Subject: Artificial lighting in workplaces DS 700 - 6 version. Approved: 2005-06-17.

Released: 2005-08-30 Back to menu

32 01 155

Reproduced with permission from Danish Standards. Reproduction is prohibited

Artificial lighting in workplaces

Artificial lighting in work rooms

DS 700
Copenhagen DS project: 56900 ICS: 91,160.10 The first part of this publication may be: DS, which means that it is a standard developed at national level. DS-publication in Danish. This publication replaces DS 700:1997 and any supplements and revised pages.

Table of Contents

Foreword Introduction 1 2 3 Subject-matter and scope Normative References The nature of light and use 3.1 3.2 Lighting impact on visual function Adaptation and luminance 3.2.1 Control of Luminance 3.3 The color properties 3.3.1 Colour 3.3.2 Rendering 3.3.3 Checking the color properties 3.4 Shape Drawing, shadows and shine 3.4.1 Planning of form drawing 3.4.2 Checking the shadows 3.5 The main direction of light 3.5.1 Planning the main direction 3.5.2 Control of the main direction of light 3.6 Movement and flicker 3.6.1 Planning for motion and flicker 3.6.2 Control of motion and flicker

3.7

Lighting Strengths / regularity 3.7.1 illuminance on visual object and space 3.7.2 New value, service value and maintenance 3.7.3 Control of illumination / regularity of general and special lighting

3.8

Glare 3.8.1 Sight restrictive glare 3.8.2 Unpleasant 3.8.3 Control of glare

3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12

The combination of artificial light and daylight Checking the power demand and energy needs Checking the requirements for lighting Maintenance of lighting systems 3.12.1 Planning of maintenance by design 3.12.2 Maintenance of lighting systems in operation

Requirements for illumination, blndingsgrnse and color reproduction. Alphabetical list of workplaces and Species

Annex A (informative) Annex B (informative) Foreword This review has been prepared by DS/S-061 Lighting in cooperation with the Danish Enterprise and Construction Authority. Entry into force This standard replaces DS 700, 5th Edition, 1997-10-29, and shall enter into force on 2005-10-01. Transitional provisions During a transitional period of 6 months from the DS 700:2005, 6 edition, effect will this as well as DS 700:1997 5. version in force. Projects must be carried out according to one version. After the transitional period only applies DS 700:2005, 6 version. Introduction This standard is a revision of the DS 700 Artificial lighting in workplaces, 5th edition, 1997-10-29. The standard includes two kinds of terms: On the one hand the working field of vision conditions for visual presentation and comfort. On the other hand, the surrounding space outside the actual field of work, so that visual acuity neither impeded or disturbed, and so that you can comfortably move and orient themselves. These two considerations require planning of lighting and illumination over all surfaces, shapes, materials and colors found in the work rooms.

Subject-matter and scope

The standard defines methods and requirements for a safe and good design of artificial lighting in workplaces with or without daylight access from each arbejdsarters nature and conditions.

Standard requirements apply to people with normal vision. For people with visual defects or age-related vision methods can still be used, but must be made for the persons. Standard application requires deciding on which of the listed methods and requirements to be be applicable to the current lighting system. In Chapter 3 described a number of requirements which provide some degree of choice. In Chapter 4, the requirements unambiguous and mandatory. The standard does not include outdoor workplaces and specific work areas and places in hospitals, dental clinics and sports facilities.

