Matematica

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2005
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Autori:
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
gr.
gr.
gr.
gr.
gr.
gr.
dr.
gr.
I,
I,
I,
I,
I,
I,
Florica Banu
&RVWHO&KLWH
Ovidiu Cojocaru
Mihai Contanu
Sergiu Marinescu
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I, Marilena Stoica
Coordonator: Prof Univ. dr. &RQVWDQWLQ1L
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CUPRINS
Introducere.........................................................................................4
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4.1. Validitatea..........................................................................9
4.2. Fidelitatea.........................................................................10
4.3. Obiectivitatea....................................................................10
4.4. Aplicabilitatea...................................................................11
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5.1. Tehnici de testare itemi obiectivi.....................................11
5.1.1. Tehnica alegerii duale...........................................12
5.1.2. Tehnica perechilor.................................................28
5.1.3. Tehnica alegerii multiple........................................39
5.2. Tehnici de testare itemi semiobiectivi.............................57
,WHPLFXUVSXQVVFXUW de completare...................57
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5.3. Tehnici de testare itemi subiectivi...................................75
5.3.1. Rezolvare de probleme..........................................75
5.4. Metode alternative de evaluare..........................................95
Bibliografie......................................................................................104
INTRODUCERE
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riguroase. Uneori, demersul evaluatorului va fi ghidat de criterii dificil de
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demersului evaluativ.
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4.1. Validitatea
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din itemii unui test.
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11
5.1. Tehnici de testare Itemi obiectivi

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evaluatorului.
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GRPHQLXOXL FRJQLWLY 3HQWUX DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH LWHPL QX HVWH QHFHVDU R
VFKHP GH QRWDUH GHWDOLDW YH]L LWHPL GH WLS HVHX SXQFWDMXO FRUHVSXQ]WRU
DFRUGkQGXVH VDX QX vQ IXQF LH GH PDUFDUHD UVSXQVXOXL FRUHFW OD LWHP
,WHPLL RELHFWLYL SRW IL IRORVL L SHQWUX RULFH GLVFLSOLQ cu un grad de utilitate
GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH VFRSXO WHVWXOXL RELHFWLYHOH L FRQ LQXWXULOH PVXUDWH
FHHDFHOHRIHUXQDYDQWDMGHRVHELWDVXSUDFHORUODO LLWHPL
5.1.1. Tehnica alegerii duale
7HKQLFDVH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ VROLFLWDUHD HOHYLORU GH D DVRFLD XQXO VDX
PDLPXOWHHQXQ XULFXXQDGLQFRPSRQHQWHOHXQRUFXSOXULGHDOWHUQDWLYHGXDOH
FXP DU IL DGHYUDWIDOV FRUHFWJUHLW GDQX DFRUGGH]DFRUG HQXQ IDFWXDO
HQXQ GHRSLQLHHWF
8WLOL]DUHDWHKQLFLLGHWHVWDUHFXUVSXQVGXDO
D&XQRDWHUHDXQRUQR LXQLUHJXOLGHFDOFXO
Exemplu (i) :
&LWHWH FX DWHQ LH DILUPD LLOH GH PDL MRV Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPD LD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD $ Q FD] FRQWUDU vQFHUFXLHWH
12
OLWHUD ) L vQORFXLHWH vQ VSD LXO OLEHU FXYLQWHOH VXEOLQLDWH FX DFHOHD FDUH IDF
DILUPD LDDGHYUDW
A. F. (
)UDF LLOH ]HFLPDOH SHULRGLFH UHSUH]LQW QXPHUH
LUD LRQDOH.
A. F. (
) 2. Triunghiul isoscel are toate bisectoarele congruente.
A. F. (
) 3. Tetraedrul regulat este o SLUDPLG WULXQJKLXODU
UHJXODW
5VSXQVUD LRQDOHHFKLODWHUDO$
Exemplu (ii):
&LWHWH FX DWHQ LH DILUPD LLOH XUPWRDUH Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPD LD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD $ Q FD] FRQWUDU vQFHUFXLHWH
litera F.
$ ) 6HJPHQWXO GHWHUPLQDW GH RULFDUH GRX YkUIXUL QHDOWXUDWH DOH
XQXLSROLJRQFRQYH[VHQXPHWHGLDJRQDO
$)2ULFHSULVPSDWUXODWHUDUHED]DSWUDW
A F 3. a n 1=(a1)(a n1 +a n2 +...+a+1), ()nN * LDR.
5VSXQV$)$
Exemplu (iii):
&LWHWH FX DWHQ LH ILHFDUH GLQWUH vQWUHEULOH GH PDL MRV 'DF DSUHFLH]L
FUVSXQVXOFRUHFWHVWH'$vQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD'QFD]FRQWUDUvQFHUFXLHWH
litera N.
D N 1. Este 51% din 45 mai mare dect 20?
D N 2. Este 50% din 6/4 egal cu 3/2?
D 1'DFGLQWUXQQXPUHVWHHVWHQXPUXOPDLPLFGHFkW"
5VSXQV'11
E&DSDFLWDWHDGHDLGHQWLILFDUHOD LDGHWLSFDX]HIHFW
Exemplu:
)LHFDUH GLQ HQXQ XULOH GH PDL MRV HVWH FRPSXV GLQ GRX SURSR]L LL
ILHFDUHDGHYUDW6DUFLQDWDHVWHVDSUHFLH]LGDFSURSR]L LDDGRXDH[SOLF
GH FH HVWH DGHYUDW SULPD Q FD]XO DFHVWD vQFHUFXLHWH '$ Q FD] FRQWUDU
vQFHUFXLHWH18
13
'$ 18 3DUDQWH]HOH VXQW IRDUWH LPSRUWDQWH SHQWUX XQ H[HUFL LX
GHRDUHFHVWDELOHVFRUGLQHDHIHFWXULLRSHUD LLORU
'$ 18 3WUDWXO HVWH SROLJRQ UHJXODW SHQWUX F DUH ODWXULOH FRQ
JUXHQWHLXQJKLXULOHFRQJUXHQWH
'$ 18 5HFLSURFD WHRUHPHL OXL 3LWDJRUD QX WUHEXLH GHPRQVWUDW
SHQWUXFHDVHDSOLFIRDUWHUDU
DA NU 4. (x)=2x 2 x+7>0, ()xR SHQWUX F RUGRQDWD YkUIXOXL SD
UDEROHLHVWHSR]LWLY
5VSXQV1X'D1X ; 4. Nu.
$YDQWDMHLOLPLWHDOHXWLOL]ULLWHKQLFLLDOHJHULLGXDOH
Principalul avantaj legat de utilizarea acestei tehnici este acela al
DERUGULL vQWUXQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS UHGXV D XQXL YROXP PDUH GH UH]XOWDWH DOH
vQY ULL'HRELFHLFRPSOH[LWDWHDDFHVWRULWHPLHVWHUHGXVVDXPHGLH
Una dintre cele mai ntemeiate critici aduse acestei tehnici este aceea
FLGHQWLILFDUHDXQXLHQXQ FDILLQGLQFRUHFWQHDGHYUDWHWFQXLPSOLFvQPRG
QHFHVDUFXQRDWHUHDGHFWUHVXELHFWDDOWHUQDWLYHLDGHYUDWH
5HFRPDQGULSHQWUXFRQVWUXLUHDLWHPLORUXWLOL]kQGWHKQLFDDOHJHULLGXDOH
a) 9RU IL HYLWDWH HQXQXULOH FX FDUDFWHU IRDUWH JHQHUDO DWXQFL FkQG VH
VROLFLWDSUHFLHUHDORUGUHSWDGHYUDWHVDXIDOVH.
Exemplu:
$ ) 5H]XOWDWXO vQPXO LULL D RULFURU GRX QXPHUH HVWH PDL PDUH
dect oricare dintre factori.
L
b) 9RUILHYLWDWHHQXQXULQHUHOHYDQWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHPDWHPDWLF
Exemplu:
$ ) 3ULPD FDUWH GH PDWHPDWLF D IRVW WLSULW vQ OLPED URPkQ vQ
anul 1837.
c) 9RUILHYLWDWHHQXQXULDFURUVWUXFWXUSRDWHJHQHUDDPELJXLWLVDX
GLILFXOWLGHvQHOHJHUH.
14
Exemple :
1.
$ ) 8Q QXPU QDWXUDO FDUH QX VH SRDWH VFULH VXE IRUPD N HVWH
QXPULPSDUNN).
Reformulare:
$)8QQXPUFDUHVHVFULHVXEIRUPDNHVWHQXPULPSDUNN).
2.
A F Cel mai mDUHQXPUQDWXUDOIRUPDWGLQSDWUXFLIUHGLIHULWHHVWH
Reformulare:
$ ) &HO PDL PDUH QXPU QDWXUDO IRUPDW GLQ SDWUX FLIUH RULFDUH GRX
diferite este 9876.
d) 9RUILHYLWDWHHQXQXULOHOXQJLFRPSOH[HFXDPQXQWHGDWHLQXWLOH.
e) 9D IL HYLWDW LQWURGXFHUHD D GRX VDX D PDL PXOWRU LGHL vQWUXQ HQXQ
(FXH[FHSLDVLWXDLLORUvQFDUHVHXUPUHWHFXQRDWHUHDVDXvQHOHJHUHDXQRU
UHODLLFDX]HIHFW).
Exemple de itemi
1.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $ULWPHWLF &ODVD D 9D 2SHUD LL FX
numere naturale
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH FRUHFW RUGLQHD HIHFWXULL
RSHUD LLORU
(QXQ Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F HJDOLWDWHD HVWH DGHYUDW
vQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD$QFD]FRQWUDUvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)LVFULHvQVSD LXOOLEHU
VXEOLQLDWUH]XOWDWXOFDUHIDFHDILUPD LDDGHYUDW
A. F. ______ 1. (5 2 2 4 ) 2 =81.
A. F. ______ 2. 64:8:2 3 =64.
5VSXQV$)5H]XOWDWXOHVWH
2.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$ULWPHWLF&ODVDD9D0XO LPL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF GDF XQ HOHPHQW GDW
DSDU LQHVDXQXXQHLPXO LPL
15
(QXQ 3ULYL L GLDJUDPHOH GH PDL MRV 'DF UVSXQVXO IRUPXODW HVWH
FRUHFW vQFHUFXLHWH $ GDF HVWH IDOV vQFHUFXLHWH ) 'DF D L vQFHUFXLW )
VFULH LvQVSD LXOOLEHUVXEOLQLDWUH]XOWDWXOFRUHFW
A. F. ____________ 1. A={1;2;5;7;8}
A. F. ____________ 2. B={2;3;4;5}
A. F. ____________ 3. C={5;4;6;7}
A. F. ____________ 4. BC={2;3;4;5;6;7}
A. F. ____________ 5. AC={1;7;8}
A. F. ____________ 6. (AB)\C={6}
A. F. ____________ 7. ABC={5}
A. F. ____________ 8. (CA)B={4}.
5VSXQV$GHYUDWH
3.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$ULWPHWLF&ODVDD9D'LYL]LELOLWDWH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVXWLOL]H]HFRUHFWFXDQWLILFDWRUXO
universal oricare.
34n 1
, nN'DFDSUHFLH]LFSURSR]L LDHVWH
(QXQ )LHQXPUXO3 =
2
DGHYUDWvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD$QFD]FRQWUDUvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)
A F 1. () nN, PN
A F 2. () nNFLIUDXQLW LORUOXL3HVWH
A F 3. () nNFLIUD]HFLORUOXL3HVWHSDU
A F 4. () nNQXPUXO3HVWHGLYL]LELOFX
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHL
4.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,D'LYL]LELOLWDWH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVUHFXQRDVFQXPHUHSULPH
(QXQ 'DFDSUHFLH]LFDILUPD LDHVWHDGHYUDWvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD$
QFD]FRQWUDUvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)
1) HVWHQXPUSULP
A
F
2) HVWHQXPUSULP
A
F
3) HVWHQXPUSULP
A
F
4) 1,2,3,5,7 sunt toate numere prime
A
F
A
F
A
F
5VSXQV$GHYUDW
16
5.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$ULWPHWLF&ODVDD9,D3URFHQWH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DIOH S GLQWUXQ QXPU UD LRQDO
pozitiv.
(QXQ 'DF DSUHFLH]L F UH]XOWDWXO HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD $
Q FD] FRQWUDU vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD ) 'DF DL vQFHUFXLW ) VFULH vQ VSD LXO
subliniat rezultatul corect.
A. F. ______ 1. 25% din 250=62,5.
$ ) BBBBBB 'DF R IDPLOLH GHSXQH OD EDQF 521 FX R
GREkQG IL[ DQXDO GH SULPHWH GXS XQ DQ
suma de 10 miliane de lei.
5VSXQV$)5VSXQVFRUHFW521
6.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO*HRPHWULH&ODVDD9,D6XPDPVXULORU
unghiurilor unui triunghi.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH WHRUHPD UHIHULWRDUH OD VXPD
PVXULORUXQJKLXULORUXQXLWULXQJKL
(QXQ 'DF DSUHFLH]L F UH]XOWDWXO HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD $
Q FD] FRQWUDU vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD ) 'DF DL vQFHUFXLW ) VFULH vQ VSD LXO
subliniat rezultatul corect.
$)BBBBBB'DFWULXQJKLXO$%&GUHSWXQJKLFvQ$DUHXQJKLXO%
GHPVXU o DWXQFLXQJKLXO&PVRDU o .
$ ) BBBBBB 'DF vQ WULXQJKLXO $%& [$( L [BF sunt bisectoare
interioare, m(BAE)=30 o LPABF)=20 o , atunci m(ACB)=90 o .
5VSXQV$)5VSXQVFRUHFWPACB)=80 o
7.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,D0XO LPL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVUHFXQRDVFUHOD LLvQWUHPXO LPL
'RXPXO LPL$L%VXQWHJDOHGDFDXDFHODL
QXPUGHHOHPHQWH
A
F
'RXPXO LPL$L%VXQWHJDOHGDFDXDFHOHDL
elemente.
A
F
3) {0}N
A
F
17
4) 0N
A
F
5) {1,2,3}{1,2,3}
A
F
6) {0}=
A
F
7) {1,2}{1,5,7}
A
F
8) {{1}}={1}
A
F
5VSXQV$GHYUDWH
8.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,,D5GFLQDSWUDW
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHWHRULDUHIHULWRDUHODQR LXQHDGH
SWUDWSHUIHFW
(QXQ 'DF DSUHFLH]L F QXPUXO GDW HVWH SWUDW SHUIHFW vQFHUFXLHWH
OLWHUD$QFD]FRQWUDUvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)
A F 1. n= 81 8 1250
A F 2. a= 5n + 2 , nN
A F 3. b=5 2n+1 102 4n+1 , nN
A F 4. m=2 1997 .
5VSXQV$GHYUDWH
9.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VII-a / Patrulatere
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FXQRDVF SURSULHW LOH SDWUXODWHUHORU
studiate.
(QXQ &LWHWH FX DWHQ LH DILUPD LLOH GH PDL MRV Q FD]XO vQ FDUH
DSUHFLH]L F DILUPD LD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD $ vQ FD] FRQWUDU
vQFHUFXLHWH)
1. Trapezul este un patrulater convex.
A
F
2. Rombul este un poligon regulat.
A
F
3WUDWXOHVWHXQURPE
A
F
3WUDWXOHVWHXQWUDSH]
A
F
'UHSWXQJKLXOHVWHXQSWUDW
A
F
6. Dreptunghiul este un paralelogram.
A
F
5VSXQV$GHYUDWH
10.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,,D1XPHUHUHDOH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVFRPSDUHGRXQXPHUHUHDOH
(QXQ 'DF DSUHFLH]L F SURSR]L LD GLQ GUHDSWD QXPUXOXL GH RUGLQH
HVWHDGHYUDWvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD$QFD]FRQWUDUvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)
18
1. a=b unde a= 4 3 LE= 9 2
2. x<y unde x= 3 1 L\= 4 2 3
3. m<n unde m= 2 7 LQ= 3 8
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHL
11.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VIII-a / Dreapta
SHUSHQGLFXODUSHXQSODQ
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH FRUHFW GHILQL LD GUHSWHL
perpendiculare pe un plan.
(QXQ XULOHGHPDLMRVVXQWFRPSXVHGLQGRXSURSR]L LL6DUFLQDWDHVWH
V DSUHFLH]L GDF SURSR]L LD D GRXD MXVWLILF de ce HVWH DGHYUDW SULPD
SURSR]L LHQFD]XOvQFDUHHVWHDGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH '$ LDU vQ FD] FRQWUDU
vQFHUFXLHWH18
'$18'UHSWXQJKLXO$%&'LWUDSH]XO&'()VXQWVLWXDWHvQSODQH
diferite, AD(CDE) SHQWUXF AD&)L$'CD.
DA. NU. 2. ABCD romb, ACBD={O}. Se ndoaie rombul n jurul
GUHSWHL %' SkQ FkQG SODQHOH $'% L '&% GHYLQ
diferite. COAD GDF COAO.
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHL
12.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,,,D)XQF LDOLQLDU
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVYHULILFHGDFSXQFWHOHGDWHDSDU LQ
VDXQXJUDILFXOXLIXQF LHLGDWH
(QXQ 'DFDSUHFLH]LFDILUPD LDVXEOLQLDWHVWHDGHYUDWvQFHU
FXLHWHOLWHUD$QFD]FRQWUDUvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)
A F 1. f:RR ; f(x)=x, M(2,2)G f
A F 2. g:[0;2]R; g(x)=5, N(3;5) G g
A F 3. h:(-;1) R; h(x)=2x+1, P(1;3) G h
A F 4. i: [2,23;+ )R; i(x)= 5 x-1, T( 5 ;4)G i
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHL
13.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD,;D)XQF LL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH FRUHFW GHILQL LD QR LXQLL GH
IXQF LH
19
(QXQ &LWHWH FX DWHQ LH SURSR]L LLOH GH PDL MRV Q FD]XO vQ FDUH
DSUHFLH]LFDILUPD LDGHILQHWHRIXQF LHvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD$'DFDSUHFLH]L
FDILUPD LDHVWHIDOVvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)LVFULHvQVSD LXO OLEHU VXEOLQLDW R
YDULDQWFRUHFWDGRPHQLXOXLGHGHILQL LH

A F_________)LHIXQF LD:RR, (x)=
.
[
A F_________)LHIXQF LD:RR, (x)=2x1.
A F_________)LHIXQF LD:[0;5][0;2], (x)=x1.

A F_________)LHIXQF LD:RR, (x)=
.
[ +
A F_________)LHIXQF LD:[0,)[3;4], (x)=x 2 .
5VSXQV5{-1,1};2.A; 3. [1,3]; 4.A; 5. 3 ,2
14.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO*HRPHWULH&ODVDD,;D$VHPQDUH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHWHRUHPDOXL0HQHODXV
6HFRQVLGHUWULXQJKLXO$%&LSXQFWHOH0(AB), N(AC). Atunci:
MB NC
A F 1.
+
= 1GDFLQXPDLGDF,MN, unde I este centrul
MA NA
A F
cercului nscris.
MB NC
2.
+
= 1GDFLQXPDLGDF*MN, unde G este centrul
MA NA
de greutate.
5VSXQV$GHYUDW
15.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO*HRPHWULHLWULJRQRPHWULH&ODVDD,;D
)XQF LLWULJRQRPHWULFH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVFDOFXOH]HSHULRDGDSULQFLSDODXQHL
IXQF LLWULJRQRPHWULFH
$))XQF LDI55I[ VLQ[HVWHSHULRGLFFXSHULRDGDSULQFLSDO
2
T o=
5
$))XQF LDI5R, f(x)=cos 2 [HVWHSHULRGLFFXSHULRDGD
SULQFLSDO7 o =
20
$))XQF LDI5 (2 k + 1) / k Z R, f(x)=tgx+sin 2 [HVWHSHULRGLF

2
FXSHULRDGDSULQFLSDO7 o =2.
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHL
16.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVWLHQR LXQLOHGHIXQF LHVWULFW
PRQRWRQIXQF LHLQMHFWLYLLPSOLFD LDvQWUHDFHVWHD
$)'DFIXQF LDI[0,1]5HVWHLQMHFWLYDWXQFLIHVWHVWULFW
PRQRWRQ
$)'DFIXQF LDI[0,1]5HVWHVWULFWPRQRWRQDWXQFLIHVWH
LQMHFWLY
5VSXQV$GHYUDW
17.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD,;D1XPHUHUHDOH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVFXQRDVFVFULHUHDQXPHUHORUUHDOH
VXEIRUPGHQXPHUH]HFLPDOH
$)1XPUXOD HVWHQXPUUD LRQDO
$)1XPUXOE HVWHQXPULUD LRQDO
$)2ULFHQXPULUD LRQDOVFULVVXEIRUPGHQXPU]HFLPDODUHFHO
SX LQFLIUHFDUHVHUHSHWGHRLQILQLWDWHGHRUL
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHL
18.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD;D&RPELQDWRULF
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVVWDELOHDVFSURSULHW LDOH
FRHILFLHQ LORUXQHLGH]YROWUL
QFD]vQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)
6HFRQVLGHUGH]YROWDUHD[[2 ) 13 =a 0 +a 1 x+...+a 26 x26 .
Atunci:
A F 1. a 0 +a 1 +a 2 +..+a 26 =2 13
A F
A F
A F
21
2. a 0 +a 1 +a 2 +..+a 26 =3 13
313 + 1
3. a 0 +a 2 +a 4 +..+a 26 =
2
3
1
1
4. a 3 = C13 + C13 C12 .
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHL
19.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $OJHEU &ODVD D ;,,D 3ROLQRDPH FX
FRHILFLHQ LFRPSOHFL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVFXQRDVFQDWXUDUGFLQLORUXQXL
SROLQRPFXFRHILFLHQ LFRPSOHFL
6HFRQVLGHUSROLQRPXOI ; 3 +(i+3)X 2 +(2+3i)X+6C[X]$WXQFLUGFLQL
ale polinomului f sunt:
A F 1. x=i
A F 2. x=-i
A F 3. x=3
A F 4. x=-3
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHL
20.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$QDOL]PDWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,D
Numere reale.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHLQHJDOLW LLPSRUWDQWH
UHIHULWRDUHODIXQF LLWULJRQRPHWULFH
$)'DF[(0, DWXQFLDXORFLQHJDOLW LOHVLQ[<tgx<x.

2
$)'DF[(0, DWXQFLDXORFLQHJDOLW LOHVLQ[<x<tgx.

