Computer Network (EC-344)

Computer network: a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology

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A Communications Model

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Data Communications Model

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Types of Communication networks

Analog (AM/FM) Digital (GSM/CDMS etc.) Backbone/ Backhaul (Optical Fiber Network) Access (GSM, WiFi, LAN etc.) Broadcast (TV, FM, AM radio, one to many) Multicast (Selected group only) Unicast (one to one) Computer network (LAN & WLAN) Internet Circuit switched (Conventional Telephone networks/PSTN) Packet switched (Internet)
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DATA COMMUNICATIONS

The term telecommunication means communication at a distance.

The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.
Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.

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Components of a data communication system

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Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any medium which can transport a signal carrying information.

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Network Criteria

Performance
Depends on Network Elements Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput

Reliability
Failure rate of network components Measured in terms of availability/robustness

Security
Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
Errors Malicious users

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Physical Structures of networks Type of Connection

Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission

Physical Topology
Connection of devices Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast

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Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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Categories of topology

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A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

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A star topology connecting four stations

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A bus topology connecting three stations

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A ring topology connecting six stations

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A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

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Categories of Networks
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Short distances Designed to provide wired local interconnectivity

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Provides wireless connectivity over small area, Ex. WiFi

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Long distances Provide connectivity over large areas

Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

Personal Area Network (PAN)

Provides connectivity over very small area, Ex. Bluetooth
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An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

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Transmission Media
Twisted pair Most common: STP: shielded twisted pair UTP: unshielded twisted pair (e.g. Telephone cable, Ethernet 10BaseT (RJ45)) Coaxial cable Thin (similar to TV cable) Thick (e.g., 10Base5, ThickNet) Optical Fiber Wireless (Connectionless/ connection oriented)
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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Broadband Network
Provides multimedia integrated services (Transportation through same medium)
Voice Video Data

Transports very high data rate signals Examples :- B-ISDN, WiMAX, Optical transmission lines, Leased lines etc.

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Broadband Network (Cont.)

Broadband networks can be classified as
Wide Area Network (WAN) (Transports signals over long distances)
Optical fiber backbone network Lease lines Satellites Communication Telecommunication networks (BS to BS or backbone network)

Access network (BS or local exchange to customer

Cable modem , DSL & ADSL Wireless Local Loop (WLL) WiMAX

Telecommunication Networks from BS to MS (3G networks like UMTS/CDMA 2000)

BS=Base Station MS= Mobile Station

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Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Technologies

WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WiMAX forum is a non-profitable group WiMAX forum ensures the interoperability of devices developed by various vendors using IEEE 802.16 specifications
WiMAX forum Promote the development and deployment of WiMAX systems

LTE (Long Term Evolution) rival technology to WiMAX, developed by Ericsson company.

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Types of Services based on data rate & delay

CBR (constant bit rate:) VBR(Variable bit rate) ABR (Available Bit Rate:-minimum guarantee rate) UBR (Unspecified bit rate: Traffic is allocate to all) Services based on type of QoS (Quality of Service)
UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service) ertps (extended real time polling service) rtps (real tile polling service) nrtps (non real time polling service) BE (Best Effort service)
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Computer Network Devices

Hub Device that acts as a central point for LAN cables Take incoming data from one port & send to all other ports Switch Moves data from input to output port. Analyzes packet to determine destination port and makes a virtual connection between the ports. Concentrator or repeater/ regenerator Regenerates data passing through it Bridge Connects two LANs or two segments of a LAN Connection at data link layer (layer 2) Router Determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded Connects different types of local and wide area networks at network layer (layer 3)
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OSI reference model

Developed by ISO (International Standard Organization) OSI (Open System Inter Connection)

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OSI cont.
Application Layer: provides a means for similar or dissimilar application processes to exchange information. Presentation Layer: presentation of information in a way that is meaningful to the network devices.
Session Layer: organize and synchronize a given dialog occurring between devices and to manage the data exchange. Transport Layer: responsible for providing data transfer between two users at an agreed-upon level of quality.
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OSI cont.
Network Layer: responsible for establishing, maintaining and terminating the network connection, routing data from one network device to another.
Data Link Layer: responsible for providing reliable data transmission.

Physical layer: responsible for the transmission of bit streams across a transmission channel.

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TCP/IP (Internet) Reference model

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TCP/IP ref. model

The functions of application and transport layer are same as of OSI ref. model
Internet layer uses IP addresses for routing and destination device identification. Host to network layer combines functions of physical and data link layers

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Packet Encapsulation
The data is sent down the protocol stack at transmitter Each layer adds header to SDU passed from upper layer At receivers the headers are removed in reverse order

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes

4Bytes

46 OPM to 1500 Bytes

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