Normative References

Normative references are references to other standards, the provisions in the form of dated or undated references for this standard. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed below. For dated references amended or revised, will amendment or revision shall not apply to this standard, unless there is published a supplement or a revised version. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication. DS 704 Lighting - definitions IEC 60050-845 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Lighting. 3 3.1 The nature of light and use Lighting impact on visual function

All visual work can be performed with more or less ease, safety and speed, depending on the precision with which the work object and its details are perceived by the eye and processed in the brain. The interaction between light, eye and work object shown in Figure 1 below The input is the vertical visually determining factors and reading horizontally indicates the manner in which the factor is influenced by the light, partly by factors other than light. The detail size and contrast and luminance object is interrelated in their impact. However, they have all an absolute limit, and if just one of the factors is approaching its limit, it requires disproportionate increase in at least one of the other factors in order to give a reasonable field of vision. 3.2 Adaptation and luminance

Adaptationen is the eye's adaptation to visual field luminance. It is automatic, both as a result of actual change in lighting level, and when the person moves or even move his eyes from lighter to darker rumafsnit. For each adaptationstilstand - adaptationsluminans - are two characteristic limits, an absolute, respectively practical, dark limit and an upper blndingsgrnseomrde. Above it is blndingsindtryk gradually more and more uncomfortable. It is luminanstrinene within that range from dark to the glare, which is vital for the impression of the light in the compartment (see Fig. 2).
Visual determining factor
The eye / observer's status

Conditional of light
The eye adaptationstilstand, luminance distribution field of view, any glare, and (more rarely) the luminance, the eye had previously endured. Without influence. Light geometry in interaction with the object surface properties. Illumination. When light colored objects color. By specular objects emitter and ambient luminance.

Conditional on other factors

Individual circumstances of the observer (Normal / abnormal vision, optical correction, visual system age, fatigue, influence of drugs or alcohol). The detail actual size, viewing distance and any optical aids, such as magnifying glass. Surfaces reflection and reflection characteristics and three-dimensional structure. Surfaces reflection and reflection characteristics and the object's three-dimensional shape.

The detail size The detail contrasts The object's luminance

The object's motion

By pulsed light, the perception of movement distorted.

Movement nature (direct or projecting) and speed or frequency. Regular or irregular, pending or unannounced appearance. Place within the field of view. (The movements of the work object decreases always the visibility of details). Individual circumstances of observer (visual field extent and possible change).

Figure 1 - The interaction between light, eye and work object Are luminance completely smooth with few luminanstrin, the light in the room monotonous. If the distribution vary significantly from light to dark, the light in the room full of contrasts possibly at risk for glare from luminaires. Suddenly transition from small to large luminance or vice versa, and big jumps between visual field luminance, can cause glare or reduced visibility. As a rule, a variation with seamless luminance, both in space and in the work area may be preferable. If there is more room surfaces with distinctly different luminance and a sharp transition, protrusion may not exceed 3:1. Less surfaces and shadows may, however, be luminansspring up to 15:1. For reasons of eye function, it is best to synsobjektets luminance is higher than the working area, which again be higher than ambient. In space, there is in open communication with each other, they must be decisive luminance should not exceed 25:1.

Figure 2 - Luminanstrin from dark to glare The relationship adaptationsluminans / objektiuminans shown in grayscale to illustrate the gradual change from dark to light.

The horizontal (highlighted) axis is adaptationsaksen, 0.3 to 10,000 cd/m2 (ie from dusk to midday sun on a bright sandy beach). Over axis Linde's the brighter (positive) objekluminanser. During axis are similar to those darker (Negative) objektluminanser. The horizontal lines indicate how much brighter (x 101, x 102, etc.) or darker (X 10-1, x 10-2, etc.) objekluminanserne is (ie, how much should be multiplied by). For example, at 100 cd/m2 adaptation - that's approximately 300 lux at pupilplanet - the practical dark boundary being approx. 10-2, the incipient unpleasant about. 101, and the full glare approx. 102 x adaptationsluminansen provided blndingskilden is approx. 10 x 10 .

Figure 3a

Figure 3b

FIG. 3a and 3b show two rooms with extremes within the acceptable differences in relative reflectance / resulting luminance. The two characters are drawn as spherical perspectives - a afbildningsform, which includes the entire half space in front eye, much as fiskejefotografier.
NOTE - The detail to be seen, it is difficult to make larger (only for a closer view or magnification). Therefore, it is important that differences in luminance between the detail and its surroundings are present. These differences are reflected in two ways: By contrast in the illuminated surface: Dark compared to the bright, glossy compared to the matte, neutral colored compared to coloreds, and due to the contrasts in surface material nature: smooth or rough, flat or three-dimensional, with geometrically ordered or random built structure.