2
5VSXQV$GHYUDW
21.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD;,D0DWULFH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGHWHUPLQHUHOD LLvQWUHPDWULFH
22
Fie A, B, C, D, EM 2 (CFDUHYHULILFHJDOLW LOH

A 4 =BCDE, B 4 =CDEA, C 4 =DEAB, D 4 =EABC, E 4 =ABCD.
A F 1. A 5 =B 5 =C 5 =D 5 =E 5
$)1XH[LVWFLQFLPDWULFL$%&'(GLIHULWHFDUHYHULILF
VLPXOWDQFRQGL LLOHGLQLSRWH]
Rezolvare: A 5 =ABCDE=BCDEA; B 5 =BCDEA=CDEAB;
C 5 =CDEAB=DEABC; D 5 =DEABC=EABCD; E 5 =EABCD=ABCDE. Deci
A 5 =B 5 =C 5 =D 5 =E 5 .
(FXD LD] 5 DUHVROX LLOHFRPSOH[H 0 , 1 , 2 , 3, 4. Matricele A= 0 I 2 ;
B= 1 I 2 ; C= 2 I 2 ; D= 3 I 2 ; E= 4 I 2 YHULILFFRQGL LLOHGLQLSRWH]LVXQWGLIHULWH
5VSXQV$GHYUDW
22.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO0DWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,DLUXUL
2ELHFWLY(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHFXQRWLQ HOHUHIHULWRDUHODLUXULOH
de numere reale.
(QXQ )LH (a n ) n 1 XQLUGHQXPHUHUHDOH
&LWHWHDILUPD LLOHGHPDLMRVLvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD$GDFDILUPD LDHVWH
DGHYUDW L OLWHUD ) GDF DILUPD LD HVWH IDOV Q FD]XO vQFHUFXLULL OLWHUHL )
JVL LXQFRQWUDH[HPSOX
A
F
'DF (a 2n )n , (a 2n +1 )n L (a 3n )n DXOLPLWDWXQFL (a n ) n DUHOLPLW
A
'DFD n 3 A RL:N*N HVWHELMHF LHDWXQFLD (n) 3 A.
A
A
A
A
F
F
F
F
3) a n 3 0 |a n | 3 0.
3
'DFD n aR, atunci |a n | 3 |a|.
3
3
'DF_D n | |a|, atunci a n a.
3
'DFD n +, atunci (a n ) n HVWHQHPUJLQLW
'DF (a n ) n QHPUJLQLWDWXQFL|a n | 3 +.
'DF D n >0, n L OLP a n DWXQFL H[LVW Q 0 N* astfel nct
m>nn 0 avem : a m a n .
D
'DFD n >0, nLOLP Q =A<1, atunci a n 3 0 .
Q D
Q
D
'DFD n >0, nLOLP Q =A>1, atunci a n 3 +.
Q D
Q
3) A; 4) A; 5) F, a n =(1) n ; 6) A;

8) F, a n : 1, Q .; 9) A; 10) A.

Q
Rezolvare: 1) A;
a n : 0,1,0,2,...,0,n,...;
2) A;
7) F;
23
23.
)XQF LLGHULYDELOH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHWHRUHPDOXL)HUPDW
Fie a, b, c, d>0 astfel nct a x+b x+c x+d x4 , xR, atunci:
A F 1. abcd=1
A F 2. abcd=4
A F 3. abcd1
5H]ROYDUH&RQVLGHUPIXQF LDIRR, f(x)= a x+b x+c x+d x-4.
3ULQLSRWH]I[0, x5I DGLFI[f(0), xR. Cum f este
GHULYDELOL[ o HVWHSXQFWGHPLQLPUH]XOWFI / (0)=0 conform teoremei lui
Fermat. Deci lnDEFG UH]XOWDEFG
5VSXQV$GHYUDW
24.
)XQF LLGHULYDELOH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVLGHQWLILFHFRQGL LLOHGLQWHRUHPHOH
LPSRUWDQWHDOHFDOFXOXOXLGLIHUHQ LDO

$))XQF LHLI , R , f(x)= sin 3 x vLHVWHDSOLFDELOWHRUHPD
2 2
lui Rolle.
$))XQF LHLI[-1, 1]R , f(x)=xvLHVWHDSOLFDELOWHRUHPDOXL
Lagrange.
A F 3. Fie 0<a<ELIXQF LDI[a, b]RGHULYDELO)XQF LLORU
f ( x)

g,h: [a, b]R definite prin g(x)=
, h(x)= , x[a, b] li se poate aplica
x
x
teorema lui Cauchy.
$)'DFIJ[a, b]RVXQWFRQWLQXHGHULYDELOHSHDEL
/
g (x)0, x(a,b) atunci se poate deduce teorema lui Cauchy aplicnd
IXQF LLORUILJWHRUHPDOXL/DJUDQJH
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHL
24
25.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO*HRPHWULHDQDOLWLF&ODVDD;,D
Conice.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVVLGHQWLILFHIRUPDXQHLFRQLFHGXS
HFXD LDJHQHUDODHL
*UDILFXOIXQF LHL f ( x ) = 8 3x x 2 UHSUH]LQW
$)DUFGHSDUDERO
A F 2. arc de cerc
$)DUFGHHOLSV
5VSXQV$GHYUDW : 2.
26.
'VFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$QDOL]PDWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,DLUXUL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHSURSULHW LDOHRSHUD LLORUFX
LUXULLOLPLWHOHDFHVWRUD
(QXQ &LWHWH FX DWHQ LH DILUPD LLOH GH PDL MRV Q FD]XO vQ FDUH
DSUHFLH]L F DILUPD LD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD $ Q FD] FRQWUDU
vQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)LGXQFRQWUDH[HPSOX
A F 6H FRQVLGHU LUXULOH ( xn )n1 L ( yn )n1 pentru care n 0 N* astfel nct
A F
x n y n , nn 0 Ly n 3 0, atunci x n 3 0.
'DF SHQWUX LUXULOH ( x n ) n 1 L ( y n ) n 1 H[LVW Q 0 N* astfel nct x n y n ,

nn 0 L OLP x n =+, atunci OLP y n =+.
Q
A F
Q
'DF SHQWUX RULFH QN*, x n 0, y n L OLP ( x n y n )=+, atunci

Q
OLP (x n + y n )=+.
Q
A F
'DF SHQWUX RULFH QN*, x n >0, y n ! L OLP ( x n +y n )=+, atunci
Q
OLP (x n y n )=+.
Q
A F
'DF LUXULOH UHDOH
( x n ) n1 , ( y n ) n1 , (z n ) n1
YHULILF UHOD LD
OLP ( x n y n zn )=+, atunci OLP (x n + y n +zn )=+.
Q
Q
A F
'DF OLP a n =+, atunci n 0 N* astfel nct a n a n+1 , nn 0 .
A F
'DF OLP b n =, atunci n 1 N* astfel nct b n+1 b n , nn 1 .
Q
Q

A F
A F
A F
25
8. DDF (a n ) n 1 , (b n ) n 1 VXQW GRX LUXUL UHDOH (b n ) n 1 VWULFW FUHVFWRU L

D
D D
QHPUJLQLWL OLP Q = l #, atunci OLP Q Q = l.
Q E
Q E
Q
Q EQ
9. 2ULFHSXQFWGHGLVFRQWLQXLWDWHDOXQHLIXQF LLPRQRWRQHHVWHGHVSH D,
1
sin , x 0
QX HVWH PRQRWRQ SH QLFL R
)XQF LD :RR, f ( x ) = x
0, x = 0
YHFLQWDWHDRULJLQLL
A F 11. 'HWHUPLQD L XQ LQWHUYDO ,R SH FDUH IXQF LD de la punctul 10 este
PRQRWRQ
5VSXQV
)DOV&RQWUDH[HPSOXx n =2, y n =1/n, n1.
$GHYUDW)LH9U(+) >0, (,+)V, n 1 N*, nn 1 , x n >. Fie
n 2 =max{n 0 ,n 1 `LQn 2 y n x n > deci OLP y n =+.
Q
$SOLFPLQHJDOLWDWHDPHGLLORULH[HUFL LXOx n +y n 2 [Q \ Q +, deci

x n +y n +$ILUPD LDHVWHDGHYUDW
)DOV&RQWUDH[HPSOXx n QLy n =1/n, n1.
$GHYUDW$SOLFPLQHJDOLWDWHDPHGLLORU
x n +y n +zn 3 [Q \ Q ]Q deci (x n +y n +zn )+.
)DOV&RQWUDH[HPSOX 2 , 10 2 1, ..., 10 n , 10 n 1, ...
)DOV&RQWUDH[HPSOX 2 , (10 2 1), ..., 10 n , (10 n
1), ...
)DOV&RQWUDH[HPSOXD n =(1) n LE n =n, n1.
$GHYUDW
10. x 0 HVWH SXQFWXO GH GLVFRQWLQXLWDWH GH VSH D D ,,D GHFL nu este
PRQRWRQSHQLFLRYHFLQWDWHDRULJLQLL
2 1
11. I= ,
5 2
27.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$QDOL]PDWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,,D
Integrale definite.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVFDOFXOH]HLQWHJUDOHIRORVLQGVXEVWLWX LL
trigonometrice.
26
(3 x ) 7
(3 + x) 9 dx este:
0
3
Valoarea integralei
A F
1.
A F
2.
1
16
1
48
5H]ROYDUH)DFHPVXEVWLWX LD[ FRVW (t), :[0, /2][0,3] este

GHULYDELOFXGHULYDWDFRQWLQX
1
/ (t)=-3sint, (0)=3, (/2)=0 deci I=
3
/2
1
1
t
t
t 2
tg 15 (tg ) / dt = tg 16
=
2
2
48
2 0 48
5VSXQV$GHYUDW
28.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$QDOL]PDWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,,D
Integrale definite.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGHULYH]HRIXQF LHGHILQLWSULQWUR
LQWHJUDO
x2
sin t
6HFRQVLGHUIXQF LDI 1, R, f(x)=
dt , atunci:
t
1
$)IHVWHVWULFWPRQRWRQ
$)IHVWHQHPRQRWRQ
sin t
5H]ROYDUH)XQF LD g (t ) =
HVWHFRQWLQXSHLQWHUYDOXO 1,
t
] deci
HVWHLQWHJUDELOLDGPLWHSULPLWLYSH*$SOLFkQGWHRUHPDOXL/HLEQL]1HZWRQ
RE LQHP
f(x)=G(x2 *FDUHHVWHGHULYDELO
sin x 2 2 sin x 2
/
/ 2
f (x)=2xG (x )=2x 2 =
>0, x[1, )
x
x
5VSXQV$GHYUDW
29.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD;,,D*UXSXUL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVUHFXQRDVFFRPXWDWLYLWDWHDJUXSXOXL
simetric.
QFD]FD]FRQWUDUvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)
27
Fie (S n ,JUXSXOFRPXWDWLYDOSHUPXWULORUGHJUDGQDWXQFL
A F 1. n3
A F 2. n2
5VSXQV$GHYUDW
30.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD;,,D,QHOHLFRUSXUL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGHWHUPLQHGLYL]RULLSURSULLDLXQXL
SROLQRPGDWFXFRHILFLHQ LGLQWUXQFRUSILQLW

Polinomul f = X + Z [X ] este.
A F 1. reductibil
A F 2. ireductibil.
5VSXQV$GHYUDW
5.1.2. Tehnica perechilor
'HVFULHUHLXWLOL]DUH [,1HDFX$6WRLFD]
7HKQLFD SHUHFKLORU VROLFLW GLQ SDUWHD HOHYLORU VWDELOLUHD XQRU
FRUHVSRQGHQ HvQWUHFXYLQWHSURSR]L LLIUD]HQXPHUHOLWHUHVDXDOWHFDWHJRULL
GHVLPEROXULGLVWULEXLWHSHGRXFRORDQH
(OHPHQWHOH GLQ SULPD FRORDQ GHQXPLWH SUHPLVH FRQVWLWXLH HQXQ XO
LWHPXOXL LDU FHOH GLQ FRORDQD D GRXD UHSUH]LQW UVSXQVXULOH &ULWHULXO VDX
FULWHULLOH SH ED]D FURUD VH VWDELOHWH UVSXQVXO FRUHFW VXQW HQXQ DWH
H[SOLFLWDWHvQLQVWUXF LXQLOHFDUHSUHFHGFRORDQHOHGHSUHPLVHLGHUVSXQVXUL
8WLOL]DUHD VH OLPLWHD] OD PVXUDUHD DELOLW LL GH D LGHQWLILFD UHOD LD
H[LVWHQWvQWUHGRXFDWHJRULL
WHUPHQLGHILQL LL
reguli exemple
simboluri concepte
PHWRGHH[HPSOLILFUL
&HULQ HGHSURLHFWDUH
DVLQFOXGXQQXPULQHJDOGHUVSXQVXULLGHSUHPLVHLDUHOHYLLV
ILH LQVWUXL L F ILHFDUH UVSXQV SRDWH IL IRORVLW R GDW GH PDL PXOWH RUL VDX
QLFLRGDW
28
E OLVWD UVSXQVXULORU V ILH DQJDMDW vQWUR RUGLQH ORJLF GH H[HPSOX
RUGLQHDDOIDEHWLFSHQWUXUVSXQVXULFDUHSUHVXSXQH[SULPDUHDvQFXYLQWHVDX
RUGLQHD FUHVFWRDUH GHVFUHVFWRDUH SHQWUX UVSXQVXUL QXPHULFH $FHDVW
FHULQ YL]HD] HOLPLQDUHD IXUQL]ULL RULFURU LQGLFLL FDUH DU SXWHD FRQGXFH
HOHYXOVSUHJKLFLUHDUVSXQVXOXLFRUHFW
FWRDWHSUHPLVHOHLUVSXQVXULOHXQXLLWHPGHDFHODLWLSVILHSODVDWH
SHDFHHDLSDJLQ
$YDQWDMHLOLPLWH
Tehnica permite abordarea unui foarte important volum de rezultate de
vQY DUH vQWUXQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS UHGXV FX XWLOL]DUHD HILFLHQW D VSD LXOXL SH
IRLOH GH WHVW FkW L FX XWLOL]DUHD HILFLHQW D WLPSXOXL SURIHVRUXOXL OD QRWDUH
8XULQ DFRQVWUXF LHLLWHPLORUHVWHGHDVHPHQHDXQDYDQWDMIUHFYHQWPHQ LRQDW
vQ OHJWXU FX DFHDVW WHKQLF FX WRDWH F HVWH SUREDELO PDL FRUHFW V
VSXQHPFHVWHPDLXRUGHFRQVWUXLWXQLWHPGHFDOLWDWHVODEGHFkWXQXOGH
EXQFDOLWDWH7HKQLFDQXSRDWHILXWLOL]DWSHQWUXDERUGDUHDXQRUUH]XOWDWHGH
vQY DUH FRPSOH[H ILLQG GH DVHPHQHD GLILFLO vQ XQHOH FD]XUL V FRQVWUXLP
OLVWHGHSUHPLVHVDXGHUVSXQVXULFDUHVILHRPRJHQH
Exemple de itemi
1.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF GHILQL LD RSHUD LLORU FX
PXO LPL
(QXQ Q SWUDWXO GLQ VWkQJD ILHFUXL UkQG VFULH L FLIUD FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
PXO LPLLUHVSHFWLYH
AB
{xx$LxB}
AB
{xxA sau xB}
AB
{xxA sau xB}
{xx$LxB}
{xx$LxB}
5VSXQV$B3; AB1; AB5.
29
2.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$ULWPHWLF&ODVDD9D'LYL]LELOLWDWH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF GLYL]RULL XQXL QXPU
natural.
(QXQ 6FULH LvQSWUDWHOHOLEHUH GLQ GUHDSWD ILHFUXL QXPU GH WUHL FLIUH
divizorul admis din coloana din stnga. n cazul n care nici unul dintre
QXPHUHOHGLQVWkQJDQXHVWHGLYL]RUPDUFD LvQFVX VHPQXO
2
121
3
122
5
123
125
127
5VSXQVx; 1222; 1233; 1255; 127x.
3.
'LVFLSOLQD &DSLWROXO &ODVD $ULWPHWLF &ODVD D 9D 1XPHUH
UD LRQDOH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V XWLOL]H]H VLPSOLILFDUHD VDX
DPSOLILFDUHDIUDF LLORU
(QXQ QVFULH vQ VSD LXO GLQ ID D ILHFUXL QXPU GLQ FRORDQD $ OLWHUD GLQ
FRORDQD%FDUHLQGLFXQQXPUHJDOFXQXPUXOGLQFRORDQD$
A
B
720
1
______ 1.
M
480
3
2
462
2
______ 2.
N
5
1155
2541
7
______ 3.
P
7623
11
n
n 1
7 11
21
______ 4. n 1
Q
n
14
7 11
1998
1997
1996
2 3 5
18
______ 5. 1996 1997 1998
R
25
2 3 5
22
S
55
5VSXQVQ; 2S; 3M; 4P; 5N.
30
4.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VI-a / Triunghiul
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELO V LGHQWLILFH WLSXUL GH WULXQJKLXUL vQY DWH
LQkQGFRQWLGHFODVLILFDUHDWULXQJKLXULORUGXSODWXULGDULGXSXQJKLXUL
(QXQ QFRORDQD$DYH LGHVHQDWHFkWHYDWLSXULGHWULXQJKLXUL QVFULH L
vQ VSD LXO GLQ ID D ILHFUHL ILJXUL OLWHUD VDX OLWHUHOH GLQ FRORDQD % FDUH
corespund tipului de triunghi desenat.
2
__
A
B
DDVFX LWXQJKLF
b obtuzunghic
c dreptunghic
d isoscel
e echilateral
f scalen
5VSXQVc,d; 2b,d; 3f; 4c.

5.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VI-a / Clasificarea
triunghiurilor.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVFODVLILFHWULXQJKLXULOHGXSGLIHULWHFULWHULL
(QXQ Q FRORDQD $ DYH L VSHFLILFDWH WLSXUL GH WULXQJKLXUL QVFULH L vQ
VSD LXO GLQ ID D ILHFUXL WLS GLQ FRORDQD $ OLWHUD GLQ FRORDQD % FDUH
FRUHVSXQGHWLSXOXLGHWULXQJKLPHQ LRQDWvQFRORDQD$
A
B
BBB7ULXQJKLXOFXGRXODWXULFRQJUXHQWH
D . dr. isoscel
___ 2. Triunghiul cu un unghi drept
E. scalen
___ 3. Triunghiul cu toate laturile congruente
F. obtuzunghic
BBB7ULXQJKLXOFXXQXQJKLGUHSWLGRX
G. echilateral
laturi congruente
H. isoscel
___ 5. Triunghiul cu un unghi obtuz
I. dreptunghic
5VSXQVH; 2I; 3G; 4D; 5F.
31
6.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,D3URSRU LL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V XWLOL]H]H SURSULHWDWHD IXQGDPHQWDO D
SURSRU LHL
(QXQ QVFULH vQ VSD LXO GLQ VWkQJD QXPUXOXL GH RUGLQH GLQ SULPD
FRORDQOLWHUDGLQDGRXDFRORDQFDUHFRUHVSXQGHUH]XOWDWXOXLFRUHFW
I
II
15
x 3
A
_____ 1. =
2 5
13
3 4
_____ 2. =
B 5
x 1
1 x
1
C
_____ 3. =
2 8
2
1
2
2 = 2x
D 2
_____ 4.
15 2 3 36
2 15 :(2 7 7 + 2 7 ) 32
_____ 5.
=
E 4
3
x +1
6
F
5
3
G
4
5VSXQV
1
F
2
G
3
E
4
B
5
D
7.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VII-a / Patrulatere
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FXQRDVF SURSULHW LOH SDWUXODWHUHORU
vQY DWH
(QXQ 3HSULPDOLQLHDWDEHOXOXLGHPDLMRVVXQWGHVHQDWHFkWHYDSDWUXODWHUH
LDU SH SULPD FRORDQ VXQW VFULVH SURSULHW L DOH DFHVWRUD 0DUFKHD] FX [ FVX HOH
FRUHVSXQ]WRDUHSURSULHW LORUDGHYUDWHSHQWUXILHFDUHSDWUXODWHU
Figura Trapez Paralelogram Dreptunghi Romb 3WUDW
Proprietatea
'RXODWXULRSXVHVXQWSDUDOHOH
/DWXULOHRSXVHVXQWGRXFkWH
GRXSDUDOHOH
32
/DWXULOHRSXVHVXQWGRXFkWH
GRXFRQJUXHQWH
Toate laturile congruente
Unghiurile opuse sunt congruente
Unghiurile sunt drepte
Diagonalele sunt congruente
Diagonalele sunt perpendiculare
'LDJRQDOHOHVHvQMXPW HVF
8.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO0DWHPDWLF&ODVDD9,,D5HFDSLWXODUHILQDO
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF IRUPXOH VDX UHOD LL
vQY DWH
(QXQ QVFULH vQ VSD LXO OLEHU GLQ VWkQJD QXPHUHORU GH RUGLQH DOH
HQXQ XULORUFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFRORDQHL0OLWHUDGLQFRORDQD1FDUHFRUHVSXQGH
formulei corecte.
M
N
% E K
1. Aria triunghiului
A.
2. Perimetrul dreptunghiului
3. Aria trapezului
B. 2ab/(a+b)
C. 2(L+A)
0HGLDDULWPHWLFDGRXQXPHUH
5. Media geometricDGRXQXPHUH
5VSXQV
D.
E.
ab
EK

F. (a+b)/2
1
E
2
C
3
A
4
F
5
D
9.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVUH]ROYHH[HUFL LLFXQXPHUHUHDOH
(QXQ QVFULH vQ VSD LXO OLEHU GLQ VWkQJD QXPHUHORU GH RUGLQH DOH
HQXQ XULORU FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH FRORDQHL 0 OLWHUD GLQ FRORDQD 1 FDUH FR
UHVSXQGHQXPUXOXLFRUHFW.
M
N
1
2 -1
5
____ 1. (- ):(- )
A 2
3
2
1
____ 2. 75:( 48 2 27 )
B
3
33
( )
6
1
: 2 3 : 27
5
5
2
5
1
____ 4.
+
2
8
18
32
____ 3.
C
D
1
B
2
A
3
D
2
15
5VSXQV
1
12
4
E
10.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,,,D1XPHUHUHDOH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF HOHPHQWHOH PXO LPLORU N,
Z, Q, R, RQ, R*.
FRORDQD % FDUH FRUHVSXQGH PXO LPLL GLQ FDUH IDFH SDUWH QXPUXO PHQ LRQDW vQ
coloana A:
A
B
___ 1. x=2,(3)
D. xN*

___ 2. x=5
E. xRQ

___ 3. x=0
F. xZN
G. xR
___ 4. x=
___ 5. x=
___ 6. x=11
H. xQZ, x pozitiv
I. x nul
J. xQZ, x negativ.
5VSXQV
1
H
2
J
3
I
4 5
G E
6
F
11.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,,,D)XQF LDOLQLDU
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V LGHQWLILFH SXQFWH FDUH DSDU LQ
JUDILFXOXLXQHLIXQF LLGDWH
FRORDQD%FDUHLQGLFSXQFWXOFHDSDU LQHJUDILFXOXLIXQF LHLGLQFRORDQD$
A
B
____ 1. f:RR, f(x)=x+1
M(2;0)
____ 2. g:RR, g(x)=2x-1
N(-1;3)
34
____ 3. h:RR, h(x)=-
1
x+1
2
____ 4. i:RR, i(x)=7
P(0; -1)
Q(2;3)
R(1;7)
5VSXQV
1
Q
2
P
3 4
M R
12.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VIII-a / Corpuri rotunde.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V LGHQWLILFH IRUPXOHOH SHQWUX DIODUHD
ariei totale a unor corpuri geometrice.
(QXQ QVFULHvQVSD LXOGLQID DILHFUXLQXPUGLQFRORDQD$OLWHUDGLQ
FRORDQD%FDUHLQGLFIRUPXODFRUHFW
A
B
____ 1. Cilindru circular drept
M AWRWDO =4R 2
____ 2. Con circular drept
N A ODWHUDO =G(R+r)
____ 3. Trunchi de con circular drept
P A ODWHUDO =2Rh
____ 4. Sfera
Q A WRWDO =h(R+r)
R A ODWHUDO =RG
5VSXQV
1 2 3 4
P R N M
13.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVLGHQWLILFHGRPHQLXOPD[LPGHGHILQL LH
DOXQHLIXQF LLGDWH
[ [ +
, unde IR.
(QXQ )LHIXQF LD:IRGHILQLWSULQ(x)=
[
QVFULH vQ VSD LXO GLQ VWkQJD QXPUXOXL GH RUGLQH GLQ SULPD FRORDQ
OLWHUDGLQDGRXDFRORDQFDUHFRUHVSXQGHPXO LPLLFRUHFWH
I
II
BBB'RPHQLXOPD[LPGHGHILQL LH
A. {-4,-1}
BBB0XO LPHDQXPHUHORUxZ astfel nct
B. {0,1,3,4,5,8}
(x)Z
C. R\{2}
35
BBB0XO LPHDQXPHUHORUxN astfel nct

(x)N
BBB0XO LPHDQXPHUHORUxN astfel nct
(x)Z
BBB0XO LPHDQXPHUHORUxZ-N astfel nct
(x)Z
D. {4,5,8}
E. x{4,1,0,1,3,4,5,8}
F. {2;3}
G. {3,4,5,8}
5VSXQV& ; 2.E ; 3.G ; 4.B ; 5.A.

