenuation further into thestopband. The bisected- sections at the ends of the filter match the nominal source and load impedance, R0, to the internal image impedances, ZiT, of the constant-k and m-derived sections. Table 8.2 summarizes the design equations for low- and high-pass composite filters; notice that once the cutoff frequency and impedance are specified, there is only one degree of freedom (the value of m for the sharp-cutoff section) left to control the filter response. The following example illustrates the design procedure.

28

Filter Transformation :29

Lowpass to highpass The frequency transformation required in this case is:

where c is the point on the highpass filter corresponding to c' on the prototype. The transfer function then transforms as:

Inductors are transformed into capacitors according to,

and capacitors are transformed into inductors,

the primed quantities being the component value in the prototype. Lowpass to bandpass In this case, the required frequency transformation is:

where Q is the Q-factor and is equal to the inverse of the fractional bandwidth:

If 1 and 2 are the lower and upper frequency points (respectively) of the bandpass response corresponding to c' of the prototype, then, and is the absolute bandwidth, and 0 is the resonant frequency of the resonators in the filter. Note that frequency scaling the prototype prior to lowpass to bandpass transformation does not affect the resonant frequency, but instead affects the final bandwidth of the filter. The transfer function of the filter is transformed according to:

30

The prototype filter above, transformed to a 50, 6MHz bandpass filter with 100kHz bandwidth Inductors are transformed into series resonators,

and capacitors are transformed into parallel resonators,

Example 1

AIM: - Design a hi-lo impedance low pass filter having a maximally flat response and a cut off frequency of 2.5 GHz. It is necessary to have more than 10 dB insertion loss at 4 GHz. The filter impedance is 50 ; the highest practical line impedance is 120 , and the lowest is 20 . Consider the effect of losses when this filter is implemented with a microstrip substrate having h=0.158 cm, r=4.2, tan =0.02, and copper conductor of 0.5 mil thickness. DESIGN STEPS: Series inductor can be replaced by high impedance line. Shunt capacitor can be replaced by low impedance line. CALCULATION :31

For fc=2.5 GHz and above 10 dB insertion loss at 4 GHz the filter will be a 3rd order filter. electrical length is given by l=LZ0/Zh ................... for inductor

l=CZl/Z0

................... for capacitor

where L and C are normalised element values and Z0 is filter impedance. Zh= 120 ; Zl= 20 For a 3rd order filter; g1= 1.0=L1, g2=2.0=C2, g3=1.0=L3

The required electrical length, physical microstrip line width, and length are given below:-

Section 1 2 3

Z() 120 20 120

l (degree) 23.87 45.8 23.87

W (mm) 0.417 11.591 0.417

l (mm) 4.675 7.863 4.675

TLINE SCHEMATIC:-

32

After analyzing the circuit, S-parameters on a rectangular plot are as follow: TLINE PLOT:-

33

MLINE PLOT:-

34

SONNET PPLOT:-

35

Example 2

AIM: - Design a hi-lo impedance low pass filter having a maximally flat response and a cut off frequency of 2.5 GHz. It is necessary to have 20 dB insertion loss at 4 GHz. The filter impedance is 50 ; the highest practical line impedance is 120 , and the lowest is 20 . Consider the effect of losses when this filter is implemented with a microstrip substrate having h=0.158 cm, r=4.2, tan =0.02, and copper conductor of 0.5 mil thickness.

For fc=2.5 GHz and above 10 dB insertion loss at 4 GHz the filter will be a 5th order filter. For a 5th order filter; g1=0.6180=g5, g2=1.6180=g4, g3==2.000

The required electrical length, physical microstrip line width, and length are given below:Section 1 2 3 4 5 Z() 120 20 120 20 120 l (degree) 14.75 37.08 47.75 37.08 14.75 W (mm) 0.417 11.59 0.417 11.59 0.417 l (mm) 2.888 6.3662 9.351 6.3662 2.888

TLINE SCHEMATIC:-

36

After analyzing the circuit, S-parameters on a rectangular plot are as follow:

MLINE SCHEMATIC:-

37

MLINE PLOT:-

38

SONNET SCHEMATIC:-

SONNET PLOT:-

39

Example 3

AIM:-Design a low pass filter for fabrication using microstrip lines. The specifications are: cut off frequency of 4GHz, 3rd order, impedance of 50 , and a 3 dB equal ripple characteristics. For a 3rd order equal ripple filter, g1= g3=3.3487, g2=0.7117 After applying Richard transformation and Kuroda identity final structure can be drawn as follow: TLINE SCHEMATIC:-

40

After analyzing the circuit, S-parameters on a rectangular plot are as follow:

MLINE SCHEMATIC:-

41

MLINE PLOT:-

42

SONNET SCHEMATIC:-

SONNET PLOT:-

43

Example 4

AIM:-Design a low pass filter for fabrication using microstrip lines. The specifications are: cut off frequency of 4GHz, 5th order, impedance of 50 , and a 0.5 dB equal ripple characteristics. For a 5th order equal ripple filter, g1=1.7058=g5, g2=1.2296=g4, g3=2.5408

44

After applying Richard transformation and Kuroda identity final structure can be drawn as follow: TLINE SCHEMATIC:-

After analyzing the circuit, S-parameters on a rectangular plot are as follow:

MLINE SCHEMATIC:-

45

MLINE PLOT:-

46

SONNET SCHEMATIC:-

SONNET PLOT:-

47

48