This will not only light source luminance, but also its solid angle and light main direction is essential for: Contrast Reproduction of text and figures on paper, because it mainly depends on luminansforholdene in the part of space that is about mirroring direction from paper to mind. Material Perception involving gloss because it can only be considered if there are clear differences between light and dark areas in the surrounding velserne. In very diffuse lighting can mirror objects look as if they were dull. Perception material, which is dependent on smskyggers uniqueness in terms of the principal direction with respect to the difference between illuminated and shaded. Object Perception, where larger and more complex social objects requires a balanced shadow and shine drawing in both the main form of detail and texture.

3.2.1 Control of Luminance

Displaying a review of the resulting luminance of the room elements (walls, floor, ceiling, furniture, of work, etc.) a luminansmnster, which corresponds to the character you want to give space? Is there impermissible big jump in luminance between adjacent larger surfaces, respectively sharp boundary between surfaces with very large luminansforskel?

3.3

The color properties

Shows the spectral characteristics of light in two ways: the color of light, ie. the color with which the light is seen as color reproduction, ie. light's ability to reproduce colored surfaces.

NOTE - Light emphasis on micro texture is directly related to the color temperature. It is the experience that the higher the color temperature the more spread light in the microstructure, the lower the color temperature the less. Texture drawing is a variation from clear to blurred sign texture.

3.3.1 Colour Light will - where it is not about the actual colored light - usually described as cool colored, neutral colored or highly colored. As a clarification used the color temperature (in Kelvin), which is the each light source almost. Kelvin figures is a pure numeric scale. Equivalent to lysfarveopfattelsen used a reciprocal scale where equal intervals corresponding to equal differences in color perception (Fig. 4).

10,000

5,000

3,333

2,500

2,000

Color temperature (K)

100

200

300

400

500

Lysfarveopfattelse (106 / K)

Figure 4 - Lysfarveopfattelse relative to the color temperature Kelvin scale is a temperature scale, defined as + 273 Celsius corresponding to 0 K. The subjective perception of this physical scale, a second regularity shown on the lower scale. From ~ K to 2000 K can be seen 500 equal steps. This should be understood as such in relation to 3333 K works 5000 K as cool as 3333 K works in relation to 2500 K.
NOTE - Experience shows that there exists a correlation between the preferred light color and lighting level. Spaces with higher illumination combined best with cooler light. Rooms with a lower illumination reverse best with warmer light. But the rule is not unique. It must be assessed in relation to the size of compartment, use and color scheme.

3.3.2 Rendering The color rendering properties listed with color rendering index Ra, which is a reflection of a light source ability to reproduce colors correctly. The highest possible value for Raindekset is 100 Good color reproduction is crucial for many visual tasks. Reproduction of human skin and colors in the environment is of importance to whether the space is perceived as pleasant to be in. Section 4 provides the requirements for the R-value that can be accepted for individual workplaces. As a main rule, be used Ra values above 80 in rooms where people staying in extended periods of time. Exceptions can be very high-ceilinged halls, where one must ensure that fixed workplaces locally is illuminated by a light source with a better color reproduction. Safety colors shall be all circumstances be recognizable.
NOTE - Colour reproduction is a function of both adaptationsniveau, color temperature and spectral characteristics of light. Even in daylight (which has temperaturstrleres continuous spectrum) will be at the same level be clear differences in light of different color vetemperatur. For example, experience shows that cool-white light, 5000-8000 K, gives a more reliable basis for color assessment and color sort of, for example fur, textiles and tobacco products. The same goes for painting halls and artist's studio. Newer artificial light sources with non-continuous spectra can have a light color similar to that of a temperature-rays, yet one color reproduction, which is quite different. It has therefore been internationally adopted an accounting procedure for 8 medium bright surface color indicates how much their appearance change / shift in relation to the appearance of light from a temperature-rays with the same color temperature. The average of these eight color shifts, Ri (i = individual) results in the color rendering index R (a = average). The scale goes from 100-0. 100 is the ideal temperature rays, 99 is an incandescent or halogen bulb. Fluorescent occur in three groups: R 95-90, R 80-85 and R 65-55. It noted that although the light drawing of micro texture is directly related to color temperature, CRI value no direct expression for this property. Some studies suggest that there is a reciprocal linear relationship between light sources CRI and the necessary lighting tion level, where the total visual brightness of a room should be kept constant. R-value of 50 for example, require almost a doubling of the level of