14.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHSURSULHW LOHIXQF LLORUvQY DWH
(QXQ 3H SULPD OLQLH D WDEHOXOXL GH PDL MRV VXQW HQXPHUDWH IXQF LL LDU
SH SULPD FRORDQ VXQW VFULVH SURSULHW L DOH DFHVWRUD 0DUFKHD] FX
FVX HOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHSURSULHW LORUDGHYUDWHSHQWUXILHFDUHIXQF LH
Proprietatea
)XQF LD :RR :RR :(0,)R :(,0)R :[2,5]R

(x)=5 (x)=ax, (x)=ax+b, (x)=ax+b, (x)=|x|
a>0
a<0, b0
a>0, b0
)XQF LDHVWHFUHVFWRDUH
)XQF LDHVWHVWULFWFUHVFWRDUH
)XQF LDHVWHGHVFUHVFWRDUH
)XQF LDHVWHVWULFWGHVFUHV
FWRDUH
)XQF LDHVWHPRQRWRQ
)XQF LDHVWHLQMHFWLY
)XQF LDHVWHVXUMHFWLY
)XQF LDHVWHELMHFWLY
)XQF LDHVWHSDU
)XQF LDHVWHLPSDU
)XQF LDQXHVWHQLFLSDU
QLFLLPSDU
15.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $OJHEU &ODVD D ;,,D 3ROLQRDPH FX
FRHILFLHQ LFRPSOHFL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V VWDELOHDVF SROLQRDPHOH LUHGXFWLELOH
GLQWUROLVWGDWGHSROLQRDPHXWLOL]kQGSULQFLSLLFXQRVFXWHGHLUHGXFWLELOLWDWH
36
(QXQ QVFULH vQ VSD LXO GLQ VWkQJD ILHFUHL SURSULHW L SROLQRPXO GLQ D
GRXDFRORDQFHFRUHVSXQGHDFHVWXLD
______ 1. polinomul este ireductibil n Z[X] f=X 2 -2
______ 2. polinomul este ireductibil n Q[X] g=X 2 +X+1
______ 3. polinomul este ireductibil n R[X] h=X 3 +X
______ 4. polinomul este ireductibil n C[X] p=X 4 +X 3 +X 2 +X+1
q=2X+3
5VSXQVIJST
2. f, g, p, q.
3. g, q.
4. q.
Singurele polinoame ireductibile din C[X] sunt cele de gradul nti.
Polinoamele ireductibile din R[X] sunt cele de forma mX+n, mR , nR
LD; 2 +bX+c, aR , b,c5LE 2 -4ac<0.
Polinoamele de grad 3 sunt ireductibile n Z[X] L 4[X] GDF L QXPDL
GDFQXDXUGFLQLvQ4
8WLOL]kQG FULWHULXO GH LUHGXFWLELOLWDWH DO OXL (LVHQVWHLQ VH DUDW F
polinomul p este ireductibil n Z[X]L4[X].
16.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$QDOL]&ODVDD;,D1XPHUHUHDOH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF SURSULHW L DOH PXO LPLORU
de numere.
(QXQ QVFULHvQVSD LXOOLEHUGLQID DILHFUHLPXO LPLGLQSULPDFRORDQ
OLWHUDGLQFRORDQDDGRXDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHSURSULHW LLSHFDUHRDUHPXO LPHD
I
II
____________$ /PDMRUDW
____________ 2. B=[0,1]0PLQRUDW
____________ 3. C=N
N admite maxim
____________ 4. E=(0, +)
P admite minim
1
____________ 5. F= / n N
R admite supremum
n
7PUJLQLW
5VSXQV
Q admite infimum
1. L, M, Q, R, T;
2. L, M, N, P, Q, R, T;
3. M, P, Q;
4. M, Q;
5. L, M, N, Q, R, T.
37
17.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF SURSULHW L DOH RSHUD LLORU
DOJHEULFHSHQWUXDSUHFL]DFHVWUXFWXULDOJHEULFHFRQIHUDFHVWHDPXO LPLORUGDWH
(QXQ QVFULH vQ VSD LXO GLQ VWkQJD ILHFUHL VWUXFWXUL OLWHUD GLQ D GRXD
FRORDQFHFRUHVSXQGHDFHVWHLD
I
II
___________ 1. Monoid necomutativ
A. (N,+)
___________ 2. Monoid comutativ
B. (N , +)
___________ 3. Grup necomutativ
C. (Z, +)
___________ 4. Grup comutativ
D. (Z, -)
E. (Z, )
F. (N, )
G. ({-1,1}, )
H. (Q, +)
I. (Q, )
J. (Q *, )
K. (Z n ,+)
L. (S 3 . )
M. (R, +)
N. (R, )
P. (R * , )
Q. (M 2 (R), )
R. (C,+)
S. (C * , ).
5VSXQV / 4 $ & ( ) * + , - . 0 1 3 5 6
3. L;
4. C, G, H, J, K, M, P, R, S.
18.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $QDOL] PDWHPDWLF &ODVD D ;,,D
)XQF LLLQWHJUDELOH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGHWHUPLQHSXQFWHOHGHFRQWLQXLWDWHDOH
XQHLIXQF LLGDWHSHQWUXDSUHFL]DFHSURSULHW LDUHDFHDVWD
(QXQ QVFULHvQVSD LXOGLQVWkQJDILHFUHLSURSULHW LGDWHIXQF LDGLQD
GRXDFRORDQFHDUHSURSULHWDWHDUHVSHFWLY
I
II
38
x + 1
_____IXQF LDHVWHFRQWLQXf:[1, 3]R, f ( x ) =
2
x , x
_____IXQF LDDGPLWHSULPLWLYHg: [0, 4]R g ( x) =
x, < x
x , x
_____IXQF LDHVWHPRQRWRQh: [-5, 7]R, h( x) =
x , < x
_____IXQF LDHVWHLQWHJUDELO
_____IXQF LDDUHSURSULHWDWHD'DUERX[
5VSXQVK
2. h
3. f, g, h
4. f, g, h
5. h.
5.1.3. Tehnica alegerii multiple

'HVFULHUHLXWLOL]DUH [,1HDFX$6WRLFD]
,WHPLL FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO VROLFLW HOHYXO V DOHDJ XQ UVSXQV GLQWUR
OLVW GH YDULDQWH RIHULWH SHQWUX R VLQJXU SUHPLV (OHYXO GRDU VHOHFWHD] XQ
UVSXQV GLQWUH FHOH FDUH L VH SURSXQ QX FUHD] HO XQXO $FHVW WLS GH LWHPL
SUHVXSXQH SULQ XUPDUH H[LVWHQ D XQHL premise L D XQHL liste de
YDULDQWHRSLXQL OLVWD GH YDULDQWH UHSUH]LQW VROX LLOH LWHPXOXL UHVSHFWLY VXE
IRUPD XQRU FXYLQWH QXPHUH VLPEROXUL VDX IUD]H (OHYXO WUHEXLH V DOHDJ
VLQJXU UVSXQVXO FRUHFW VDX FHD PDL EXQ YDULDQW &HOHODOWH UVSXQVXUL vQ
afara celui corect, se numesc distractori YDULDQWH LQFRUHFWH GDU SODX]LELOH L
paralele).
,WHPLLFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSOSRWILXWLOL]D LSHQWUX
PVXUDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUvQY ULLDFXQRWLQ HORUDVLPLODWHGHHOHYL
FXQRDWHUHDWerminologiei;
FXQRDWHUHDHOHPHQWHORUIRUPXOHSURSULHW LUHJXOL
FXQRDWHUHDPHWRGHORU
39
PVXUDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUvQY ULLFDUHIOHFWDUHDQLYHOXOXLFRPSUHKHQVLY
LDSOLFDWLY
* abilitatea de a aplica teoria n rezolvarea problemelor;
* abilitaWHDGHDLQWHUSUHWDUHOD LDFDX]HIHFW
*DELOLWDWHDGHDMXVWLILFDDOHJHUHDPHWRGHORULSURFHGHHORUIRORVLWH
&HULQ HGHSURLHFWDUH
DvQWUHEDUHDVILHFODUIRUPXODW
E vQWUHEDUHD V ILH VFULV vQWUXQ OLPEDM FRUHVSXQ]WRU QLYHOXOXL
GH YkUVW D HOHYLORU SHQWUX FDUH D IRVW SURLHFWDW L V PVRDUH QXPDL
obiectivul propus;
F vQWUHEDUHD V ILH IRUPXODW vQ DD IHO vQFkW V QX VXJHUH]H
alegerea uneia dintre variante;
GGLVWUDFWRULLVILHSODX]LELOLLSDUDOHOL
H UVSXQVXULOH V ILH IRUPXODWH Forect din punct de vedere
gramatical;
IUVSXQVXULOHVDLESHFkWSRVLELODFHHDLOXQJLPH
JUVSXQVXULOHVQXILHVLQRQLPHVDXRSXVHFDvQ HOHV
8QHRUL WUHEXLH FUHDW XQ QXPU IRDUWH PDUH GH LWHPL SDUDOHOL FDUH V
PVRDUH DFHODL RELHFWLY OD HODERUDUHD ORU SDUWLFLSkQG XQ QXPU PDUH GH
VSHFLDOLWL'HDFHHDHVWHQHFHVDUIXUQL]DUHDXQRUVSHFLILFD LLFODUHSHQWUXD
DVLJXUDFRPSDUDELOLWDWHDLWHPLORUGHDFHODLWLSQFD]XOLWHPLORUFXUVSXQVXUL
PXOWLSOHVXQWHQXPHUDWHLFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHUVSXQVXULORUJUHLWHGLVWUDFWRUL
3UH]HQWP vQ FRQWLQXDUH XQ exemplu construit pe baza unui tabel de
VSHFLILFD LLUHGDWODSDJLQDXUPWRDUH
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $ULWPHWLF &ODVD D 9D 2SHUD LL FX
QXPHUHUD LRQDOH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHvQUH]ROYDUHDH[HUFL LLORUUHJXOD
GHvQPXO LUHDQXPHUHORU]HFLPDOH
(QXQ QPXO L LFX
QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHUVSXQVXOXL corect:
A. 16,264
B. 141,084
C. 151,084
D.
1510,84
40
5VSXQVXO FRUHFW HVWH & RS LXQHD $ SUH]LQW R HURDUH GH DOLQLHUH vQ

WLPSXOvQPXO LULL % DUH R HURDUH GH UHJUXSDUH LDU ' R HURDUH GH SR]L LRQDUH D
virgulei.
7DEHOXOGHVSHFLILFD LL[Stenmark, 1991]

Caracteristicile itemului
5VSXQVXULOHLWHPXOXL
&HULQ HOH SUREOHPHL V VH UHIHUH

OD vQPXO LUHD D GRX QXPHUH
]HFLPDOH D GRX IUDF LL VDX D XQXL
QXPU]HFLPDOFXRIUDF LH
3UREOHPD WUHEXLH VFULV ILH VXE
IRUPD XQHL SURSR]L LL ILH VXE IRUP
RUL]RQWDO 'DF HVWH XWLOL]DW VXE
IRUPD RUL]RQWDO LQGLFD LLOH WUHEXLH
VVSHFLILFH*VL LSURGXVXOVDX
QPXO L L
7RDWH UVSXQVXULOH LWHPXOXL WUHEXLH

DOLQLDWH vQ IXQF LH GH YLUJXO vQ
RUGLQH
FUHVFWRDUH
VDX
GHVFUHVFWRDUH
3DWUXDOWHUQDWLYHGHUVSXQV
DUVSXQVFRUHFW
E XQ GLVWUDFWRU UVSXQVXO JUHLW
YD UHIOHFWD R HURDUH SURGXV vQ
WLPSXOUHJUXSULL
3. Unul dintre factori va avea trei

FLIUH GLIHULWH GH FHOODOW IDFWRU YD
DYHD WUHL FLIUH GRX GLQWUH DFHVWHD
ILLQGGLIHULWHGHLPDLPDULFD
4. Fiecare dintre cei doi factori va
DYHDFHOSX LQRFLIUGXSYLUJXO
c) un distractor va reflecta o eroare

n timpul alinierii rezultatelor n
WLPSXOvQPXO LULL
G XQ GLVWUDFWRU YD HYLGHQ LD R
eroare n omiterea virgulei sau o
HURDUHvQSR]L LRQDUHDYLUJXOHL
5. n produs nu vor fi mai mult de

SDWUXFLIUHGXSYLUJXO
&HO SX LQ GRX JUXSUL YRU IL
necesare;
Q DOHJHUHD IDFWRULORU R FLIU QX
YDILXWLOL]DWPDLPXOWGHGRXRUL
8QDOWDYDQWDMDODFHVWXLWDEHOGHVSHFLILFD LLHVWHLDFHODFvQVLWXD LD
vQFDUHvQDQLLXUPWRULDO LVSHFLDOLWLYRUILVROLFLWD LVVFULHDFHOHDLWLSXULGH
41
LWHPL SHQWUX WHVWDUHD DFHORUDL RELHFWLYH HFKLYDOHQ D YLLWRULORU LWHPL FX FHL
GHMDHODERUD LYDILDVWIHOUHDOL]DW
$YDQWDMHLOLPLWH
Avantaje:
SRW PVXUD WLSXUL YDULDWH GH UH]XOWDWH DOH vQY ULL GH OD VLPSOH
FXQRWLQ H SkQ OD UH]XODWH FRPSOH[H EHQHILFLLQG GH R IRDUWH PDUH
flexibilitate HOLPLQkQG SRVLELOH DPELJXLW L FDUH SRW V DSDU OD DOWH WLSXUL GH
itemi;
VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQWUR PDUH fidelitate 3HQWUX F QXPUXO
YDULDQWHORU D FUHVFXW GH OD GRX DGHYUIDOV OD SDWUX VDX PDL PXOWH
IHQRPHQXOGHJKLFLUHDUVSXQVXOXLFRUHFWHVWHvQGHVFUHWHUHFRQVLGHUDELO
FRQGXFkQGODFUHWHUHDILGHOLW LL
VHFXDQWLILFUDSLGLFXXXULQ
)OH[LELOLWDWHD ORU GHRVHELW FRQFUHWL]DW vQ FDSDFLWDWHD GH DERUGDUH D
XQHLJDPHODUJLGHUH]XOWDWHDOHvQY ULLIDFHFDLWHPLLFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSOV
ILHGHVXWLOL]D LXQHOHWHVWHVWDQGDUGL]DWHILLQGFRPSXVHvQvQWUHJLPHGLQDVWIHO
de itemi.
Limite:
HVWHIRDUWHXRUGHFRQVWUXLWLWHPLGHVODEFDOLWDWH
QHFHVLWXQWLPSPDLPDUHGHHODERUDUH
WHVWHD]FXSUHFGHUHQLYHOHOHFRJQLWLYHLQIHULRDUH
SHUPLWvQXQHOHVLWXD LLJKLFLUHDUVSXQVXOXL
XWLOL]DUHDDEX]LYDDFHVWRULWHPLFRQGXFHODIDPLOLDUL]DUHDHOHYLORUFX
DFHDVW WHKQLF GH WHVWDUH DYkQG UHSHUFXUVLXQL DVXSUD PRGXOXL ORU GH
vQY DUH
Exemple de itemi
1.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH RSHUD LLOH GH LQWHUVHF LH L GH
GLIHUHQ DGRXPXO LPL
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUXUPWRDUHOHPXO LPLGHQXPHUH
M={7,10,11,13,14,16,19};
N={4,7,9,10,11,12,14,16};
P={6,9,10,11,12,15,17}.
42
&DUH VXQW QXPHUHOH FRPXQH PXO LPLORU 0 L 1 GDU FDUH QX VH DIO vQ
PXO LPHD3"QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHUVSXQVXOXLFRUHFW
A. 7, 10, 14, 16, 11
B. 6, 10, 15, 17
C. 7, 14, 16
D. 10, 11.
5VSXQV&
2.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH FRUHFW GHILQL LD GLIHUHQ HL D
GRXPXO LPL
(QXQ QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHUVSXQVXOXLFRUHFW
'DF0 ^`L1 ^`DWXQFL01
A
{6,7}
B
{3,4,5}
C
{1,2}
D
{1,2, 6,7}
A
{0}
B
C {6,7}
D
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A
{1,2,3,4,5,6}
B
{2, 4, 6}
C
D
{1,3,5}
5VSXQV&%'
3.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FXQRDVF RSHUD LD GH LQWHUVHF LH D
GRXPXO LPL
(QXQ QFHUFXL LOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHUVSXQVXOXLFRUHFW
'DF0 ^`L1 ^`DWXQFL0N=
A
{1,2,6,7} ; B
{6,7} ;
C
{3,5,4} ;
D
{1,2}
5VSXQV&RUHFW&
4.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$ULWPHWLF&ODVDD9D1XPHUHQDWXUDOH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHWHRUHPDvPSU LULLFXUHVW
43
(QXQ 6 VH DIOH QXPHUHOH QDWXUDOH FXSULQVH vQWUH L FDUH
vPSU LWHSHUkQGODLGDXUHVWXO
QFHUFXL LOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHUVSXQVXOXLFRUHFW
A. {3298; 6596}
B. {3280; 6587}
C. {3280; 6569}
D. {3298; 6587}
5VSXQV&RUHFW'
5.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $OJHEU &ODVD D 9,D (FXD LL GH IRUPD
ax+b=0, a,bR, xR.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVUH]ROYHRHFXD LHGHIRUPDDx+b=0.

x = .
(QXQ 5H]ROYHFXD LDvQR :

QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHUVSXQVXOXLFRUHFW
A. 9;
B. 15;
C. 15;
D. imposibil.
5VSXQV&RUHFW%
6.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$ULWPHWLF&ODVDD9,D3URSRU LL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DIOH XQ WHUPHQ QHFXQRVFXW GLQWUR
SURSRU LH

(QXQ 'DF
=
, atunci b este egal cu:
E+ E+
11

A.
;
B. ;
C. ;
D. 2;
E. 6.
2

5VSXQV&RUHFW'
7.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO*HRPHWULH&ODVDD9,D6XPDPVXULORU
unghiurilor unui triunghi
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH WHRUHPD UHIHULWRDUH OD VXPD
PVXULORUXQJKLXULORUXQXLWULXQJKL
(QXQ 'DFvQILJXUDGHPDLMRV>%(@[BD]>'&@LPEBD)=40o atunci
m( < (%;HVWHHJDOFX
)
A. 95;
B. 75;
C. 105;
D. 115;
E. 120.
44
(
'

&
%
5VSXQV&RUHFW&
8.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,D3URFHQWH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V XWLOL]H]H SURFHQWH vQ UH]ROYDUHD XQRU
probleme.
(QXQ 6 VH GHWHUPLQH QXPHUHOH SULPH D L E D>E L QXPUXO QDWXUDO
SWLLQGFSGLQDHVWHHJDOFXE
A. a=5; b=2; p=40 sau a=5; b=3; p=60
B. a=5; b=2; p=40 sau a=7; b=5; p=71
C. a=5; b=3; p=60 sau a=3; b=2; p=66,(6)
D. a=11; b=5; p=45 sau a=7; b=3; p=43
5VSXQV&RUHFW$
9.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVRSHUH]HFXUDGLFDOL
;
(QXQ &DOFXOD L
2 3
QFHUFXLHWHUVSXQVXOFRUHFW
A. 4 2 8 ; B. 2; C 4 2 ;
3 4
D.
2 4
+2
2 2
0.
5VSXQVFRUHFW'
10.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VII-a / Cercul.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FDOFXOH]H PVXUD XQJKLXOXL vQVFULV vQ
cerc.
(QXQ 7ULXQJKLXO $%& HVWH vQVFULV vQWUXQ FHUF C de centru O.
Diametrul AA / al cercului C LQWHUVHFWHD] ELVHFWRDUHOH LQWHULRDUH DOH
unghiurilor $%& L $&% UHVSHFWLY vQ SXQFWHOH ' L ( 'DF , HVWH FHQWUXO
45
FHUFXOXL vQVFULV vQ WULXQJKLXO $%& VWDELOL L vQ FDUH GLQWUH FD]XULOH XUPWRDUH
triunghiul EDI este isoscel.
A.
m(B)=90 o ;
B. m(B)=30 o ;
C. m(C)=45 o ;
D. m(ABC)=
m(ACB).
QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHUVSXQVXOXLFRUHFW.
5VSXQV'
11.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,,D(FXD LLLVLVWHPH
GHHFXD LL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVUHSUH]LQWHvQSODQVROX LLOHXQHLHFXD LL
date.
(QXQ QSODQXO[R\PXO LPHDSXQFWHORUDOHFURUFRRUGRQDWH
(x; y)RxRYHULILFHJDOLWDWHDx+y-1 IRUPHD]
$RPXO LPHIRUPDWGLQGRXSXQFWH
%ROLQLHIUkQWGHVFKLV
&XQSWUDW
'RGUHDSW
5VSXQVFRUHFW&
12.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,,,D,QHFXD LL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVUH]ROYHXQVLVWHPGHLQHFXD LL
(QXQ 5H]ROYD LLQHFXD LLOH
(x ) x + si
(x )(x + ) x(x + )
6FULH LLQWHUVHF LDGLQWUHPXO LPLOHVROX LLORURE LQXWH
A. [11;14]; B. {11; 12; 13; 14}; C. R; D. [14,+).
5VSXQVFRUHFW$
13.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VIII-a / Corpuri
rotunde.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVFDOFXOH]HYROXPXOXQXLFRQ
46
(QXQ 6 VH DIOH YROXPXO XQXL FRQ FLUFXODU GUHSW SHQWUX FDUH
GHVIXUDUHD VXSUDIH HL ODWHUDOH HVWH XQ VHFWRU GH GLVF FX XQJKLXO GH PVXU
120 o LFXUD]DGHOXQJLPHFP
A. 18 2 cm 3 ; B. 18 2 cm 3 C. 79,6932 cm 3 D. 54 2 cm 3 .
5VSXQVFRUHFW%
14.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH FXQRWLQ HOH GHVSUH SDUWHD
IUDF LRQDUDXQXLQXPUUHDOvQVWXGLXOIXQF LLORU
(QXQ 6H FRQVLGHU IXQF LD :N> GHILQLW SULQ (n)={an}, nN
unde aR L ^[` UHSUH]LQW SDUWHD IUDF LRQDU D QXPUXOXL UHDO [ )XQF LD
HVWHLQMHFWLYGDFLQXPDLGDF
A:
aQ ;
B:
aRQ;
C:
aR.
Rezolvare:
S
'DF HVWH LQMHFWLY SUHVXSXQHP F DQ, a= , pZ, qN*, (p,q)=1,
T
S
(n)={ n}, nN, avem (0)=TFRQWUDGLF LH'HFLDRQ.
T
'DF DRQ SUHVXSXQHP F QX HVWH LQMHFWLY GHFL m,nN, m<n
astfel nct (m)=(n) {am}={an} am[am]=an[an] a(mn)=[am][an]
>DP@ >DQ@
a=
QFRQWUDGLF LH'HFLHVWHLQMHFWLY
PQ
5VSXQVFRUHFW%
15.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD,;D0XO LPLLIXQF LL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF LQMHFWLYLWDWHD L
VXUMHFWLYLWDWHDXQHLIXQF LL
(QXQ )LHI5R, f(x)=x7 +x+2, atunci:
IHVWHLQMHFWLY
IQXHVWHLQMHFWLY
IHVWHVXUMHFWLY
IQXHVWHVXUMHFWLY
IHVWHELMHFWLYLI -1 (2)=0.
QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUHOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDILUPD LLORUDGHYUDWH
5VSXQV6XQWDGHYUDWHDILUPD LLOH
47
1RWPJ[ [7 LK[ [)XQF LLOHVXQWVWULFWFUHVFWRDUHLI JK f

VWULFWFUHVFWRDUHILQMHFWLY
Fie yR, f(x)=y x 7 +x+2-y=0. Cum orice polinom de grad impar cu
FRHILFLHQ L UHDOL DUH FHO SX LQ R UGFLQ UHDO UH]XOW F H[LVW [ 0 R cu
f(x 0 \GHFLIVXUMHFWLYI f -1 (2)=0.
16.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF LQMHFWLYLWDWHD
VXUMHFWLYLWDWHD XQRU IXQF LL L V GHWHUPLQH FRQGL LLOH GH H[LVWHQ D LQYHUVHL
XQXLSURGXVGHIXQF LL
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUIXQF LLOHIJNN definite prin
0 , dac n = 0
f(n)=n+1, g(n)=
n 1 , dac n 1
QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUHOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDILUPD LLORUDGHYUDWHGHPDLMRV
$IHVWHLQMHFWLYLQXHVWHVXUMHFWLY
%IHVWHVXUMHFWLYLQXHVWHLQMHFWLY
&JHVWHVXUMHFWLYLQXHVWHLQMHFWLY
'JHVWHLQMHFWLYLQXHVWHVXUMHFWLY
E. g D f = 1 N
F.
( g D f ) 1 =
D g 1 .
5VSXQV6XQWDGHYUDWHDILUPD LLOH$&(
0Imf; g(0)=g(1) f -1 Lg -1 nu au sens deoarece f Lg nu sunt bijective.
17.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD;D3XWHULLUDGLFDOL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V VWDELOHDVF DSDUWHQHQ D XQXL QXPU
GDWODRPXO LPHGHQXPHUH
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUQXPUXOUHDO[
5 + 2 13 + 3 5 2 13 , atunci:
A. xN
B. xZ-N
C. xQ-Z
D. xR-Q
5VSXQV(VWHDGHYUDWDILUPD LD$
5LGLFkQG OD FXE VH RE LQH HFXD LD GH JUDGXO ,,, [ 3 +9x-10=0, x1 =1,
x 2,3 C-R. Deci x=1.
48
18.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO 7ULJRQRPHWULH &ODVD D ,;D )XQF LL
trigonometrice.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GHWHUPLQH H[WUHPHOH XQRU IXQF LL
trigonometrice.
(QXQ 6H FRQVLGHU IXQF LLOH I5R, f(x)=asinx+bFRV[ L J/2)R,
g(x)= 3 sin x 5 cos 3 x , unde a, bR.
$0LQLPXOIXQF LHLIHVWH a 2 + b 2
%0D[LPXOIXQF LHLIHVWHa+b
&0D[LPXOIXQF LHLIHVWH a 2 + b 2
'0D[LPXOIXQF LHLJVHRE LQHvQ[ DUFVLQ
5
14
(0LQLPXOIXQF LHLJHVWH
5VSXQV6XQWDGHYUDWH$&'
19.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO*HRPHWULH&ODVDD,;D5HOD LLPHWULFH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH WHRUHPD PHGLDQHL vQ VWDELOLUHD
unui loc geometric.
(QXQ
Fie ABCD un dreptunghi n planul . Locul geometric al punctelor M
FDUHYHULILFUHOD LD0$ 2 +MC 2 =MB 2 +MD 2 este format din:
A. centrul dreptunghiului
B. planul
&LQWHULRUXOVXSUDIH HLGUHSWXQJKLXODUH
5VSXQV$ILUPD LDDGHYUDWHVWH%
'DF 2 HVWH FHQWUXO GUHSWXQJKLXOXL 02 HVWH PHGLDQ vQ WULXQJKLXULOH
0%'L0$&$SOLFkQGWHRUHPDPHGLDQHLRE LQHP
MO 2 =
2(MB 2 + MD 2 ) BD 2 2(MA 2 + MC 2 ) AC 2
=
4
4
&XP$& %'UH]XOWUHOD LDGDW

20.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $OJHEU &ODVD D ;D )XQF LD
H[SRQHQ LDOLIXQF LDORJDULWPLF
49
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FDOFXOH]H FX R ]HFLPDO H[DFW XQ
QXPUUHDOSULQvQFDGUDUHDDFHVWXLDvQWUXQLQWHUYDOGHOXQJLPH -1 .
(QXQ )U D XWLOL]D WDEOHOH GH ORJDULWPL FDOFXOD L FX R ]HFLPDO H[DFW
QXPUXOlg2.
QFHUFXL LOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHUVSXQVXOXLFRUHFW
A. 0,1; B. 0,3; C. 0,5; D. 0,4.
5SXQV$ILUPD LDFRUHFWHVWH%
&XWPS{0, 1, 2, ..., 9} astfel nct
p
p
p +1
<lg2 <
10
10
p+1
10 10 <2< 10 10
lg2=0,3... .
10 p <2 10 <10 p+1 10 p <1024<10 p+1
p=3.
Deci
21.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD;D1XPHUHFRPSOH[H
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UH]ROYH vQ C LQHFXD LD FH FRQGXFH OD
FRQGL LDFDPHPEUXOVWkQJDOHLVILHQXPUUHDO
(QXQ QCPXO LPHDVROX LLORULQHFXD LHL] 2 +z0 este :
1
+bi / bR} .
A. [-1,0]; B. {-1,0}; C. ; D. [-1,0]{
2
5VSXQV(VWHDGHYUDWDILUPD LD'
'DFC, ar fi corp ordonat, cum i0 i>0 sau i<0.
Pentru i>0 i 2 =-1>0 ! Pentru i<0 -i>0 (-i) 2 =-1>0!
Fie z=a+bi z2 +z=(a 2 -b 2 +a)+bi(2a+1) R - ED L D 2 -b 2 +a0.
1
+bi / bR} .
6HRE LQH[-1,0]{
2
22.
Disciplina
Clasa
Capitolul:
Geometrie
Clasa
VIII-a
3HUSHQGLFXODULWDWHvQVSD LX
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVUHFXQRDVFXQORFJHRPHWULF
(QXQ 6H GDX GRX SODQH SDUDOHOH L VLWXDWH OD GLVWDQ D GH FP
/RFXOJHRPHWULFDOSXQFWHORU0GLQVSD LXSHQWUXFDUHVXPDGLVWDQ HORUODFHOH
GRXSODQHHVWHGHFPHVWHIRUPDWGLQ
A. doXGUHSWHSDUDOHOH
B. un plan paralel cu L
&GRXSODQHSDUDOHOHFXL.
QFHUFXLHWHUVSXQVXOFXUHFW
50
5VSXQV(VWHDGHYUDWDILUPD LD&
23.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD;D0XO LPLGHQXPHUH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF QXPHUH FRQVHFXWLYH
neprime.
(QXQ )LHDILUPD LLOH
A. mN * , qN * , q>P L T QXPHUH FRQVHFXWLYH FDUH VXQW
compuse.
B. mN * DVWIHOvQFkWQXH[LVWPDLPXOWGHPQXPHUHFRQVHFX
tive care sunt numere compuse.
QFHUFXLHWHUVSXQVXOFXUHFW
'LQ WHRUHPD OXL (XFOLG LUXO QXPHUHORU SULPH HVWH LQILQLW UH]XOW F
H[LVWSSULPS>PLFRQVLGHUPQ 35...p .
1XPHUHOH Q Q Q QS VXQW FRQVHFXWLYH QHSULPH L VXQW
p-1>m+1>m.
24.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $OJHEU &ODVD D ,;D ,QGXF LH
PDWHPDWLF
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH DOWH YDULDQWH DOH LQGXF LHL
matematice.
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUPXO LPHD$ {nN/p,qN astfel nct n=3p+5q } .
Atunci:
M. A={nN/n8}
N. A={nN/n8}{0, 3, 5, 6}
3DOWHVLWXD LL
QFHUFXLHWHUVSXQVXOFRUHFW
5VSXQV(VWHDGHYUDWDILUPD LD1
0, 3, 5, 6A. 8=31+51, 9=33+50, 10=30+5 3UHVXSXQHP F
Q STLDUWPFQDUHDFHHDLIRUP
n+3=3(p+1)+5q deci n+3$ &RQIRUP XQHL YDULDQWH D LQGXF LHL
PDWHPDWLFHUH]XOWFn8, p,qN astfel nct n=3p+5q.
5HPDUF'HWHUPLQD LPXO LPLOH% {nN/p,qN * astfel nct n=3p+5q}
C={nZ/p,qZ astfel nct n=3p+5q}.
51
25.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $OJHEU &ODVD D ,;D ,QGXF LH
PDWHPDWLF
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF L V FRPSDUH GLIHULWH
medii numerice.
(QXQ )LH[ 1 , x2 , ..., x n (0, +)L
x + x 2 +...+ x n
PHGLDDULWPHWLF
Ma= 1
n
M g = n x1 x 2 ...x n PHGLDJHRPHWULF
n
Mh=
PHGLDDUPRQLF
1
1
1
+
+...+
x1 x 2
xn
2
2
x12 + x 2 +...+ x n
PHGLDSWUDWLF
Mp=
n
Atunci:
A.
M g M a
B.
M a <M g
C.
M h M g
D.
M a M p
E.
min{x1, x2 ,..., x n }M h M g M a M p max{x 1, x2 ,..., x n }
5VSXQV6XQWDGHYUDWHDILUPD LLOH$&'(
26.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $QDOL] PDWHPDWLF &ODVD D ;,D
)XQF LLGHULYDELOH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHGHULYDWHOHvQFDOFXOXOXQHLOLPLWH
GHIXQF LH
6 x 3 sin x sin 2 x sin 3x
(QXQ )LHL = lim
atunci:
x0
x5
A.
L=14
B.
L=12
QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUHOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDILUPD LHLDGHYUDWH
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
n! x n sin x sin 2 x... sin nx
Mai general: lim
= n !
.
n+2
x 0
36
x
52
27.
Numere reale.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELO V GHWHUPLQH SHULRDGD SULQFLSDO vQ FD]
FDFHDVWDH[LVWSHQWUXRIXQF LHSHULRGLF
(QXQ )LHDILUPD LLOH
$2ULFHIXQF LHSHULRGLFDGPLWHSHULRDGSULQFLSDO
%([LVWIXQF LLSHULRGLFHFDUHQXDGPLWSHULRDGSULQFLSDO
&)XQF LDI5R, f(x)=sin2[DUHSHULRDGDSULQFLSDO7
5VSXQV6XQWDGHYUDWHDILUPD LLOH%L&
1, x Q
)XQF LD OXL 'LULFKOHW I5R, f ( x ) =
HVWH SHULRGLF GDU QX
0, x R / Q
DUHSHULRDGSULQFLSDO
28.
)XQF LLFRQWLQXH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V VWDELOHDVF GDF R IXQF LH GDW HVWH
FRQWLQX
(QXQ &DUHGLQXUPWRDUHOHIXQF LLVXQWXQLIRUPFRQWLQXHSHLQWHUYDOHOH
indicate :
b) (x)=x 3 pe (0;1)
a) (x)=x 3 pe [0;1]

c) (x)=x 3 pe R.
d) (x)= pe (0;1)
[

e) (x)=sin pe (0;1)
f) (x)=x 2 sin
pe (0;1]
[
[
g) (x)=tg x pe [0;/4]
h) (x)=tg x pe [0;/2)
VLQ [

i) (x)=
pe (0;/2)
j) (x)=
pe (0;3)
[
[

k) (x)=
pe (4;+).
[
5VSXQV:
6XQWXQLIRUPFRQWLQXHIXQF LLOHGHILQLWHODSXQFWHOHDEIJLN
29.
)XQF LLFRQWLQXH
53
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH SURSULHW L DOH IXQF LLORU
continue.
(QXQ )LHRIXQF LHI5FRQWLQXDWXQFL
$IHVWHPUJLQLW
%IHVWHSHULRGLF
&IHVWHPRQRWRQ
D. Imf = R
E. Imf = J interval inclus n R
QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDILUPD LHLDGHYUDWH
5VSXQV(VWHDGHYUDWDILUPD LD(
30.
)XQF LLGHULYDELOH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH WHRUHPD GH FDUDFWHUL]DUH D
UGFLQLORUPXOWLSOHDOHXQRUIXQF LLSROLQRPLDOH
x x2
xn
+...+
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUSROLQRPXOI 1 + +
atunci:
1! 2 !
n!
$IDUHQXPDLUGFLQLVLPSOH
%IDGPLWHQXPDLUGFLQLPXOWLSOH
&IDGPLWHUGFLQLVLPSOHLPXOWLSOH
QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDILUPD LHLDGHYUDWH
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHVWHDILUPD LD$
31.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$QDOL]&ODVDD;,D1XPHUHUHDOH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVPLQRUH]HVDXVPDMRUH]HRVXPGDW
1 1
1
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUQXPUXOD 1 + + +...+
.
2 ! 3!
50!
&DUHGLQWUHXUPWRDUHOHDILUPD LLVXQWDGHYUDWH"
A. a>1;
B. a(1,2);
C. a>2.
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHVXQWDILUPD LLOH$L%
50
1
1
2
1 1
1
1
<2.
Metoda I. 1<a< 1 + + 2 + 3 +...+ 49 =
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
1 1
1
Metoda II. 1<a< 1 + + +...+
<e-1<2, n51.
2! 3!
n!
54
32.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD;,D'HWHUPLQDQ L
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVSUHFL]H]HFXQGHWHUPLQDQWVHSRDWH
DVRFLDGRDUPDWULFHORUSWUDWH
2 3 4
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUPDWULFHD0
. Atunci:
1 5 7
A.
2 1
M = 3 5 ;
4 7
T
B.
det(MM T )=detMdetM T ;
C.
det(MM T )=150;
D. det(M T M)=0.
QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUHOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHUVSXQVXULORUFRUHFWH
5VSXQV$GHYUDWHVXQWDILUPD LLOH$&'
GHW0 L GHW0 T QX DX VHQV GHRDUHFH GHWHUPLQDQWXO VH DVRFLD] XQHL
PDWULFLSWUDWLFH
5 11 15
T 29 45
T
MM =
; M M= 11 34 47
45 75
15 47 65
33.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGHWHUPLQHHOHPHQWHLQYHUVDELOH
ntr-un inel de clase de resturi.
(QXQ QPRQRLGXO= 9 , QRWP

U(Z 9 , )={ x Z / x Z astfel nct x x = x x = }.
A.
B.
C.
(U(Z 9 ), HVWHPRQRLGLQXHVWHJUXS
(U(Z 9 ), ) este grup

U(Z 9 )={ , , , , , }
D.
(U(Z 9 ), ) (S 3 , )
E.
(U(Z 9 ), ) (Z 6 , +).
QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUHOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDILUPD LLORUFRUHFWH
5VSXQV6XQWFRUHFWHDILUPD LLOH%&(
a Z 9 HVWH LQYHUVDELO (a, 9)=1. Grupul (S 3 , ) este necomutativ iar

grupul (U(Z 9 ), ) este comutativ.
34.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V LGHQWLILFH SURSULHW L DOH
GHWHUPLQDQ LORU
55
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUPDWULFHDFXHOHPHQWHQXPHUHvQWUHJL
124 111 97
A= 286 321 454 .
998 532 196

$GHW$HVWHQXPUSDU
B. det(A) se divide cu 3
&$HVWHLQYHUVDELOvQM 3 (Q)
'$HVWHLQYHUVDELOvQM 3 (Z)
($HVWHLQYHUVDELOvQM 3 (R).
QFHUFXLHWHOLWHUHOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDILUPD LLORUFRUHFWH
5VSXQV6XQWFRUHFWHDILUPD LLOH$&(
62 111 97
detA=2 143 321 454 =2k.
499 532 196

n (Z 3 , +, ), det A = 1 0 GHFL QX GLYLGH GHW$ L GHW$ DGLF $ HVWH
LQYHUVDELOvQM 3 4LM 3 (R).
U(Z)={-1, 1} deci A M 3 =HVWHLQYHUVDELO detAU(Z). Cum 2 divide
GHW$UH]XOWGHW${-1, 1}DGLF$QXHVWHLQYHUVDELOvQM 3 (Z).
35.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $QDOL] PDWHPDWLF &ODVD D ;,,D
Calcul de integrale.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHFDOFXOXOUHFXUHQWFXLQWHJUDOH
(QXQ )LHSURSR]L LLOH
A. x(0,/2), nN * , sin n + x < sin 2n x < sin 2 n 1 x .
(m )!!
m = k

m!! ,
m
m
B. sin xdx = cos xdx =
(m )!! ; m = k +

m!!
(2n)!! (2n 1)!! (2n 2)!!

, n2
C.
<
<
(2n + 1)!! (2n)!! 2 (2n 1)!!
(2n)!!
(2n)!! 1
1
n =
< <

= n ,( n ) n VWULFWFUHVFWRU
(2n 1)!! 2n + 1 2 (2n 1)!! 2n
2
D.
LPDMRUDW
.
n +
n +
n +
2
E.
lim ( n n ) = 0 L lim n = lim n =
56
5VSXQV6XQWWRDWHDILUPD LLOHDGHYUDWH
5.2. Tehnici de testare Itemi semiobiectivi

Descriere [,1HDFX$6WRLFD]
3ULQ FRQFL]LD UVSXQVXOXL SH FDUH XQ HOHY HVWH VROLFLWDW V UVSXQG OD
XQLWHPVHPLRELHFWLYVHGH]YROW
SURIXQ]LPHDvQ HOHJHULLQR LXQLORUvQY DWH
RSHUDUHD FX QR LXQL PDWHPDWLFH vQWUXQ ULWP PDL DOHUW GHFkW D IRVW
RELQXLWSkQDFXP
3) claritate n exprimare.
Timpul necesar de rezolvare n general a itemilor semiobiectivi fiind
UHGXV ID GH LWHPLL FX UVSXQV GHVFKLV VH SRW DSOLFD vQ DFHHDL XQLWDWH GH
WLPSGHWHVWDUHDHOHYXOXLXQ QXPU PDL PDUH GH LWHPL SULQ FDUH YHULILFP R
FDQWLWDWHPDLPDUHGHFXQRWLQ HLFDSDFLW LSHFDUHHOHYLLOHSRVHG*UDGXO
GHGLILFXOWDWHvQFDGUXOILHFUXLLWHPWUHEXLHVILHFUHVFWRUFHHDFHGXFHODR
DSURSLHUHGHDFHVWDDXQXLQXPUPDLPDUHGHHOHYL
Itemii semiobiectivi sunt de tipul:
vQWUHEULFXUVSXQVVFXUWGHFRPSOHWDUH
vQWUHEULVWUXFWXUDWH
,WHPLFXUVSXQVVFXUWGHFRPSOHWDUH
Descriere
,WHPLL FX UVSXQV VFXUWGH FRPSOHWDUH VXQW FHL SULQ FDUH HOHYXOXL L VH
FHUH V RIHUH XQ UVSXQV VFXUW vQ WRWDOLWDWHD OXL VDX R SDUWH FRPSRQHQW D
XQHLDILUPD LLDVWIHOvQFkWDFHDVWDVFDSHWHVHQVLYDORDUHGHDGHYU
UVSXQVXO FHUXW HOHYXOXL HVWH OLPLWDW FD VSD LX IRUP L FRQ LQXW GH
VWUXFWXUDvQWUHEULL
VDUFLQDHVWHSXWHUQLFVWUXFWXUDW
OLEHUWDWHD HOHYXOXL GH D UHRUJDQL]D LQIRUPD LD SULPLW L GH D RIHUL
UVSXQVXOvQIRUPDGRULWHVWHUHGXV
57
SHQWUX D RIHUL UVSXQVXO FRUHFW HOHYXO WUHEXLH V GHPRQVWUH]H QX