compared to the 100th R The studies described in "Lighting Research and Technology", No. 1, 1977 and in "CIE Proceedings", 1979, see Annex B.

3.3.3 Checking the color properties The color properties are assessed by two independent criteria: a) immediately observed light color (eg hot / cold): Equivalent color of light for general illumination and the site's use (concentrated work recreation, etc.)? b) The color rendering properties: Color reproduction is satisfactory, especially for the specific space activities, such as color rating, but also with regard to the natural appearance of facial color wood surfaces, etc.? 3.4 Shape Drawing, shadows and shine

The shape of any spatial object is perceived as a result of either shading or shine drawing. On the bright surface will be shaded drawing of greatest importance. On dark surfaces will shine drawing be most visible. In most cases, the form is perceived by a combination of shadow and brightness. 3.4.1 Planning of form drawing The basis for such drawing is a combination of luminance and geometry. In its simplest form, only the luminansforskel because of stronger and weaker respectively light from the main light source, respectively rumoverfladerne. In more sophisticated version with careful consideration of both solid angle and luminance. Principle applies to any point on a surface receives light from the half-spaces that are above or the front surface. If this half-space has a completely smooth and uniform luminance distribution, the light in the point diffuse. I.e., without the possibility of real shading and with a marked low shine (Fig. 5a). If half the room only sends light from a very small, confined area, the light on the surface parallel, ie. with the possibility of quite sharply drawn shade and distinctly punctate, possibly blinding reflection (Fig. 5c). Increasing the luminous area of the half-space to a larger delimited area, - that is to say, the solid angle is increased is the light on the surface less directed, shadow consequently less sharply drawn and the mirror a little less hard (Fig. 5b).

In practice, the two extremes be avoided, but nearly parallel light may be suitable for enhancement of small objects, and texture and almost diffused light may be suitable for the illumination of larger room surfaces. Otherwise, shadow types, located in an area between the two outer areas be generally useful. In the case of where desired forming shadows, a ratio of about 4:1 between the direct and the indirect light may be appropriate.

Figure 5a Diffuse lighting

Figure 5b
Delimited lighting

Figure 5c
Parallel light

NOTE - Theoretically, there are many intermediate forms between the fully corrected and completely diffused light. However, if the light source is more or less concentrated round or rectangular, with an axis ratio of more than 3:1 - there will in practice is unlikely to be more than 10 to 12 kinds, if their effect could be distinguished from each other. Increasing the axis ratio substantially beyond 3:1 (as is often the case with a fluorescent lamp), the shade drawing differ. Shadow of objects arranged in parallel with armaturretningen will be apparent, while the inverse shadows from objects located on the across armaturretningen will be almost obliterated.

Form drawing must have smooth transitions from light to dark approximately equivalent to luminansgradueringen 3:1. Therefore, light sources physical size and spaced according to the size of the illuminated - from very small texture detail to fully large inventarmaskinopbygninger. A task light over a management console for example, will be locally about the same shade drawing as a well-organized group of fluorescent lamp placed over a large lathe. The emitter perspective size, which makes shape drawing.