QXPDL FXQRDWHUHD GDU L DELOLWDWHD GH D VWUXFWXUD HODERUD FHO PDL SRWULYLW L
VFXUWUVSXQV
,WHPLLFXUVSXQVVFXUWOHFHUHOHYLORUVRIHUHUVSXQVXOVXEIRUPDXQHL
SURSR]L LL IUD]H D XQXL FXYkQW QXPU VLPERO ,WHPLL GH FRPSOHWDUH VROLFLW
vQJHQHUDOGUHSWUVSXQVGRDUXQXOVDXGRXFXYLQWHFDUHVVHvQFDGUH]HvQ
contextul-suport oferit.
'LIHUHQ DGHIRUPDFHULQ HLHVWHDFHHDFvQSULPXOFD]VHIRORVHWHR
vQWUHEDUHGLUHFWLDUvQDOGRLOHDRDILUPD LHLQFRPSOHW
&HULQ HGHSURLHFWDUH
6SD LXOOLEHUIXUQL]DWVVXJHUH]HGDFUVSXQVXOYDFRQ LQHXQFXYkQW
VDX PDL PXOWH GH H[HPSOX SURSR]L LL VDX IUD]H 'DF PDL PXOWH FXYLQWH
WUHEXLH VFULVH DWXQFL VSD LLOH OLEHUH YRU DYHD DFHHDL OXQJLPH SHQWUX D QX
RIHULHOHYLORULQGLFLLSULYLQGUVSXQVXO
8QLW LOHGHPVXUFHQWLPHWULNLORJUDPHHWFYRUILSUHFL]DWHDWkWvQ
vQWUHEDUHFkWLGXSVSD LXOOLEHU$FHDVWDQHYDVXJHUDFXQUVSXQVJUHLW
GLQ SDUWHD HOHYXOXL QX VH GDWRUHD] XQHL HURUL GH FLWLUH VDX vQ HOHJHUH D
vQWUHEULL
8Q WH[W H[LVWHQW vQ PDQXDO QX HVWH LQGLFDW V ILH IRORVLW SHQWUX D QX
vQFXUDMDPHPRUDUHDPHFDQLF
$YDQWDMHLOLPLWH
Avantaje:
VXQWXWLOLvQHYDOXDUHDFXQRWLQ HORULPVRDUPDLPXOWGHFkWVLPSOD
UHFXQRDWHUHLPHPRUDUH
VROLFLWXQDQXPLWJUDGGHFRHUHQ vQUHDOL]DUHDUVSXQVXOXL
SHUPLW HYDOXDUHD XQXL QXPU PDL PDUH GH FRQFHSWH SULFHSHUL L
FDSDFLW L
VDUFLQD VWUXFWXUDW L UVSXQVXO VFXUW FHUXW HYLW LQIOXHQ D DOWRU WLSXUL
GHDELOLW L
SRWvQFXUDMDGLVFULPLQDUHDILQvQWUHIDSWHVSHFLILFH
nu cer foarte mult timp pentru construire;
58
VHPDUFKHD]GHVWXOGHXRULUHODWLYRELHFWLYGDFVHHODERUHD]R
VFKHPGHQRWDUHDGHFYDW
Limite:
QX VXQW DGHFYD L SHQWUX PVXUDUHD FDSDFLW LORU LQWHOHFWXDOH
superioare (rezolvarea de probleme, analiza, sinteza);
UVSXQVXO IRDUWH VFXUW FHUXW SRDWH LQKLED XQHRUL GH]YROWDUHD
DELOLW LORUFRPSOH[H
HVWH QHFHVDU XQ QXPU PDL PDUH GH LWHPL SHQWUX ILHFDUH ]RQ GH
FRQ LQXWGHFkWvQFD]XOLWHPLORURELHFWLYL
Exemple de itemi
1.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO0DWHPDWLF&ODVDD9D'LYL]LELOLWDWH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOVFXQRDVFFULWHULLOHGHGLYL]LELOLWDWH
(QXQ &RPSOHWHD] VSD LLOH SXQFWDWH DVWIHO vQFkW V RE LL DILUPD LL
DGHYUDWH
D8QQXPUQDWXUDOHVWHGLYL]LELOFXGDF
E8QQXPUQDWXUDOHVWHGLYL]LELOFXGDF
F 8Q QXPU QDWXUDO HVWH GLYL]LELO FX GDFFLIUHORU
sale......................... .
G 8Q QXPU QDWXUDO HVWH GLYL]LELO FX GDF QXPUXO IRUPDW
................................ .
5H]ROYDUH D 8Q QXPU QDWXUDO HVWH GLYL]LELO FX GDF XOWLPD FLIU D
QXPUXOXLHVWHVDX
E 8Q QXPU QDWXUDO HVWH GLYL]LELO FX GDF XOWLPD FLIU D QXPUXOXL
HVWHFLIUSDU
F 8Q QXPU QDWXUDO HVWH GLYL]LELO FX GDF VXPD FLIUHORU VDOH HVWH XQ
QXPUGLYL]LELOFX
G 8Q QXPU QDWXUDO HVWH GLYL]LELO FX GDF XOWLPD FLIU D QXPUXOXL
este zero.
59
2.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VI-a /Triunghiul.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FODVLILFH WULXQJKLXULOH GXS PVXULOH
unghiurilor sale.
DGHYUDWH
D8QWULXQJKLFXGRXXQJKLXULFRQJUXHQWHHVWH
b) Un triunghi cu un unghi drept este.................... .
c) Un triunghi cu toate unghiurile congruente este....................... .
5H]ROYDUHD8QWULXQJKLFXGRXXQJKLXULFRQJUXHQWHHVWHLVRVFHO
b) Un triunghi cu un unghi drept este dreptunghic.
c) Un triunghi cu toate unghiurile congruente este echilateral.
3.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VII-a / Patrulaterul.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOVWLHSURSULHW LOHSDWUXODWHUHORU
DGHYUDWH
D 3DWUXODWHUXO FRQYH[ FX ODWXULOH RSXVH SDUDOHOH GRX FvWH GRX HVWH
....................... .
b) Paralelogramul cu un unghi drept este ......................... .
c) Paralelogramul cu diagonalele ...................... este romb.
G7UDSH]XOFXXQJKLXULOHFRQJUXHQWHDOWXUDWHXQHLED]HHVWH
Rezolvare: a) paralelogram, b) dreptunghi, c) congruente, d) isoscel.
4.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VIII-a /
Paralelipipedul.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOVWLHSURSULHW LOHSDUDOHOLSLSHGXOXL
DGHYUDWH
%D]HOH XQXL SDUDOHOLSLSHG DX IRUPD GH L IH HOH ODWHUDOH DX
forma de .................... .
5H]ROYDUH %D]HOH XQXL SDUDOHOLSLSHG DX IRUPD GH SDUDOHORJUDPH L
IH HOHODWHUDOHDXIRUPDGHSDUDOHORJUDPH
60
5.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO 0DWHPDWLF &ODVD D ,;D (FXD LL
trigonometrice
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO V GHWHUPLQH LPDJLQHD XQHL IXQF LL WULJRQRPHWULFH
date.
DGHYUDWH
)XQF LD :RR, (x)=sinx+cosx DGPLWH SH FD PLQLP L SH
.......... ca maxim.

QXDUHVROX LHGHRDUHFH

E(FXD LDVLQx+cosx= DUHVROX LHGHRDUHFH
Rezolvare: 2 (x)=1+2sinxcosx=1+sin2x2 deci m= (x) =M;
5
= f L - = f .
4
4

a) Cum > HFXD LDGDWQXDUHVROX LL

b)
VLQ [ +
FRV [ = sinxcos +sin cosx=1

sin x + =1 x+ + 2 k k Z x + 2k k Z sau
4
2
D(FXD LDVLQx+cosx=
Im f .
6.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO0DWHPDWLF&ODVDD,;D)XQF LL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOVWLHFRQGL LLOHGHLQYHUVDELOLWDWHDXQHLIXQF LLUHDOH
GHYDULDELOUHDO
(QXQ &RPSOHWHD] VSD LLOH SXQFWDWH DVWIHO vQFkW V RE LL R DILUPD LH
DGHYUDW
2IXQF LH:RRHVWHLQYHUVDELOGDFLQXPDLGDFHDHVWH
Rezolvare: LQYHUVDELO ELMHFWLY
7.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO 0DWHPDWLF &ODVD D ;D )XQF LD
H[SRQHQ LDOLIXQF LDORJDULWPLF
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GHILQHDVF IXQF LD PRQRWRQ L V R
DSOLFHvQUH]ROYDUHDXQRUHFXD LLH[SRQHQ LDOH
DGHYUDWH
61
2IXQF LH:RRHVWHVWULFWFUHVFWRDUHGDFx 1 ,x 2 R cu x 1 <x 2 UH]XOW

............
'DF HVWH VWULFW FUHVFWRDUH HFXD LD (x)=a, unde aR are ........
VROX LH
f(x)=2 x + log 3 x + 5x HVWHVWULFWFUHVFWRDUHGHRDUHFH
Rezolvare: x 1 <x 2 (x 1 )<(x 2 ); (x DDUHFHOPXOWRVROX LH
)XQF LD (x) = 2 x + log 3 x + 5x HVWH VWULFW FUHVFWRDUH ILLQG VXPD D
IXQF LLVWULFWFUHVFWRDUH
8.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO0DWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,D3HUPXWUL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FDOFXOH]H QXPUXO GH LQYHUVLXQL L
VHPQXOXQHLSHUPXWULL
DGHYUDWH
1 2 3 4 5
Fie =
S 5 &DOFXOD L P L ( DGLF L
2 3 1 5 4
.............
5VSXQVP QXPUXOGHLQYHUVLXQLP)=3.
( VLJQDWXUDSHUPXWULL ; ()=1.
9.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO0DWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,DLUXUL
2ELHFWLY (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V IRUPXOH]H SURSULHW L DOH XQRU LUXUL GH
numere reale.
DGHYUDWH
2ULFHLUFRQYHUJHQWHVWH
2ULFHLUPRQRWRQDUH
2ULFHLUQHPUJLQLWHVWH
2ULFHVXELUDOXQXLLUFHDUHOLPLWDUH
'DF XQ LU FRQ LQH GRX VXELUXUL ce au limite diferite atunci
.
2ULFHLUPRQRWRQLPUJLQLWHVWH
5VSXQVPUJLQLWOLPLWGLYHUJHQWDFHHDLOLPLWLUXO
QXDUHOLPLW&RQYHUJHQW
62
10.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO0DWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,D'HWHUPLQDQ L
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH IRUPXOD SURGXVXOXL D
GHWHUPLQDQ LGHRUGLQXOFXHOHPHQWHUHDOH
DGHYUDWH
1. Fie A,BM2 (RDWXQFLDUHORFUHOD LDGHW$%
'DF$% 2 DWXQFLDILUPD LD$ 2 sau B=0 2 este ..........
5VSXQV GHW$% GHW$GHW% 5VSXQVXO HVWH IDOV 8Q
2 0
0 0
contraexemplu este furnizat de : A=
0 2 L%
0 2 dar AB=0 2 .
0 0
0 1
11.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO0DWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,D'HWHUPLQDQ L
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH SURSULHW L DOH QXPHUHORU
FRPSOH[HLSURSULHW LDOHGHWHUPLQDQ LORU
DGHYUDWH
'DFz=a+biC, atunci z=] GDFLQXPDLGDF
Fie A= a ij 1 i 3 M3 (C FX SURSULHWDWHD F D ji =DLM , 1i $ILUPD LD
( )
1 j 3
det(A)R este ............... .

Rezolvare: z=] zR ;
D D
Astfel : det A = D D
D D
a ii =DLL , 1i3
D
D = GHW $7 =
D
a ii R.
D D D
D D D =GHW $ deci det AR
D D D
HVWHRDILUPD LHDGHYUDW
12.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO 0DWHPDWLF &ODVD D ;,,D $QDOL]
PDWHPDWLF,QWHJUDELOLWDWH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH SURSULHW L GH PUJLQLUH D XQHL
IXQF LLvQVWDELOLUHDQHLQWHJUDELOLW LLDFHVWHLD
DGHYUDWH
x=0
,
R.
)LHIXQF LD:[0,1]R, (x)=
ln x , x (0,1]
63
OLP (x)=... deci nu este ...............R UH]XOW nu este

[
[ >
LQWHJUDELO
5VSXQV OLP (x)= deci QXHVWHPUJLQLWRUH]XOW nu este
[
[ >
LQWHJUDELO
13.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO 0DWHPDWLF &ODVD D ;,,D $QDOL]
PDWHPDWLF,QWHJUDELOLWDWH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGHWHUPLQHSXQFWHOHGHGLVFRQWLQXLWDWH
GH VSH D , D XQHL IXQF LL GDWH FRQGL LH D QHDSOLFDELOLW LL IRUPXOHL OXL /HLEQL]
1HZWRQFKLDUGDFIXQF LDHVWHLQWHJUDELO
DGHYUDWH
x, x 0
HVWH LQWHJUDELO GDU QX L VH SRDWH
)XQF LD :[1,1]R, (x)=
1, x = 0
DSOLFDIRUPXODOXL/HLEQL]1HZWRQSHQWUXF
Rezolvare: A s (0)=A d (0)=0(0) deci x=0 este punct de discontinuitate
GH VSH D , nu are proprietatea lui Darboux nu admite primitive
FRQGL LLOHDSOLFULLWHRUHPHLOXL/HLEQL]1HZWRQQXVXQWvQGHSOLQLWH
14.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO0DWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,,D,QHOH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH RSHUD LLOH GH DGXQDUH L
vQPXO LUHFXFODVHGHUHVWXULvQWURVWUXFWXUDOJHEULFFXQRVFXW
DGHYUDWH
6WUXFWXUDDOJHEULFUHSUH]HQWDWGHWULSOHWXOZ 8 ,+,) este .........

Rezolvnd n Z 8 HFXD LD 3x 2 + 1 = 4 RE LQHPVROX LD

5VSXQV,QHOFRPXWDWLYLXQLWDU 3x 2 = 3 x 1,3,5,7 .
15.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO0DWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,,D,QHOH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF IXQF LD SROLQRPLDO
DVRFLDW XQXL SROLQRP GDW L V REVHUYH GHRVHELUHD GLQWUH SROLQRP L IXQF LD
SROLQRPLDODVRFLDW
DGHYUDWH
64
Q LQHOXO FRPXWDWLY L XQLWDU Z 2 >;@ VH FRQVLGHU SROLQRDPHOH

~
~
; L g=X 3 'HWHUPLQD L IXQF LLOH SROLQRPLDOH f L g asociate polinoamelor
~
~
Lg5HPDUFD LFLg sunt .............. iar f L g sunt ..............
~ ~
~ ~
~
~
Rezolvare: f :Z 2 Z 2 ; g :Z 2 Z 2 . f ( 0 )= 0 = g ( 0 ); f ( 1 )= 1 = g ( 1 ), deci
~
~
Lg sunt distincte iar f L g sunt egale.
5.2.2QWUHEULVWUXFWXUDWH
Descriere [Stoica A. (coordonator), 1996]:
2vQWUHEDUHVWUXFWXUDWHVWHIRUPDWGLQPDLPXOWH VXEvQWUHEUL GH WLS
RELHFWLY VDX VHPLRELHFWLY OHJDWH vQWUH HOH SULQWUXQ HOHPHQW FRPXQ ([LVW
XQ VSD LX JRO vQWUH WHKQLFLOH GH HYDOXDUH FX UVSXQV OLEHU L FHOH FX UVSXQV
limitat impuse de itemii obiectivi. Acest gol poate fi acoperit prin utilizarea
vQWUHEULORU VWUXFWXUDWH 6FKHPDWLF PRGXO GH SUH]HQWDUH D XQHL vQWUHEUL
VWUXFWXUDWHDUDWDVWIHO
Material / Stimul
(texte, date, diagrame, grafice etc.)
6XEvQWUHEUL
Date suplimentare
6XEvQWUHEUL
&HULQ HGHSURLHFWDUH :
vQWUHEDUHDWUHEXLHVFHDUUVSXQVXULVLPSOHODvQFHSXWLVFUHDVF
GLILFXOWDWHD DFHVWRUD VSUH VIkULW *UDGXO GH GLILFXOWDWH SRDWH IL vQ JHQHUDO
asociat cu lungimea itemului;
ILHFDUH VXEvQWUHEDUH QX YD GHSLQGH GH UVSXQVXO FRUHFW OD
VXEvQWUHEDUHDSUHFHGHQW
VXEvQWUHEULOHWUHEXLHVILHvQFRQFRUGDQ FXPDWHULDOHOHVWLPXOLL
ILHFDUHVXEvQWUHEDUHWHVWHD]XQXOVDXPDLPXOWHRELHFWLYH
65
XQ VSD LX YD IL OVDW SH IRDLD SH FDUH HVWH VFULV vQWUHEDUHD
FRUHVSXQ]WRUOXQJLPLLILHFUXLUVSXQV
$YDQWDMHLOLPLWH
Avantaje:
QWUHEULOHVWUXFWXUDWHSHUPLW
WUDQVIRUPDUHD XQXL LWHP FRPSOH[ vQWUR VXLW GH LWHPL RELHFWLYL
sau semiobiectivi;
VWUXFWXUDUHD VXEvQWUHEULORU VH IDFH DVWIHO vQFkW V WHVWH]H R
YDULHWDWHGHFXQRWLQ HSULFHSHULLFDSDFLW L
construirea proJUHVLYDXQHLGLILFXOW LLDXQHLFRPSOH[LW LGRULWH
FHUHUHDXQXLQXPUGHVXEvQWUHEULOHJDWHSULQWURWHPFRPXQ
utilizarea unor materiale auxiliare (grafice, diagrame etc.).
Limite:
materialele auxiliare sunt relativ dificil de proiectat;
UVSXQVXO OD R VXEvQWUHEDUH GHSLQGH XQHRUL GH UVSXQVXO OD
VXEvQWUHEULOHSUHFHGHQWH
SURLHFWDUHDXQHLvQWUHEULVWUXFWXUDWHQHFHVLWPDLPXOWWLPS
Exemple de itemi
1.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$ULWPHWLF&ODVDD9D)UDF LL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOVILHFDSDELOVVFULH VXE IRUP LUHGXFWLELO R IUDF LH
GDW
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUIUDF LD
111111111
.
135802469
$UWD L F QXPUWRUXO IUDF LHL VH GLYLGH FX L FX LDU
QXPLWRUXOVHGLYLGHFXLFX
6FULH LIUDF LDVXEIRUPLUHGXFWLELO
9
111111111 37 9 333667
5VSXQV$YHP
=
= .
135802469 37 11 333667 11
2.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOVILHFDSDELOVHQXPHUHHOHPHQWHOHXQHLPXO LPL
(QXQ 6HGDXPXO LPLOH$ {x / x N ,3 x 8}
66
B= {3,4,5,6,7}
D6XQWHJDOHPXO LPLOH"
E&kWHVXEPXO LPLDUH%"
F&DUHHVWHFDUGLQDOXOPXO LPLL$"
5VSXQVD1XGHRDUHFH$ {3,4,5,6,7,8} {3,4,5,6,7} =B.
b) 2 5 =32.
c) 6.
3.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VI-a / Triunghiul.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOVFDOFXOH]HPVXULOHXQJKLXULORUXQXLWULXQJKL
(QXQ )LH XQ WULXQJKL FX GRX ODWXUL FRQJUXHQWH L PVXUD XQXL XQJKL
o
de 70 .
a) Ce fel de triunghi este?
E&DOFXOD LPVXULOHXQJKLXULORUWULXQJKLXOXL
F 6XQW PDL PXOWH YDULDQWH OD UH]ROYDUHD SXQFWXOXL E" 'DF GD
UH]ROYD LOH
5VSXQVD7ULXQJKLLVRVFHOE o , 40 o , 70 o ; c) 55 o , 70 o , 55 o .
4.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,D1XPHUHvQWUHJL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FDOFXOH]H YDORDUHD DEVROXW D XQRU
numere ntregi.
(QXQ 6HGDXQXPHUHOH$ 2 123 + 2 123 382 : 381
B= 4 82 + 4 82 3123
)
): 3
122
D1XPHUHOH$L%VXQWSR]LWLYH"
E&DOFXOD L$
F&DOFXOD L%
5VSXQVD'DE$ F%
5.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF HOHPHQWHOH PXO LPLORU GH
QXPHUHLQFOXVHvQPXO LPHDQXPHUHORUUHDOH
(QXQ )LH$ 2; 0; 3,(5); + 1; 5; 1,2; -4 ; 4 ; 3
d)
$IOD LD$N; b) AZ; c) AQ; d)A-R.

5VSXQV D {0, 2, 5}; b) {-2, 0, 2, 5}; c) {-2, 0, 1,2; 2, 3,(5); 5};
4 .
67
6.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO*HRPHWULH&ODVDD9,,D5HOD LLPHWULFH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVUH]ROYHFRUHFWXQWULXQJKLGUHSWXQJKLF
(QXQ 6H G XQ WULXQJKL GUHSWXQJKLF FX FDWHWHOH E F [ L
ipotenuza a=x+4.
D&DOFXOHD]OXQJLPLOHODWXULORUWULXQJKLXOXL
E'DF[ FDOFXOHD]SHULPHWUXO
F&DOFXOHD]DULDWULXQJKLXOXL
5VXQVDD E F E3 F$
7.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,,,D3ROLQRDPH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH WHRUHPD vPSU LULL FX UHVW OD
polinoame.
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUSROLQRPXO3; ; 4 -4X 3 -3X 2 +2X+7.
D'HWHUPLQD LUHVWXOvPSU LULLOXL3;OD;
E$UWD LF3D>0, aR;
F'HVFRPSXQH LvQIDFWRULLUHGXFWLELOL3;
5VSXQVD3 5;
b) P(a)=(a-1) 2 (2a+1) 2 +6>0, aR.
c) P(X)-10=(2X-3)(X+1)(2X2 -X+1).
8.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VIII-a / Paralelism n
VSD LX
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V IRORVHDVF WUDQ]LWLYLWDWHD UHOD LHL GH
paralelism ntre drepte.
(QXQ 3DUDOHORJUDPXO$%&'LWUDSH]XO$%()$%|| EF) sunt situate n
SODQHGLIHULWH$UDWF
a) Punctele C, D, F, E sunt coplanare;
E'UHSWHOH&(L)'VXQWFRQFXUHQWH
Rezolvare: a) Din ABCD paralelogram AB ||&'LGLQ$%()WUDSH]
AB||EF, deci CD||()UH]XOW&'()FRSODQDUH
b) Din CD||()L&'()UH]XOW&')(WUDSH]GHFL&(L')VXQWGUHSWH
concurente.
9.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHSURSULHW LDOHIXQF LLORU
68
(QXQ )LHIXQF LD:RR cu proprietatea DD=LPXO LPHD

M={xR (D)(x)=x}.
D6VHDUDWHF0L(R)=M.
E'DFJ0M, g(x)=(x), x0DWXQFLJHVWHELMHF LH
F ' XQ H[HPSOX GH IXQF LH FDUH YHULILF LSRWH]D L FDUH QX
HVWHELMHF LHDSRLGHWHUPLQD LPXO LPHD0LUHVWULF LDJDIXQF LHL la M.
Rezolvare: a) Fie xR, (D)((x))=(x) (x)M M L (R)M.
Fie xM atunci ((x))=x=(y) deci x(RDGLF0(R); M=(R).
b) Fie g(x 1 )=g(x 2 ) (x 1 )=(x 2 ) ((x 1 ))=((x 2 )) x 1 =x 2 , deci g este
LQMHFWLY)LHxM x=((x))=(y)=g(y), y0GHFLJHVWHVXUMHFWLY
c) :RR, (x)=0, xR, DD=, QXHVWHELMHFWLY
0 ^`LJ00J HVWHELMHFWLY
10.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD$OJHEU&ODVDD,;D)XQF LDGHJUDGXODOGRLOHD
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGHWHUPLQHPXO LPLvQFRQGL LLGDWH
(QXQ )LH0RPXO LPHGHQXPHUHUHDOHFXSURSULHW LOH
a) ZM;
b) x, yM x+y0L[\M,
c) a= 2 + 3 M.
Se cer:
'HWHUPLQRHFXD LHFXFRHILFLHQ LvQWUHJLFDUHDUHUGFLQDa.
'HPRQVWUHD]F 3 2 M, 2 3 0L 2 2 M.
Rezolvare.
5LGLFkQG OD SWUDW RE LQHP a 2 = 5 + 2 6 a 2 -5= 2 6 5LGLFP OD
2
SWUDWLRE LQHPa 4 -10a +1=0.

1
1
1
= 10a a 3 ; 3 2 = = 10a a 3 .
3
a
a
10a a
)RORVLQG SURSULHW LOH D E F L XOWLPD UHOD LH RE LQHP F 3 2 M;
(-1)( 2 + 3 )= 2 3 M.
Deci ( 2 + 3 )+( 3 2 )= 2 3 0 L 3 2 )+( 2 3 )=- 2 2 M
(-1)(- 2 2 )= 2 2 M.
2) a(a 3 -10a)=-1 a =
11.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD$OJHEU&ODVDD,;D)XQF LL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHFRPSXQHUHDIXQF LLORU
69
(QXQ 6H FRQVLGHU IXQF LD VWULFW FUHVFWRDUH I55 FDUH YHULILF
UHOD LDIDfDf)(x)=x3 [&DOFXOHD]I
5H]ROYDUH'DFI<2 (fDf)(2)<f(2)<2 2=(fDfDf)(2) <f(2)<2 !
'DFI>2 (fDf)(2)>f(2)>2 2=(fDfDf)(2) >f(2)>2 !
'HFLI DGLF[ HVWHSXQFWIL[DODSOLFD LHLI
12.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD*HRPHWULH&ODVDD,;D&ROLQLDULWDWHFRQFXUHQ
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHWHRUHPDOXL0HQHODXV
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUWULXQJKLXO$%&LSXQFWHOH4(AB), P$&1RWP
FX*FHQWUXOGHJUHXWDWHDOWULXQJKLXOXL$%&$UDWF
BQ CP
+
= 1.
'DF*43L43||BC atunci
QA PA
BQ CP
'DF*43L43QXHVWHSDUDOHOFX%&DWXQFL
+
= 1.
QA PA
BQ CP
'DF
+
= 1 atunci GQP.
QA PA
4
1
QB
CP
$UWD LF
.
+
PA
QA
8
Rezolvare.
1) Fie {D}=AG%& 'LQ $' PHGLDQ UH]XOW F
$SOLFkQG WHRUHPD OXL 7KDOHV RE LQHP
GD 1
= .
GA 2
BQ PC 1 GD
=
= =
GH XQGH UH]XOW
QA PA 2 DA
UHOD LD
2) Fie{M}=QP%& $SOLFP WHRUHPD OXL 0HQHODXV vQ $%' L ACD
QB
PC
MB
MC
FRQVLGHUkQG 43 FD WUDQVYHUVDO 2E LQHP
=
L
=
PA 2 MD
QA 2 MD
QB PC MB + MC MD BD + MD + DC 2 MD
+
=
=
=
= 1.
QA PA
2 MD
2 MD
2 MD
BQ G D PC 1
=
= G = G deci
'DF 43||%& L $'QP={G / }
=
QA G A PA 2
GQP.
'DF 43 L %& QX VXQW SDUDOHOH FRQVLGHUP
WHRUHPDOXL0HQHODXVRE LQHP =
1RWP
1
G = G .
2
PC
BQ
= a L
= b ; a+b=1, a,b>0.
PA
QA
G D
= L DSOLFkQG
G A
70
Folosim
) (
2 a 4 + b4 a 2 + b2
inegalitatea:
2 a 2 + b 2 (a + b)
a 2 + b2
1
2
1
1
a 4 + b4 .
4
8
13.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD$OJHEU&ODVDD,;D,QGXF LHPDWHPDWLF
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH R YDULDQW D SULQFLSLXOXL
LQGXF LHLPDWHPDWLFH
1
(QXQ D'XQH[HPSOXGHQXPULUD LRQDO z pentru care z + Q .
z
1
1
E'DFz R Q L z + Q atunci z n + n Q, n 1.
z
z
1
F'DFzHVWHQXPULUD LRQDOLH[LVW n N * astfel nct z n + n VILH
z
1
LUD LRQDODWXQFL z + HVWHLUD LRQDO
z
1
5H]ROYDUH D 5H]ROYP HFXD LD z + =3 z 2 3z + 1 = 0
z
3+ 5
1
3 5
. 1XPUXO z =
z1,2 =
R Q L z + Q .
2
2
z
E6HGHPRQVWUHD]FXDMXWRUXOYDULDQWHLD,,DDLQGXF LHLPDWHPDWLFH
1
Pentru n=1 avem z + Q .
z
1
3UHVXSXQHPF z m + m Q, 1 m n .
z
1
1
1
1
z n +1 + n +1 = z n + n z + z n 1 + n 1 Q .
z
z
z
z
1
1
F 'DF z + Q FRQIRUP SXQFWXOXL E UH]XOW z n + n Q, n 1,
z
z
1
FRQWUDGLF LH'HFL z + R Q .
z
14.
Disciplina /&ODVD$QDOL]PDWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,D/LPLWHGHIXQF LL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FXQRDVF GDF R IXQF LH GDW HVWH
PUJLQLW V FDOFXOH]H OLPLWD OD VWkQJD L OLPLWD OD GUHDSWD vQWUXQ SXQFW
SHQWUXIXQF LDGDW
(QXQ )LH:RRFXSURSULHW LOH
a) PUJLQLWSHR.
b) DUHOLPLWODVWkQJDvQx 0 ILQLW
71
c) QXDUHOLPLWODGUHDSWDvQx 0 =0.
6WDELOHWH FDUH GLQWUH XUPWRDUHOH IXQF LL DX WRDWH SURSULHW LOH
HQXQ DWH
1
x0
x,
cos , x < 0
1) f ( x ) =
2) f ( x ) =
x
1
cos , x > 0
1, x 0
x
1, x 0
1, x 0
3) f ( x ) =
4) f ( x ) = 1
1, x > 0
sin x , x > 0
5VSXQV
15.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$QDOL]DPDWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,D/LPLWH
GHIXQF LL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOVFDOFXOH]HOLPLWHGHIXQF LLvQ, .
1

a) lim n b) lim x
n +
x +
n
x
(QXQ &DOFXOHD]

c) lim x
d) lim x .
x
x
x
x
Rezolvare: a) n2; a n =0 deci OLP a n =0.
Q
1
b) OLP x =0.
[ + x

1
1
c) 1< 'DFx>0 atunci 1x<x 1 A d (0)=1.
[
x [
x
1
1
'DFx<0 atunci 1x>x 1 A s (0)=1 deci OLP x =1.
[ x
x
d) Fie x n , n 0 N*, nn 0 avem
1

(1,0) =1
[Q
xn
1
OLP x n =+
Q
xn
16.
GHIXQF LL
72
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGHWHUPLQHODRIXQF LHGDWPXO LPHD

SXQFWHORUGHFRQWLQXLWDWHPXO LPHDSXQFWHORUGHGHULYDELOLWDWHSXQFWHOHFULWLFH
LSXQFWHOHGHH[WUHPORFDO
x , x < 0
(QXQ )LH:RR, (x)= 1, x = 0 .

x, x > 0
D'HWHUPLQPXO LPHDSXQFWHORUGHFRQWLQXLWDWHDOHOXL.
b) 'HWHUPLQPXO LPHDSXQFWHORUGHGHULYDELOLWDWHDOHOXLLFDOFXOD L
'(x).
c) are puncte critice ?
d) are puncte de extrem local ?
5VSXQVDR*.
1, x < 0
b) R L'(x)=
1, x > 0
c) '(x)0, xR* deci nu are puncte critice.

d) Da : x 0 HVWHSXQFWGHPLQLPJOREDOGHFLLORFDODOIXQF LHL.
17.
GHIXQF LL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GHWHUPLQH PXO LPHD SXQFWHORU GH
FRQWLQXLWDWHDOHXQHLIXQF LLGDWH
x, x < 0
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUIXQF LD:R*R prin (x)=
.
2 x , x > 0
&DUHHVWHPXO LPHDSXQFWHORUGHFRQWLQXLWDWHDOXL?
2) (1)(1)=2<0 dar QX VH DQXOHD] (VWH DFHDVW DILUPD LH vQ
FRQWUDGLF LHFXIDSWXOFHVWHFRQWLQXSHvQWUHJGRPHQLXOGHGHILQL LH"
5VSXQVR*. 2) HVWHFRQWLQXSHR*, R* nu este interval deci nu
se pune problema pentru de a avea sau nu proprietatea lui Darboux
SURSULHWDWHFHVHVWXGLD]SHLQWHUYDOHDGLFSHPXO LPLFRQH[H
18.
GHIXQF LL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH FRQGL LLOH GH GHULYDELOLWDWH DOH
IXQF LLORU
1

x sin , x 0
(QXQ )LH:RR, (x)=
x
0,
x=0
73
&DUHGLQWUHFRQGL LLOHXUPWRDUHDVLJXUGHULYDELOLWDWHDOXL n x 0 =0 ?
a) =0,
b) <0;
c) >1;
d) 2.
5VSXQVFG
19.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $QDOL]D PDWHPDWLF &ODVD D ;,,D
Calculul integralelor.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH FXQRWLQ HOH UHIHULWRDUH OD
GHULYDELOLWDWHLLQWHJUDELOLWDWH
x 1
.
(QXQ &RQVLGHUPIXQF LD:RR, (x)=
2
D7UDVHD]JUDILFXOOXL.
E'HWHUPLQPXO LPHDSXQFWHORUGHFRQWLQXLWDWHDOXL.
c) Pe domeniul de derivabilitate al lui FDOFXOHD]'.
d) nu admite primitive pe intervalul [0,2] dar DUH LQWHJUDO
2
FDOFXOHD] f ( x )dx .
0
5VSXQV E 5{2k+1/ kZ}; c) f (x)=0;
d) f nu are proprietatea
Darboux;
f ( x)dx =-1.
0
20.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GHPRQVWUH]H L]RPRUILVPXO D GRX
inele.
(QXQ D6HFRQVLGHUPXO LPHD$QHYLGILQLW'DFJ$A, atunci g
HVWHLQMHFWLYJHVWHVXUMHFWLY

,
b) Fie m,nN * PQ LI= mn Z m xZ n , prin f ( x ) = ( x x ) $UDWFIHVWH
FRUHFWGHILQLW
F$UDWFIHVWHPRUILVPGHLQHOH
G$UDWFIHVWHELMHFWLY
e) Z mn Z m xZ n.
5H]ROYDUH D 'DF $ {a 1 , a 2 ,...,a n } L J HVWH LQMHFWLY DWXQFL ,Pg are n
elemente deci Img $DGLFJHVWHVXUMHFWLY
'DF J H VXUMHFWLY V SUHVXSXQHP F J QX H LQMHFWLY ij astfel
nct g(a i )=g(a j ) Img are cel mult (n-1) elemente ImgA
'HFLJHVWHLQMHFWLY
74

b) Avem x = y m n (x - y ) m (x - y ) L n (x - y ) x = y ( n Z m L x = y

(n Z n ) deci f ( x ) = f ( y ) .

c) f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) L f ( x y ) = f ( x ) f ( y ) VHYHULILFFXXXULQ
GIHVWHLQMHFWLYFRQIRUPGHPRQVWUD LHLGHODSXQFWXOE
Cum Z mn =Z m xZ n PQLILQMHFWLYIVXUMHFWLY
H'LQFLGUH]XOWL]RPRUILVPXOGHLQHOH
5.3. Tehnici de testare Itemi subiectivi

Descriere [,1HDFX$6WRLFD]
,WHPLL VXELHFWLYL VDX FX UVSXQV GHVFKLV UHSUH]LQW IRUPD WUDGL LRQDO
GH HYDOXDUH vQ DUD QRDVWU (L VXQW UHODWLY XRU GH FRQVWUXLW L WHVWHD]
RELHFWLYHFHVFRWvQHYLGHQ RULJLQDOLWDWHDFUHDWLYLWDWHDLFDUDFWHUXOSHUVRQDO
DOUVSXQVXOXL
,WHPLLFXUVSXQVGHVFKLVSUHVXSXQ
rezolvarea de probleme;
HVHXVWUXFWXUDWVDXOLEHUPDLSX LQODPDWHPDWLF
5.3.1. Rezolvarea de probleme
'HVFULHUHLFDUDFWHULVWLFL:
5H]ROYDUHD GH SUREOHPH HVWH R DFWLYLWDWH FXUHQW D SURFHVXOXL GH
LQVWUXLUHSHFDUHSURIHVRUXORSURSXQHODFODVILHFUXLHOHYVDXXQXLJUXS
FX VFRSXO GH]YROWULL FUHDWLYLW LL JkQGLULL GLYHUJHQWH LPDJLQD LHL FDSDFLW LL
GHDJHQHUDOL]DUHIRUPXODRSUREOHPHWF
&DSDFLWDWHDGHDUH]ROYDSUREOHPHQXHVWHFHYDvQQVFXWFLDFHDVWDVH
GH]YROW SULQ H[HUFL LX GHD OXQJXO XQHL SHULRDGH PDL OXQJL 'H DFHHD DWXQFL
FkQG XWLOL]P UH]ROYDUHD GH SUREOHPH FD PHWRG GH DSUHFLHUH D
SHUIRUPDQ HORUHOHYLORUWUHEXLHVvQFHSHPFXDFWLYLW LVLPSOH
2ELHFWLYHOHXUPULWHSULQXWLOL]DUHDUH]ROYULLGHSUREOHPHVXQW
Q HOHJHUHDSUREOHPHL
2E LQHUHDLQIRUPD LLORUQHFHVDUHUH]ROYULLSUREOHPHL
75
)RUPXODUHDLWHVWDUHDLSRWH]HORU
Descrierea metodelor de rezolvare a problemei;
(ODERUDUHDXQXLVFXUWUDSRUWGHVSUHUH]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWH
3RVLELOLWDWHDGHJHQHUDOL]DUHLGHWUDQVIHUDWHKQLFLORUGHUH]ROYDUH
&HULQ HGHSURLHFWDUH:
&HULQ HOH GH SURLHFWDUH VH SRW FODVLILFD vQ FHULQ H JHQHUDOH L vQ FHULQ H
specifice.
'LQWUHFHULQ HOHJHQHUDOHHQXPHUP
DVLWXD LDSUREOHPVILHDGHFYDWQLYHOXOXLGHYkUVWLGHSUHJWLUHD
elevilor;
E DFWLYLWDWHD VH SRDWH GHVIXUD LQGLYLGXDO VDX vQ JUXS vQ IXQF LH GH
QDWXUDLFRQ LQXWXOSUREOHPHL
FDFWLYLWDWHDVILHvQFRQFRUGDQ FXRELHFWLYHOHLFRQ LQXWXULOH
disciplinei;
GPRGXOGHHYDOXDUHDDFWLYLW LLVILHUHOHYDQWSULQXUPULUHD
FULWHULLORUGHED]VWDELOLWHSULQVFKHPDEDUHPXOGHQRWDUH
HXWLOL]DUHDvQFDGUXODFWLYLW LLDXQRUUHVXUVH PDWHULDOH VLPSOH L SX LQ
FRVWLVLWRDUHXRUFRQIHF LRQDELOH
&HULQ HOHVSHFLILFHUH]XOWGLQQDWXUDVLWXD LHLSUREOHP
RE LQHUHDUH]XOWDWHORUSHFLFODUHLYHULILFDELOH
utilizarea unor metode alternative de rezolvare;
SUH]HQWDUHDvQUDSRUWXOILQDODUD LRQDPHQWXOXLDFDOFXOXOXL
GLDJUDPHORUJUDILFHORUHWFFDUHVXQWLPSRUWDQWHLDMXWODvQ HOHJHUHD
UHDOL]ULLVDUFLQLORU
$YDQWDMHLOLPLWH
Avantaje:
permite formarea unei gndiri productive;
RIHUSRVLELOLWDWHDXQHLLQWHUGHSHQGHQ H
GSRVLELOLWDWHDGHGLVFX LHDVXSUDGLYHUVHORUPHWRGHLVROX LL
DFWLYHD]DWLWXGLQHDFULWLFLvQYD SHHOHYLVDSUHFLH]H
PHWRGDFHDPDLEXQGHOXFUX
RIHUSRVLELOLWDWHDDQDOL]HLHURULORU
76
Dezavantaje:
necesitXQWLPSOXQJGHSURLHFWDUH
LPSOLFUHVXUVHPDWHULDOHXQHRULFRVWLVLWRDUH
QHFHVLW XQ WLPS PDUH GH DGPLQLVWUDUH L FRPSOH[LWDWH D
sarcinii;
H[LVWRDQXPLWVXELHFWLYLWDWHvQHYDOXDUH
GDFVHGRUHWHQRWDUHDILHFUXLHOHYDFHDVWDWUHEXLHIFXW
QXDQ DWvQIXQF LHGHDMXWRUXODFRUGDWGHSURIHVRUFRQWULEX LDILHFUXLHOHYvQ
cadrul grupului etc.
2EVHUYD LL :
Q DIDUD DVSHFWHORU PHQ LRQDWH SkQ DFXP vQ DSUHFLHUHD UH]XOWDWHORU
HOHYLORUSULQXWLOL]DUHDUH]ROYULLGHSUREOHPHVHYD LQHVHDPDGH
abordarea problemei: strategia grupului pentru rezolvarea sarcinii;
VROX LDSUREOHPHLPVXUDvQFDUHSUREOHPDDIRVWUH]ROYDWFRUHFW
lucru asupra sarcinii:
VDIRORVLWRPHWRGDGHFYDW"
s-au folosit mai multe metode?
s-au verificat re]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWH"
JHQHUDOL]DUHD SUREOHPHL GHL LPSRUWDQW DFHDVWD HVWH R DF LXQH UDU
vQWkOQWGHRDUHFHIRDUWHSX LQLHOHYLDXvQYHGHUHDFHVWDVSHFW
FRPXQLFDUHD FX SURIHVRUXO PRGXO FRQVWUXFWLY GH LQWHUDF LXQH QX
VROLFLWDUHDUHSHWDWDDMXWRUXOXL
RULJLQDOLWDWHDLFUHDWLYLWDWHDvQDERUGDUHDUH]ROYULL
Exemple de itemi
1.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO 0DWHPDWLF &ODVD D 9D 1XPHUH
UD LRQDOHSR]LWLYH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH FRUHFW RUGLQHD HIHFWXULL
RSHUD LLORUFXQXPHUHUD LRQDOH
77
2
3
3
1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
(QXQ (IHFWXD L 3 3 + 3 + 3
3
2 3 3 2 3 2
2
Schema de notare:
3HQWUXFDOFXOXOFRUHFWDOSXWHULORUVHDFRUGSXQFWH
3HQWUX HIHFWXDUHD FRUHFW D vQPXO LULL GLQ SDUDQWH]D GUHDSW VH
DFRUGSXQFW
3HQWUXFDOFXODUHDFRUHFWDRSHUD LLORUGLQSDUDQWH]DGUHDSWL
SDUDQWH]DURWXQGVHDFRUGSXQFWH
3HQWUX HIHFWXDUHD vQPXO LULL UH]XOWDWHORU GLQWUH FHOH GRX SDUDQ
WH]HVHDFRUGSXQFW
3HQWUXHIHFWXDUHDXOWLPHORUVFGHULVHDFRUGSXQFWH
2.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO 0DWHPDWLF &ODVD D 9D 1XPHUH
UD LRQDOHSR]LWLYH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FODVLILFH IUDF LLOH RUGLQDUH vQ
HFKLXQLWDUHVXEXQLWDUHLVXSUDXQLWDUH
(QXQ
6
VH
GHWHUPLQH
n1
DVWIHO
vQFkW
IUDF LD
0
n+2
n +1
n
3 3 3 3 3
F(n)=
V ILH D VXEXQLWDU E HFKLXQLWDU F
131
VXSUDXQLWDU
Schema de notare:
n
3n + 2 3n +1 3n 3 30 3 (9 3 1) 3 1
=
Pentru calculul F(n)=
=
131
131
5 3n 4
VHDFRUGSXQFWH
131
Pentru determinarea lui n DVWIHO vQFkW IUDF LD V ILH HFKLXQLWDU
5 3 4
=1 5 3n 4 =131 3n =27 n VHDFRUGSXQFWH
131
n
Pentru determinarea lui n DVWIHO vQFkW IUDF LD V ILH VXEXQLWDU
n{0, 1, 2}VHDFRUGSXQFWH
Pentru determinarea lui nDVWIHOvQFkWIUDF LDVILHVXSUDXQLWDU
( n>3 , n1VHDFRUGSXQFWH
2EVHUYD LH6HDFRUGDFHODLQXPUGHSXQFWHGDFVHGDXYDORULOXLn
LVXQWIRUPXODWHUVSXQVXULOHFRUHFW
78
3.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $ULWPHWLF &ODVD D 9D 1XPHUH
UD LRQDOH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FDOFXOH]H R VXP GH IUDF LL SULQ
GHVFRPSXQHUHDILHFUHLDvQWURGLIHUHQ GHGRXIUDF LL
(QXQ &DOFXOD L6
1
1
1
+
+.....+
S=
1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3
1 + 2 + 3+....+1998
6FKHPGHQRWDUH
1
1
1
S=
+
+...+
2.3 3 4
1998 1999
2
2
2
2
2
2
+
+...+
S=
2 3 3 4
1998 1999
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
S= + + +...+
2 3 3 4 4 5
1998 1999
2
S= 1
1999
1997
S=
1999
4puncte
1punct
3puncte
1punct
1punct.
4.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VI-a / Paralelismul
dreptelor.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V H[SOLFH L V IRORVHDVF SDUDOHOLVPXO
DGRXGUHSWHvQSODQ
(QXQ )LH WULXQJKLXO $%& L ELVHFWRDUHD $' 'BC. Prin D se duce
SDUDOHODOD$%FDUHWDLHSH$&vQ(LSULQ(VHGXFHSDUDOHODOD$'FDUHWDLH
SH%&vQ)6VHDUDWHF
a) Triunghiul ADE este isoscel;
b) EF este bisectoarea unghiului DEC.
Schema de notare:
3HQWUXH[HFXWDUHDFRUHFWDILJXULLVHDFRUGSXQFWH
3HQWUXUH]ROYDUHDFRUHFWDSXQFWXOXLDVHDFRUGSXQFWH
DE||AB ADEBAD ( alterne interne), dar [AD este bisectoarea
BAC, deci BADDAC DAEADE ADE isoscel.
3HQWUXUH]ROYDHDFRUHFWDSXQFWXOXLEVHDFRUGSXQFWH
79
EF||AD ADE'()DOWHUQHLQWHUQHLFECDAE

(corespondente) DEFFEC.
5.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO 0DWHPDWLF &ODVD D 9,D 5DSRDUWH L
SURSRU LL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHSURSULHW LOHLUXOXLGHUDSRDUWH
egale.
a b c
(QXQ 1XPHUHOH a, b, c VDWLVIDF UHOD LLOH = = L 2a + 5b + 3c = 88 .
3 4 6
6VHFDOFXOH]H
1) 4a + 3b 4c L
1
1
1
+ 2 + 2.
2
a
b
c
Schema de notare:
Pentru aflarea valorilor lui a=6, b=8, c VHDFRUGSXQFWH
Pentru calculul expresiei 4a + 3b 4c VHDFRUGSXQFWH
1
1
1 29
Pentru calculul expresiei 2 + 2 + 2 =
VHDFRUGSXQFWH
576
a
b
c
6.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVRSHUH]HFXQXPHUHLUD LRQDOH
(QXQ )LH a = 3 5 + 9 4 5 L b =
2b + a
E=
LGHPRQVWUD LF(Z.
2a b
7 1 11 4 7 &DOFXOD L
Schema de notare:
Pentru calculul lui a=VHDFRUGSXQFWH
Pentru calculul lui b=VHDFRUGSXQFWH
3HQWUXFDOFXOXOOXL( VHDFRUGSXQFWH
Pentru precizarea E=VHDFRUGSXQFW
7.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VII-a / Triunghiul.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH FXQRWLQ HOH GHVSUH WULXQJKLXO
HFKLODWHUDO vQWUR FRQILJXUD LH LQFRPSOHW L V WUDQVIHUH FXQRWLQ HOH L
UD LRQDPHQWHOHvQFD]XOSWUDWXOXL
)RUPDGHDGPLQLVWUDUHDLWHPXOXLLQGLYLGXDO
(QXQ
80
I) n figura de mai sus sunt construite triunghiuri echilaterale folosind

VHJPHQWHGHGUHDSW
L&kWHVHJPHQWHVXQWQHFHVDUHSHQWUXDIRUPDQRXWULXQghiuri?
ii) Cte triunghiuri pot fi formate cu 217 segmente congruente?
,, )RUPXOD L R SUREOHP DVHPQWRDUH vQ FDUH vQ ORF GH WULXQJKLXUL
HFKLODWHUDOHVIRORVL LSWUDWH"
Schema de notare:
3HQWUX GHVHQDUHD FHORU QRX WULXQJKLXUL L VFULHUHD QXPUXlui
GHODWXULVHDFRUGS
3HQWUX GHGXFHUHD IRUPXOHL GH FDOFXO D QXPUXOXL GH ODWXUL
1 QQILLQGQXPUXOGHWULXQJKLXULVHDFRUGS
3HQWUX UH]ROYDUHD HFXD LHL Q L VSHFLILFDUHD
QXPUXOXLGHWULXQJKLXULQ VHDFRUGS
Pentru formularea problemei n care se face transferul de la
WULXQJKLODSWUDWVHDFRUGS
3HQWUXUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHL,,VHDFRUGS
8.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VIII-a / Poliedre.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH WHRUHWLF L SUDFWLF SURSULHW LOH
paralelipipedului dreptunghic.
Forma de administrare: n grupe de cte trei elevi.
(QXQ
'HVHQXOGHPDLMRVUHSUH]LQWGHVIXUDUHDvQSODQDXQXLSDUDOHOLSLSHG
dreptunghic.
D$IOD LYDORULOHOXL
i) x
ii) y
E'DFILJXUDVHSOLD]IRUPkQGXVHRFXWLHVHFHU
i) care sunt punctele care coincid cu punctul P?
ii) care va fi volumul cutiei?
F6HSRDWHLQWURGXFHvQFXWLHREDJKHWOXQJGHFPIRDUWHVXE LUH
DVWIHOvQFkWFDSDFXOVILHvQFKLV"
81
G 9HULILFD L H[SHULPHQWDO UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH OD SXQFWHOH D E L F

DVWIHO'HFXSD LGLQWURIRDLHGHKkUWLHFDUWRQILJXUDGHPDLVXVLDSRLSOLD LR
SHQWUX D RE LQH SDUDOHOLSLSHGXO &X R ULJO JUDGDW PVXUD L YDORULOH [ L \ L
YHULILFD LSXQFWXOF
0
FP
&
FP
3
FP
/ [FP*

'
+

\FP
(
!
Schema de notare:
'HGXFHUHDLMXVWLILFDUHD[ FPS
'HGXFHUHDLMXVWLILFDUHD\ FPS
'XSSOLHUHVHUHDOL]HD]3 % (S
Calculul volumului V=1620 cm 3 , 2p;
Calculul diagonalei paralelipipedului d! L IRUPXODUHD
FRQFOX]LHLFEDJKHWDVHSRDWHLQWURGXFHvQSDUDOHOLSLSHGS
3HQWUXFRQVWUXF LHPVXUDUHLYHULILFDUHS
9.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD9,,,D)XQF LL
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGHWHUPLQHIRUPXODXQHLIXQF LLOLQLDUH
LVRUHSUH]LQWHJUDILF
(QXQ )LHIXQF LDOLQLDU f : R R FDUHvQGHSOLQHWHFRQGL LD
2 f (1 2 x ) + 3 f ( x ) = 2 x + 14
()x R .
D6VHGHWHUPLQHIXQF LD f ( x ) LVVHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILF

E6VHGHWHUPLQHSXQFWHOHGHSHJUDILFFDUHDXFRRUGRQDWHOHHJDOH
Schema de notare:
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDIXQF LHL f ( x ) = 2 x + 2 VHDFRUGSXQFWH
3HQWUXUHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILFVHDFRUGSXQFWH
82
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHD$VHDFRUGSXQFWH

10.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGHWHUPLQHXQSXQFWIL[DOXQHLIXQF LL
GDWHSULQWURUHOD LHIXQF LRQDO
(QXQ )LH IXQF LD :RR astfel nct
( )(x)=x2 +
1
, xR 6 VH
4
DUDWHFH[LVWFRFXSURSULHWDWHDF(c)=c.
5H]ROYDUHLEDUHPGHQRWDUH
$SOLFPSHDPELORUPHPEULLRE LQHP )(x)=(x 2 +
1
)
4

( )((x))=(x 2 + ) 2 (x)+ =(x 2 + ), xR - VHDFRUGSXQFWH .

n particular pentru x= RE LQHP 2 ( )+ =( ) (( ) ) 2 =0

( )= . Deci x 0 = este punct fix al lui VHDFRUGSXQFWH

11.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FXQRDVF L V DSOLFH SURSULHW LOH
GHPRQRWRQLHLQMHFWLYLWDWHLVXUMHFWLYLWDWHDOHXQHLIXQF LLUHDOH
2 x 1, x ( ,1]
,
(QXQ )LHIXQF LD a,b :RRGHILQLWSULQ f a,b ( x ) = ax + b, x ( 11)
5x + 1, x [1,+)
'HWHUPLQD LDERDVWIHOvQFkWIXQF LDa,bVILHUHVSHFWLYSHUkQG

VWULFWPRQRWRQ
LQMHFWLY
LQYHUVDELOLvQDFHVWFD]DIOD LIXQF LDLQYHUV
83
\

Rezolvare L EDUHP GH QRWDUH este

VWULFW FUHVFWRDUH SH ,-1][1,+). este
VWULFWFUHVFWRDUHSHRGDFD!L

[

((1;1))[3;6] D!Lba, a+b6.

Q
SODQ
PXO LPHD
SXQFWHORU
DE
HVWH
UHSUH]HQWDWSULQSDUWHDKDXUDW
6HDFRUGSXQFWH
(0,6)
(0,6)
$

!
D
&

'

'
2) LQMHFWLY a>0, 3ba, a+b6 sau a<0, a+b6, a+b3.

Q SODQ PXO LPHD SXQFWHORU DE FH YHULILF UHOD LD UHSUH]LQW
VXSUDID DSWUDWGLQFDUHVFRDWHPGLDJRQDOD%'
6HDFRUGSXQFWH
2 x 1, x ( ,1]
9
3
,
3) Pentru a>0, (x)= x + , x ( 11) HVWHELMHFWLYL
2
2
5x + 1, x [1,+)
x +1
2 , x ( ,3]
2x 3
1 (x)=
, x ( 3,6)
9
x 1
5 , x [6,+)
84
x ( ,1]
2 x 1,
9
3
,
Pentru a<0, (x)= x + , x ( 11) HVWHELMHFWLYL
2
2
x [1,+)
5x + 1,
x +1
2 , x ( ,3]
2 x + 3
1 (x)=
, x ( 3,6)
9
x 1
5 , x [6,+)
6HDFRUGSXQFWH
12.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO 7ULJRQRPHWULH &ODVD D ,;D )XQF LL
trigonometrice.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GHPRQVWUH]H R LQHJDOLWDWH WULJRQRPHWULF
determinnd un interval de lungime vQFDUHYDULD]XQJKLXULOH.
(QXQ $UWD LFVLQQ Q Q )>

, nN, n2.

Rezolvare : n(n+1)+/4<n Q Q <n(n+1)+/2, nN, n2.

<sin n Q Q .

6HDFRUGSXQFWH
13.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a IX-a / Cercul
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GHWHUPLQH SH R FRQILJXUD LH GRX
puncte fixe pentru aplicarea unui loc geometric din categoria locurilor
JHRPHWULFHGHED]
(QXQ )LH$%&XQWULXQJKLRDUHFDUH6VHGHWHUPLQHORFXOJHRPHWULF
DOSXQFWHORU0GLQSODQXOWULXQJKLXOXLFXSURSULHWDWHDF0$ 2 +MB 2= MC 2 .
85
Rezolvare: Fie D mijlocul lui

>%&@ L 0 DSDU LQkQG ORFXOXL JHR
metric.

'DF P C )>90 o atunci locul
JHRPHWULFHVWHPXO LPHDYLGS

'DF P C )=90 o atunci locul
JHRPHWULF HVWH PXO LPHD IRUPDW GLQ
SXQFWXO/FDUHHVWHVLPHWULFXOSXQFWXOXL&ID GH'SXQFWH
n 0$% VH DSOLF WHRUHPD PHGLDQHL 0' 2 =2(MA 2 +MB 2 )BA 2
AB 2 +4MD 2 =2MC 2 .
( 3 puncte)
$SOLFkQGWHRUHPDPHGLDQHLvQWULXQJKLXO0&/RE LQHP
4MD 2 =2(MC 2 +ML 2 )-CL 2 deci ML 2 =CL 2 -AB 2 UH]XOW 0 GHVFULH XQ FHUF
FXFHQWUXOvQ/GHUD] r = CL2 AB 2 .
( 4 puncte)
2EVHUYD LH 3UREOHPD VH SRDWH UH]ROYD L SH FDOH DQDOLWLF 6H

FRQVLGHU VLVWHPXO GH FRRUGRQDWH FX FHQWUXO vQ SXQFWXO & 6H RE LQH XQ FHUF
FX FHQWUXO vQ / GH UD] r = a 2 + b 2 c 2 , unde a, b, c sunt lungimile laturilor
triunghiului ABC.
14.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a IX-a / Arii.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH WHRUHPD UHIHULWRDUH OD
WULXQJKLXULOHHFKLYDOHQWHRE LQXWHSULQFRQVWUXF LDPHGLDQHL
(QXQ Q WULXQJKLXO $%& VH FRQVLGHU PHGLDQD $' 6 VH DUDWH F
GDF FHUFXULOH vQVFULVH vQ WULXQJKLXULOH $%' L $&' DX DFHHDL UD] DWXQFL
AB=AC.
86
Rezolvare: [ABD]=[ADC]=S/2. Fie

r 1 LU 2 razele cercurilor nscrise n $%'L
ADC.
r 1 p 1 =S/2=r 2 p 2 ;
r 1 =r 2 p 1 =p 2
2p 1 =2p 2 c+a/2+m a =b+a/2+m a b=c.

6HDFRUGSXQFWH
15.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO 7ULJRQRPHWULH &ODVD D ;D $SOLFD LLOH
trigonometriei n geometrie.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V DSOLFH IRUPXOD WJDE vQ UH]ROYDUHD
unor probleme.
(QXQ 'HPRQVWUD L F WULXQJKLXO $%& HVWH GUHSWXQJKLF vQ $ GDF L
%
%
&
&
QXPDLGDFWJ +tg tg +tg =1.

%
&
%
&
5H]ROYDUH5HOD LDVHPDLVFULHWJ +tg =1tg tg

%
&
%
&
%
&
'DFWJ tg =1 atunci tg +tg
FRQWUDGLF LHGHFLWJ tg 1.

% &
% &
% &
5HOD LDHVWHHFKLYDOHQWFXWJ + L + 0, + =

2

B+C=
m()= .

6HDFRUGSXQFWH
16.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO 0DWHPDWLF &ODVD D ;D 1XPHUH
complexe.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVUH]ROYHRHFXD LHELQRPGDW
(QXQ 6WXGLD L LQMHFWLYLWDWHD L VXUMHFWLYLWDWHD IXQF LHL :CC GHILQLW
prin (z)=z3 , zC5H]ROYD LHFXD LD(z)=1+i.
+ L
1 i 3
Rezolvare: z3 DUHVROX LLOH 0 =1, 1 =
L 2 =
.(3 puncte)
2

(1)=( 1 )=1 deci QXHVWHLQMHFWLYSXQFW
Fie
87
yC HFXD LD ] 3 \ DUH FHO SX LQ R VROX LH GDWRULW WHRUHPHL
fundamentale a algebrei.
(1 punct)
5H]XOWVXUMHF LHSXQFW
1 + i = 2 cos + i sin ; z 3 = 2 cos + i sin .

(2 puncte)
4
4
4
4
+ 2 k
+ 2 k
6ROX LLOH z k = 6 2 cos 4

+ i sin 4
, 0k2.
3
3
(2 puncte)
17.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO *HRPHWULH &ODVD D ;D $SOLFD LL DOH
numerelor complexe n geometrie.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVIRORVHDVFLQHJDOLW LFXPRGXOHL
SURSULHW LDOHUGFLQLORUSULPLWLYHDOHXQLW LL
(QXQ
Fie RUGFLQSULPLWLYGHRUGLQXOQDXQLW LLL]XQQXPU
complex astfel nct z k 1, oricare ar fi k{0, 1, 2, 3, ......, n-1}. Atunci:
z1.
Rezolvare. Cum HVWHRUGFLQSULPLWLYDWXQFLPXO LPHDUGFLQLORU
GHRUGLQXOQDXQLW LLHVWH8 n ={1, , 2 , ... , n-1 }.
1 n
Din 1++ 2 +...+ n-1 =
UH]XOW]])+(z- 2 )+...+(z- n-1 )=nz,
1
de unde nzz-1+z- + ...+ z- n-1 QDGLFz1.
6HDFRUGSXQFWH
18.
Disciplina / Clasa / Capitolul: Geometrie / Clasa a VIII-a /
3HUSHQGLFXODULWDWHvQVSD LX
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GHWHUPLQH XQJKLXO GLHGUX D GRX
plane.
(QXQ
)LH2FHQWUXOSWUDWXOXL$%&'0XQSXQFWSHSHUSHQGLFXODUDvQ$SH
SODQXOSWUDWXOXLDVWIHOvQFkW02 &$(PLMORFXOOXL[MB]L)PLMORFXOOXL
[MD].
$UWD LF a). (AEF)(CEF)
E0VXUDXQJKLXOXLIRUPDWGHSODQHOH$%&L&()HVWH o .
6HDFRUGSXQFWH
88
19.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD;,,D3ROLQRDPH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FRQVWUXLDVF HFXD LD GH JUDGXO
cnd se cunosc valorile polinoamelor simetrice fundamentale s 1 , s 2 LV 3 .
(QXQ )LHDEFR astfel nct: a+b+c=abc.
D'HPRQVWUD LF ab+bc+ca1.
E&DOFXOD LDUFWJDDUFWJEDUFWJF
5H]ROYDUHD1RWPV 1 =a+b+c=abc=k=s 3 LSUHVXSXQHPF
s 2 DEEFFD (FXD LDGHJUDGXOWUHLFHYDDYHDFDUGFLQLSHDEFYDIL
t 3 s 1 t 2 +s 2 ts 3 =0 t 3 kt 2 +tk=0 t(t 2 +1)k(t 2 +1)=0 (t 2 +1)(tk)=0 t 1 =k,
t 2,3 RFRQWUDGLF LH'HFLDEEFFD1.
( 6 puncte )
E1RWP=arctg a; =arctg b ; =arctg c.

WJ WJ WJ WJ WJ WJ
D E F DEF
tg(++)=
=
= 0 ++=0.
WJ WJ WJ WJ WJ WJ DE EF FD
(4 puncte)
20.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $OJHEU &ODVD D ;D 0XO LPL GH
numere.
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GHWHUPLQH FDUGLQDOXO XQHL PXO LPL
date printr-o proprietate.
(QXQ 6HFRQVLGHUPXO LPHD
A={nN, 1n1000 x,yN* astfel nct n=25x+26y}.
6VHGHWHUPLQHQXPUXOHOHPHQWHORUOXL$FDUG$
5H]ROYDUH9RPXWLOL]DXUPWRDUHOHGRXOHPH
Lema 1'DFDEN LDE DWXQFLu,vN* astfel nct aubv=1.
Lema 2 'DF DEN L DE QN Q!DE H[LVW x,yN* astfel
nct n=ax+by.
89
'HPRQVWUDLDOHPHL 1'LQDOJRULWPXOOXL(XFOLGUH]XOWFH[LVWx 0 ,y 0
[
\
Z astfel nct ax 0 +by 0 &RQVLGHUP W 0 Z cu t 0 > L W 0 > L SXQHP
E
D
u=x 0 +bt 0 N LY y 0 at 0 )N*; aubv=ax 0 +by 0 =1.
'HPRQVWUDLD OHPHL 2 $SOLFkQG OHPD UH]XOW F H[LVW XYN* astfel
QX QY
QY
QX
nct aubv=1 anubnv=n>ab
>1 tN* astfel nct
<t<
E D
D
E
LFRQVLGHUkQGx=nubtN* avem ax+by=n, y=atnvN*.
2EVHUYDLH 1X SXWHP PLFRUD SH Q GHRDUHFH Q DE QX YHULILF
FRQGL LD
3HQWUX D L E DSOLFkQG OHPD UH]XOW F n{651, 652, ...,
`H[LVWx,yN* astfel nct n=25x+26y.
( 5 puncte )
Pentru valorile lui n^`VHGHWHUPLQQXPUXOFXSOHORUx,y)

N*N FHYHULILFHJDOLWDWHD6HYDRE LQHFDUG$ SXQFWH
21.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO0DWHPDWLF&ODVDD;,D0DWULFH
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FDOFXOH]H SXWHUHD QD D XQHL PDWULFH
GHRIRUPVSHFLDO
1
3
(QXQ )LH$
M2 (R).
3 1
cos
'HWHUPLQD L,R astfel ca A=
sin
1
Rezolvare: A= 2 2
3
cos
2 = 2
3
1
sin
3
2
sin
LFDOFXOD L$ n , nN*.
cos
sin
3 deci putem lua L
cos
3
cos n

n
=
sau + 2k k Z L$ n = 2
3
sin n
3
UH]XOWDWGHPRQVWUDWSULQLQGXF LHPDWHPDWLF
6HDFRUGSXQFWH
cos
sin n
n
3
=2
n
cos n
sin
3
n
cos
3
sin
90
22.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$OJHEU&ODVDD;,D6LVWHPHOLQLDUH
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVUH]ROYHVLVWHPHRPRJHQHFHFRQGXF
la calcularea unui determinant simetric.
x 2 + y 3 + z 5 = x
(QXQ 6VHUH]ROYHVLVWHPXO x 5 + y 2 + z 3 = y
x 3 + y 5 + z 2 = z
)
(
2 x + y 3 + z 5 = 0
Rezolvare: Sistemul se scrie: 5x + y 2 + z 3 = 0
3x + y 5 + 2 z = 0
(3 puncte)
Este un sistem omogen deci compatibil.

D E F

= F D E =
det A =

E F D
=1/2(a+b+c)[(ab) 2 +(bc) 2 +(ca) 2 ]o
(1 punct)
(2 puncte)
(2 puncte)
GHFLVLVWHPXOHVWHFRPSDWLELOGHWHUPLQDWDGLFDUHGRDUVROX LDEDQDO
x=y=z=0.
(2 puncte)
23.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$QDOL]&ODVDD;,DLUXUL
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V XWLOL]H]H VLPHWULD D GRX UHOD LL GH
UHFXUHQ GHRUGLQXOGRL
(QXQ 6HGDXLUXULOHGHQXPHUHUHDOHX n ) nN* LY n ) nN* astfel nct
u n+2 + u n +
vn+1 =0
v n+2 + v n +
u n+1 =0, n1, u 1 ,u 2 ,v 1 ,v 2 R fixate.
6VHDUDWHFFHOHGRXLUXULVXQWPUJLQLWH
5H]ROYDUH$GXQPFHOHGRXUHOD LL2E LQHP
(u n+2 + vn+2 ) +
91
(u n+1 + v n+1 ) + (u n + v n ) = 0
(1 punct)
1RWPn = u n + v n , n5HOD LDGHYLQH

n+2 +
n+1 + n UHOD LHGHUHFXUHQ OLQLDUGHRUGLQXO
n = q n LvQORFXLQGYRPRE LQHT n+2 +

q2 +
2 q n+1 + q n = 0 |:q n ;
q + 1 = 0.

L
T =
T =
+L
= FRV
+ L VLQ

L
= FRV
+ L VLQ
T =

Q
Q = & T & TQ Q unde C 1 L & 2 se deduc prin identificare

cunoscnd 1 L2 .
Q
T = FRV
Q
Q
Q
Q
+ L VLQ
TQ = FRV
+ L VLQ

(4 puncte)
(1 punct)
Q
Q & T + & TQ = & + & Q deci (n ) n PUJLQLWSXQFW

3ULQVFGHUHDUHOD LLORUGDWHRE LQHP

(u n+2 v n+2 ) (u n+1 v n+1 )+(u n v n )=0.
(1 punct)
1RWP n =u n v n , n1; n+2 n+1 + n =0; n =q n .

q 2 T YD IL HFXD LD FDUDFWHULVWLF D DFHVWXL LU &DOFXOP
UGFLQLOH
T =

+L
= FRV + L VLQ T =
L
= FRV
+ L VLQ
.

n =C 3 q 3 n +C 4 q 4 n unde C 3 L& 4 VHGHWHUPLQvQIXQF LHGHX 1 , u 2 ,

v1, v2.
(1 punct)
| n ||C 3 ||q 3 | n +|C 4 ||q 4 | n =|C 3 |+|C 4 |, n1 ( n ) n PUJLQLW

u n = (n + n ), n1;
v n = (n n ), n1.

Deci (u n ) n LY n ) n VXQWPUJLQLWHSXQFW
24.
'LVFLSOLQD&ODVD&DSLWROXO$QDOL]&ODVDD;,D)XQF LLGHULYDELOH
92
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDSOLFHGHULYDELOLWDWHDvQFDOFXOXOXQHL
OLPLWH GDWH L V GHWHUPLQH IXQF LL GHULYDELOH FH YHULILF R UHOD LH IXQF LRQDO
GDW
(QXQ 'DF IXQF LD :RR HVWH GHULYDELO vQ x 0 L NN* fixat,
FDOFXWD L
1
2
k

lim n f x 0 + + f x 0 + +...+ f x 0 + kf ( x 0 )
n +
n
n
n

'HWHUPLQD LIXQF LLOH:RR, derivabile, pentru care

(x+y)=(x)+(y)2xy,x,yR.
5H]ROYDUH 'DF OXP K n Q 0, h n 0, n1,
f (x0 + h n ) f (x0 )
lim
='(x 0 ).
n
particular,
pentru
h n =1/n
n +
hn
atunci
avem
lim n f x 0 + f ( x 0 ) ='(x 0 ).
n +
n

k

f x + f (x )
f x + n f (x ) f x + n f (x )
n
lim
k =
+
+ ... +
n+
1
2
k
n
n
n
NN
'(x 0 ). (5 puncte)
='(x 0 )+2'(x 0 )+...+k'(x 0 )=

2) Pentru x=y RE LQHP (0)=2(0), deci (0)=0, HVWH GHULYDELO vQ
I K
x 0 =0 deci OLP
H[LVWHVWHILQLWLHVWHHJDOFX'(0)=k.
K K
QUHOD LDGDWFRQVLGHUPx=x 0 ILQLWLy=h0, (x 0 +h)=(x 0 )+(h)
f ( x 0 + h) f ( x 0 )
I K
2x 0 h
=2x 0 +
L WUHFkQG OD OLPLW RE LQHP '(x 0 )=
K
h
2x 0 +k.
Cum x 0 D IRVW DOHV DUELWUDU GHGXFHP F '(x)=2x+k, xR
(x)=x 2 +kx+c, cR. Dar (0)=0 c=0. Deci (x)=x 2 kx, xR 6H DUDW
XRUFYHULILFUHOD LDIXQF LRQDOGDWSXQFWH
93
25.
'LVFLSOLQD &ODVD &DSLWROXO $QDOL] &ODVD D ;,D $SOLFD LL DOH
GHULYDWHORUvQVWXGLXOYDULD LHLIXQF LLORU
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil V FRUHOH]H FXQRWLQ HOH GH JHRPHWULH
VLQWHWLFFXFHOHGHDQDOL]PDWHPDWLF
(QXQ 3ULQ FHQWUXO GH JUHXWDWH DO WULXQJKLXOXL $%& VH GXFH R GUHDSW
RDUHFDUH FH LQWHUVHFWHD] ODWXULOH $% L $& vQ SXQFWHOH 4 UHVSHFWLY 3 6 VH
%4
&3
.
DUDWHFx 1 ,x 2 R avem : p 1 x 1 +p 2 x 2 ln p 1e x1 + p 2 e x2 unde p 1 =
LS 2 =
$4
$3
4
%
Rezolvare: Prin aplicarea teoremei lui
'
&
0HQHODXVVHGHPRQVWUHD]F
4% 3&
=p 1 +p 2 =1.
+
4$ 3$
(5 puncte)
)XQF LD :RR, (x)=e x HVWH FRQYH[ L DSOLFkQG LQHJDOLWDWHD OXL

Jensen pentru x 1 ,x 2 R, p 1 ,p 2 0 cu p 1 +p 2 RE LQHP
H S[ +S [ SH [ + SH [ p 1 x 1 +p 2 x 2 ln p 1e x1 + p 2 e x2 .
(5 puncte)
26.
2ELHFWLYXO(OHYXOYDIL FDSDELO V VWDELOHDVF GDF GRX JUXSXUL GDWH
sunt sau nu izomorfe.
(QXQ 6VHDUDWHFJUXSXULOHDGLWLYHQLQQ nu sunt izomorfe.
5H]ROYDUH 3UHVXSXQHP F QQQ GHFL H[LVW :QQQ
izomorfism de grup: (1)=(a,b)QQ.
(2)=(1+1)=(1)+(1)=(2a,2b).
3ULQLQGXF LHVHDUDWF(n)=(na,nb); (n)=(na,nb),
un
(2 puncte)
(1 punct)
94
deci (k)=(ka, kb), kZ.

1
1 1
1
Fie
nN*;
(1)= + +...+ =n =(a,b)
n n
n
n

(2 puncte)
1 a b
f = , ;
n n n
n ori
m m m
f = a, b DGLF(x)=(xa,xb), xQ.
n n n
(2 puncte)
'DFD VDXE HYLGHQWQXHVXUMHFWLYSXQFW

'DF DR L E0 fie (,)QQ. Cum HVWH VXUMHFWLY UH]XOW F

E
H[LVW[Q astfel nct (x)=(,) xa=Lxb= x= = = DGLF
D E
D
L nu sunt independente. Deci QXHVXUMHFWLYFRQWUDGLF LHSXQFWH
5.4. Metode alternative de evaluare
8QHOH FDSDFLW L LQWHOHFWXDOH SH FDUH GRULP V OH GH]YROWP HOHYLORU DX
XQ FDUDFWHU FRPSOH[ L LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU 'H H[HPSOX FDSDFLWDWHD GH D UH]ROYD
SUREOHPHSUREOHPVROYLQJHVWHFRPXQPDWHPDWLFLLIL]LFLLELRORJLHLHWF
&DSDFLWDWHD GH D FLWL L vQ HOHJH XQ WH[W HVWH XWLO QX QXPDL OD OLPED
URPkQ OLPEL VWULQH GDU L OD LVWRULH JHRJUDILH HFRQRPLH L H[HPSOHOH SRW
continua.
'HL LPSRUWDQWH SHQWUX WHVWDUHD XQRU FXQRWLQ H L FDSDFLW L GH ED]
PHWRGHOH WUDGL LRQHOH GH HYDOXDUH QX PDL VXQW HILFLHQWH vQ VLWXD LL FD FHOH
GHVFULVH PDL VXV &D XUPDUH WUHEXLH IRORVLWH PHWRGH GH HYDOXDUH FDUH V
IDF DSHO OD FUHDWLYLWDWHD HOHYXOXL OD JkQGLUHD GLYHUJHQW JHQHUDOL]UL VDX
OXFUXOvQHFKLS
Printre cele mai cunoscute metode alternative din literatura de
VSHFLDOLWDWHHQXPHUPLQYHVWLJD LDSURLHFWXOSRUWRIROLXOLDXWRHYDOXDUHD
,QYHVWLJD LD HVWH R PHWRG GH HYDOXDUH vQ FDUH HOHYXO HVWH SXV vQ
VLWXD LDGHDFXWDRVROX LHGHRVHELW ID GH VROX LLOH DOJRULWPLFH OD VDUFLQL
GHFRPSOH[LW LGLIHULWH
&KLDU GDF VDUFLQD HVWH VLPSO HOHYXOXL L VH YD FHUH V IDF GRYDGD
vQ HOHJHULLVDUFLQLLUH]ROYULLJHQHUDOL]ULLVDXWUDQVSXQHULLHLvQDOWFRQWH[W
95
7LPSXO DIHFWDW LQYHVWLJD LHL XQHL DQXPLWH VLWXD LL SUREOHP HVWH OLPLWDW
L vQ QLFL XQ FD] DFHDVWD QX SRDWH GHSL R RU GH FXUV 0RGXO GH OXFUX vQ
FD]XOLQYHVWLJD LHLSRDWHILLQGLYLGXDOVDXGHJUXS
Exemplul 1 * *HRPHWULHSUDFWLF
2ELHFWLYXO (OHYLL YRU IL FDSDELOL V DSOLFH vQ SUDFWLF IRUPXOHOH SHQWUX D
FDOFXOD DULD VDX YROXPXO XQRU FRUSXUL JHRPHWULFH SDUDOHOLSLSHGH L V WUDJ
FRQFOX]LLSULYLQGUH]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWH
(QXQ
P
fig. 1
fig.2
2 IROLH SWUDW GH WDEO PHWUL YD IL WUDQVIRUPDW vQWUXQ UH]HUYRU
GHDSGHFXSkQGFkWHXQSWUDWGLQILHFDUHFRO DOWDEOHLILJ
5HVWXOVHvQGRDLHLVHIRUPHD]XQUH]HUYRUGHDSILJ
&XP YD GHSLQGH YROXPXO UH]HUYRUXOXL GH PULPHD SWUDWHORU GH WDEO
WDLDWHGLQFRO XUL"6WUXFWXUD LUVSXQVXODVWIHO
D 'HVHQD L XQ JUDILF XUPULQG FXP VH PRGLILF YROXPXO ED]LQXOXL vQ
IXQF LHGHODWXUDSWUDWXOXLGHFXSDW
E([SOLFD LIRUPDJUDILFXOXL
F *VL L R IRUPXO DOJHEULF D YROXPXOXL vQ IXQF LH GH ODWXUD SWUDWXOXL
decupat.
Rezolvare:
a) 3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDIRUPXOHLIDFHPXUPWRDUHOHQRWD LL
)RORVLQG IRUPXOD SHQWUX SDUDOHOLSLSHGXO GUHSWXQJKLF 9 %E, L LQkQG
FRQW GH SWUDWHOH GHFXSDWH SHQWUX SWUDWH YRP GD YDORUL FD FP
FP FP HWF L WUDQVIRUPkQG P vQ FP RE LQHP XUPWRDUHD
IRUPXO
*&6( &RXUVH :RUN 0DWKHPDWLFV DQG +LGODQG ([DPLQLQJ *URXS 8. .
(QXQW GXS
96
[
<
[ > < [ > < [ >
V=x(2002x) 2
*UDILFXO UHSUH]LQW PRGXO vQ FDUH YROXPXO FUHWH SkQ OD R DQXPLW
YDORDUHvQIXQF LHGHODWXUDSWUDWHORUGHFXSDWHDSRLGHVFUHWH
7DEHOXO GH PDL MRV UHSUH]LQW YDULD LD YROXPXOXL vQ UDSRUW GH OXQJLPHD
ODWXULLSWUDWHORUGHFXSDWH
/DWXUDSWUDWXOXL
1
2
3
4
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
99
Lungimea bazei
198
196
194
192
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2
QO LPHD
1
2
3
4
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
99
Volumul
39 204 cm 3
76 832 cm 3
112 908 cm 3
147 456 cm 3
180 500 cm 3
324 000 cm 3
433 500 cm 3
512 000 cm 3
562 500 cm 3
588 000 cm 3
591 500 cm 3
576 000 cm 3
545 500 cm 3
500 000 cm 3
445 500 cm 3
384 000 cm 3
318 500 cm 3
252 000 cm 3
187 500 cm 3
128 000 cm 3
76 500 cm 3
36 000 cm 3
9 500 cm 3
396 cm 3
97
9

Proiectul UHSUH]LQW R PHWRG GH HYDOXDUH FRPSOH[ FDUH VH

GHVIRDU SH SDUFXUVXO D FkWRUYD ]LOH FkWRUYD VSWPkQL L XQHRUL SH
SHULRDGH FKLDU PDL OXQJL 7LWOXO L FRQ LQXWXO SURLHFWXOXL GH FHUFHWDUH GDW
HOHYLORUYRUILDOHVHFXIRDUWHPDUHJULM
3ODQXO GH OXFUX LQGLFD LLOH L FODULILFULOH YRU IL IFXWH vQ FODV XUPkQG
FDHOHYXOVFRQWLQXHDFDV
5HDOL]DUHDXQXLSURLHFWGHFHUFHWDUHFXSULQGHGRXHWDSH
colectarea datelor;
UHDOL]DUHDHIHFWLYDSURLHFWXOXL
6SUH GHRVHELUH GH LQYHVWLJD LH proiectul de cercetare are un caracter
SUDFWLF PXOW PDL DFFHQWXDW 0RGXO VX GH UHDOL]DUH VH IDFH FRQIRUP SDLORU
FXQRVFX LvQPHWRGRORJLDFHUFHWULL
LGHQWLILFDUHDLvQ HOHJHUHDSUREOHPHL
formularea ipotezelor;
JVLUHDPHWRGHORUGHUH]ROYDUH
efectuarea experimentelor;
RE LQHUHDUH]XOWDWHORU
interpretarea acestora.
Portofoliul este un instrument de evaluare complet prin care se
XUPUHWH SURJUHVXO OD R DQXPLW GLVFLSOLQ GDU L DWLWXGLQHD HOHYXOXL ID GH
DFHDGLVFLSOLQSHRSHULRDGOXQJGHWLPS
$FHVWD FXSULQGH DWkW UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH GH HOHY vQWUXQ VHPHVWUX VDX
DQ FRODU OD WHVWH SUREH SUDFWLFH WHPH SHQWUX DFDV GDU L UH]XOWDWHOH
HOHYXOXLODLQVWUXPHQWHDOWHUQDWLYHGHHYDOXDUHLQYHVWLJD LHSURLHFWHUHIHUDWH
98
HVHXUL HWF Q SOXV SRUWRIROLXO FXSULQGH ILHOH LQGLYLGXDOH DOH HOHYXOXL

FKHVWLRQDUHSULYLQGDWLWXGLQHDVDID GHRDQXPLWGLVFLSOLQLDOWHOH
Q IXQF LH GH FRPSOH[LWDWHD VD HYDOXDUHD XQXL SRUWRIROLX GHYLQH R
DFWLYLWDWH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL GLILFLO 1X QXPDL ILHFDUH LQVWUXPHQW GLQ FHOH
GHVFULVH SkQ DFXP WUHEXLH HYDOXDW GH SURIHVRU GDU HO YD WUHEXL V IDF L R
HYDOXDUH JOREDO D vQWUHJXOXL SRUWRIROLX LQkQG FRQW L GH LPSRUWDQ D SH FDUH
ILHFDUHHOHPHQWDOSRUWRIROLXOXLRFRPSRUWvQDQVDPEOX
3UH]HQWP XQ VFXUW H[HPSOX GH UHIHUDW FDUH SRDWH IL LQFOXV vQWUXQ
porttofoliu.
3URSULHW LDOHQXPHUHORUUHDOH
3XWHP DILUPD F vQ HOHJHUHD QR LXQLL GH QXPU HVWH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW
Q FRQWLQXDUH LOXVWUP SULQ H[HUFL LL GLYHUVH XQHOH SURSULHW L DOH QXPHUHORU
reale.
([HUFL LXO'DFa,b4L a + b 2 = 0 atunci a=b=0.
([HUFL LXO$UWD LF 2 + 3 Q.
([HUFL LXO$UWD LF 2 + 3 + 5 Q.
([HUFL LXO$GXQDUHDLvQPXO LUHDVXQWRSHUD LLDOJHEULFHSH54"
([HUFL LXO 4( 2 )= a + b 2 / a , b Q vQ]HVWUDW FX RSHUD LLOH GH DGX
QDUHLvQPXO LUHHVWHFRUSFRPXWDWLYQ Q( 2 )R.

([HUFL LXO D 'DF GZ-{1} HVWH OLEHU GH SWUDWH 4 d ),+, . ) este
XQFRUSFRPXWDWLYQXPLWFRUSSWUDWLF
b) Q( d HVWH XQ VSD LX YHFWRULDO GH GLPHQVLXQH SHVWH 4 vQ FDUH
PXO LPHD% {1, d }HVWHRED]
([HUFL LXO'DFa, b, c4L a + b 3 2 + c3 4 =0 atunci a=b=c.
7HRUHP ( Q, +, . HVWH FRUS RUGRQDW GDU HO QX FRQ LQH PXO LPL
PUJLQLWHVXSHULRUFDUHQXDXPDUJLQHVXSHULRDU
'HPRQVWUD LH
0XO LPHD $ {xQ * + /x 2 <2}HVWH QHYLG $ L HVWH PDMRUDW VSUH
exemplu de 2Q * + 9RP DUWD F $ QX DUH PDUJLQH VXSHULRDU vQ 4
3UHVXSXQHP SULQ DEVXUG F H[LVW D VXS$Q * + , a &XP HFXD LD D 2 =2 nu
DUHVROX LLvQ4UH]XOWD 2 <2 sau a 2 >2.
6SUHVXSXQHPFD 2 <2.
&RQVLGHUP QXPUXO b =
99
2 a2
2(a + 1)
*
Q + $UWP F a+bA, deci a nu
HVWHPDUJLQHVXSHULRDU
2 a2
1
2
2
b(a + 1) =
<1 0<b<
<1 b <b.
2
2
(a + 1)
(a + b)2
= a 2 + 2ab + b 2 < a 2 + 2ab + b < a 2 + 2ab + b + a 2 b = a 2 + b(a + 1) =
2 a2 a2 + 2
a +
=
<2
2
2
2
a+bA .
$QDORJVHDMXQJHODFRQWUDGLF LHGDFD 2 >2.

([HUFL LXO Fie a 1 , a 2 ,..., a n R + * astfel nct a1 a 2 ...a n = 1 atunci
a1 + a 2 +...+ a n n .
a +b
2
([HUFL LXO 9. a) Fie a, b R + * atunci:
ab
.
1 1
2
+
a b
a +b+c
3
b) Fie a, b ,c R + * atunci:
3 abc
.
1 1 1
3
+ +
a b c
c) Fie x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n R + * atunci:
x + x 2 +...+ x n
n
n x1 x 2 ... x n 1
.
(Inegalitatea
mediilor.
1
1
1
n
+ +...+
x1 x 2
x3
Cauchy, 1821).
([HUFL LXO 10. Fie x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n [0, +) astfel nct x 1 + x 2 +...+ x n 6
VHGHPRQVWUH]HF
x1
x2
xn
n
+
+...+
x 2 + x 3 +...+ x n + 1 x1 + x 3 +...+ x n + 1
x1 + x 2 +...+ x n 1 + 1 2n 1
([HUFL LXO 116VHDUDWHFvQRULFHWULXQJKL$%&DUHORFLQHJDOLWDWHD
A
B
C
3
+
+
, unde A, B, CVXQWPVXULOHvQUDGLDQLDOHXQJKLXULORU
pa pb pc
p
sale.
Se pot face incursiuni n teoria lui Cantor la diferite nivele. Pentru
atragerea elevului se poate ncepe cu povestea hotelului infinit iar apoi
WUHSWDW VH SRW SUH]HQWD SULPHOH UH]XOWDWH vQ WHRULD PXO LPLORU $VWIHO VH DMXQJH
OD FXQRDWHUHD FkWRUYD PXO LPL QXPUDELOH 1 = 4 4;4 A PXO LPHD
numerelor algebrice.
100
5HDPLQWLP F QXPUXO FRPSOH[ HVWH QXPU DOJHEULF GDF fQ[X],

f 0 astfel nct f( LDU SROLQRPXO XQLWDU GH JUDG PLQLP FX DFHDVW
SURSULHWDWHVHQXPHWHSROLQRPXOPLQLPDODOOXL.
([HUFL LXO 12'DF;HVWHRPXO LPHDWXQFLQXH[LVWRELMHF LHvQWUH ;
L(X) (Cantor).
([HUFL LXO . Fie ( x n ) n1 XQ LU GH QXPHUH UHDOH QHQXOH DWXQFL H[LVW
R astfel nct x n +Q, n1.
Q vQFKHLHUH YRP SUH]HQWD XQ PRGHO GH H[HUFFL LX VWUXFWXUDWFDUH YD
DYHDFDILQDOLWDWHGHPRQVWUD LDIDSWXOXLFQXPUXOHVWHLUD LRQDO

n
6H FRQVLGHU a, b, nN * , IXQF LLOH f n : RR, f n (x ) = x n (bx a ) L
n!
integralele I n = f n (x )sin xdx , nN * .

a) 6 VH DUDWH F GDF u, v:IR VXQW IXQF LL GH n ori derivabile pe I,
atunci (uv )
(n )
= C nk u (n k )v (k ) .
k =
b) 6VHDUDWHF f n(k ) ( ) Z, kN * , nN * .
a
c) 6VHDUDWHF f n(k ) Z, kN * , nN * .
b
d) 6VHDUDWHF lim I n = .
n
a
e) n ipoteza = VVHDUDWHF I n Z * , nN.
b
SVHGHPRQVWUH]HFQXPUXOR Q.
Rezolvare.
a) Pentru n HVWH HYLGHQW 'HPRQVWUP DFXP F GDF HJDOLWDWHD
HVWH DGHYUDW SHQWUX n DWXQFL HVWH DGHYUDW L SHQWUX n+1. ntrDGHYU
(uv )(n +) = (uv )
(n )
= (u v + uv ) = (u v )
(n )
(

(n )
+ (uv ) = C nk u (n + k )v (k ) +
(n )
k =
n +
k
k
+ C nk u (n k )v (k +) = u (n +)v + C n + C n u (n + k )v (k ) + uv (n +) = C nk+u (n + k )v (k ) .
n
k =
k=
k =
b) Cum f n ( ) = L x = HVWHUGFLQGHRUGLQXOn pentru f n , care are

gradul 2nUH]XOWF f n(k ) ( ) = , k = , n L k n + . Pentru
k {n, n + , ..., n} avem
,

f n(k ) (x ) =
101
( )( ) (bx a )
n
x
n!
( )( ) ((bx a ) ) + ... + x ((bx a ) )( ) =

+ Ck x n
( )( ) ((bx a ) )(

+ ... + + C kk n x n
n!
'HDLFLUH]XOWF f n(k ) ( ) =
k n )
( )( ) ((bx a ) )( ) + + ... + ]
+ ... + C kn x n
nk
k n
n
C k n! (bx a )
n!
C kk n b k n n(n )...(n k + )( a )
)(
k n
k n )
() =
Z.
a
c) f n(k ) Z, k = .n L k n + . Pentru k {n, n + , ... , n} avem
b
( )
k n n
= C n n!b x
b n!
(k ) a
fn
(k n ) b
a
= C b n(n ) (n k + )
a
b
n
k
nk
=C kn n(n )...(n k + )a n k b n k Z.
d) I n f n (x ) sin x dx f n (x ) dx =
n
n +M n
n
x bx a dx
, unde
n!
(n + )!
n +M n
= UH]XOWF lim I n = .
n
n (n + )
!
M = sup bx a . Cum lim

x[ , ]
a
LQWHJUkQGSULQSU LYRPDYHD I n = f n (x )sin xdx =
b

= f n (x )cos x + f (x )cos xdx = f n ( ) + f n ( ) + f n (x )sin x f n (x )sin xdx = ...
e) Dac =
( ( ) ( ) + f ( ) ())+ ... +
= f n ( ) + f n ( ) f n ( ) + f n ( ) + f
+ ... + ( ) f n( n ) (x )sin xdx. Cum f n(k ) ( ) Z L f n(k ) Z, iar

n

(n )!b n ZUH]XOWF I n Z.
n!
a
f) 'DFQ, atunci = conduce la I n ZLFXP lim I n = UH]XOW
n
b
f n( n ) (x ) =
I n = , n n . Dar I n , n N, fals.
Autoevaluarea SHUPLWH DSUHFLHUHD SURSULLORU SHUIRUPDQ H vQ UDSRUW FX
RELHFWLYHOHRSHUD LRQDOHQSURFHVXO DXWRHYDOXULL HOHYXO YD vQ HOHJH PDL ELQH
RELHFWLYHOH L FRQ LQXWXO VDUFLQLL FH R DUH GH UH]ROYDW FLOH SULQ FDUH JVHWH
VROX LD FRUHFW L PRGXO vQ FDUH HIRUWXO VX GH UH]ROYDUH D VDUFLQLL HVWH
YDORULILFDW $XWRHYDOXDUHD WUHEXLH IFXW VXE DWHQWD vQGUXPDUH D SURIHVRUXOXL
n special la clasele de liceu.
102
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. ,1HDFX$6WRLFD0-LJX'6YXOHVFX3/LVLHYLFL50LKDLO0
0kQGUX *(QHVFX*KLGJHQHUDOGHHYDOXDUHLH[DPLQDUH
%XFXUHWL(GLWXUD$UDPLV
$6WRLFDFRRUGRQDWRU1/L RLX50LKDLO00kQGUX '6YXOHVFX
Ghid practic de elaborare a itemilor pentru examene
,6(%XFXUHWL
3. J. Stenmark (editor) Mathematics Assessment
NCTM/ Virginia, 1991.
&ROHF LD*D]HWD0DWHPDWLF
seria B, 1990-1997.
$OJHEU
*K$QGUHL&&DUDJHD*K%RUGHD$OJHEUSHQWUXH[DPHQHGH
DGPLWHUHLROLPSLDGHFRODUH
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DGPLWHUHLROLPSLDGHFRODUH
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0%HFKHDQX*K*ULJRUH6,DQX,,FKLP3UREOHPHGHDOJHEU
DQDOL]LJHRPHWULH
(G&DUWHD5RPkQHDVF%XFXUHWL
8. I.D.,RQ$*KLRFD1,1HGL 1$QJHOHVFX$OJHEUFODVDD;,,-a
(G3DUDOHOD3LWHWL
9. Virgil Nicula Numere complexe
(G6FRUSLRQ%XFXUHWL
&1L 76SLUFX3UREOHPHGHVWUXFWXULDOJHEULFH
(G7HKQLF
&1VWVHVFX&1L 0%UDQGLEXUX'-RL D&XOHJHUHGH
SUREOHPHGHDOJHEUSHQWUXOLFHX
Ed. Roteh-Pro, 1996.
&1VWVHVFX&1L 7HRULDFDOLWDWLYDHFXD LLORUDOJHEULFH
(G7HKQLF%XFXUHWL
/3DQDLWRSRO0(3DQDLWRSRO0/DVFX,QGXF LHPDWHPDWLF
(G*,/=DOX

0HQD$OJHEU6WUXFWXULIXQGDPHQWDOHSHQWUXOLFHX
Ed. &RULQW%XFXUHWL
$QDOL]
15. V. Arsinte Probleme elementare de calcul integral
(G8QLYHUVLW LL%XFXUHWL
16. D.%XQHDJ I.V. Maftei 7HPHSHQWUXFHUFXULOHGHPDWHPDWLFDOH
elevilor
Ed. Scrisul Romnesc, Craiova, 1983.
&&UFLXQ&RQWUDH[HPSOHvQDQDOL]DPDWHPDWLF
%XFXUHWL
&&UFLXQ$QDOL]PDWHPDWLF
%XFXUHWL
2OLYHU.RQQHUWK*UHHOLWLSLFHvQvQY DUHDDQDOL]HLPDWHPDWLFH
Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1982.
7/XSX3UREOHPHGHDQDOL]PDWHPDWLF&DOFXOLQWHJUDO
(G*,/=DOX
01LFROHVFX60DUFXV1'LQFXOHDQX$QDOL]DPDWHPDWLF
9RO,(G'LGDFWLFL3HGDJRJLF%XFXUHWL
*K6LUH FKL&DOFXOGLIHUHQ LDOLLQWHJUDO
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