3.4.2 Checking the shadows Are there local shadows (shadows from machinery, etc., hand or head shadows of persons) impairs visual conditions at work? Are some shadows so deep (dark), they are annoying? Is the sharpness of the shadow contour under control? Have some shadows (if the light comes from a point source or from a parallel beam fixture) bothersome sharp outline? Is there by individual line-shaped light sources shadow from certain edges and not from others? 3.5 The main direction of light

Light the main direction determines whether shine and shadows seem kind signatory or just distracting. 3.5.1 Planning the main direction Where practicable, the lighting system disposed in such a way that there is a clear main direction and thus shadow signatory light distribution over the working area. Contrasts on paper highlighted when reflections in the paper avoided. Even bright light from two sides will always be formoplsende and texture blurring. Faces seen best when illuminated obliquely from the side with a main direction from 15-45 above horizontal and also front 45-75 from the visual axis, so that the shape becomes three-dimensional without too much contrast between face two sides. 3.5.2 Control of the main direction of light Of great importance in order to achieve the best possible contrast is the direction from which the light from the different luminaires falls on surfaces and objects, which concentrated / scattered light is, how much luminaire luminous surface seen from below visual object and any light color and light color reproduction, this checked. Are there reading, writing, drawing, etc. such lysindfaldsretninger (usually obliquely from the front of above), to an appreciable reduction in the contrast occurs? If the light on the individual spatial objects in space (eg people) a sufficiently clear dominant direction to form not blurred? Where it comes specular objects are mirroring of the surroundings, such as the a storfladearmatur, is often important. Seems that on some surfaces (eg paintings) one at once stray and highly targeted light on undesirably emphasizes unauthorized irregularities in the surface? 3.6 Movement and flicker

Some light sources that are connected to AC power pulses of light emission. 3.6.1 Planning for motion and flicker This pulsation perceived under specific conditions as flicker. The eye's ability to perceive the flicker is greater in the peripheral visual field, and depends on many factors. The main are luminance, since the higher this is, the higher the frequency the eye can perceive as a single glimpse. Flicker can really uncomfortable and annoying flicker must be limited by appropriate measures. Pulsation in the light emission gives rise to the so-called stroboscopic effect, thereby rotating or fast moving parts speed - and possibly rotation - errors can be assessed. In these cases, the measures are taken to eliminate the risk of stroboskopeffekten example, by the use of high-frequency operation or by the use of any special couplings of the light sources.

3.6.2 Control of motion and flicker Is there a risk of annoying flicker or strobe? Are there any annoying flicker in the peripheral field of view? Are there any rotating machinery where the light gives rise to misjudgment of stagnation / rotation? 3.7 Lighting Strengths / regularity

Section 3.2 refers adaptationens and luminansernes essential for visual function. By designing with light forces ensured that luminansmnsteret is acceptable under normal conditions. This lighting design must be made and is then used as the basis for an assessment of luminance.
NOTE - Lighting strength of 50, 100, 200, 300, 500 and 1000 lux, is approximately equal to the luminance of 10, 20, 40, 60, 100, and 200 cd / m bright surfaces such as white paper. This comparison establishes ties illumination to grayscale in Fig. 2, section 3.2.
2

3.7.1 illuminance on visual object and space In Chapter 4 of the alphabetical list of workplaces and species are listed the values of illuminance, within the tolerance range must be present on the visual object - and in its level - all the time, even after placement of machinery, equipment, furniture, etc.. Special lighting can be an appropriate solution to this requirement.
NOTE - Furniture DRAWING influence on the lighting level is treated in CIE Publication 161:2004, Lighting design methods for obstructed interiors, see Appendix B.

In addition illuminance on visual object and its immediate surroundings must also be assured that there is a adequate lighting in the room, in the interest of luminance, safety at road, cleaning and overall well being, have been met. It is generally not desirable for the stated illuminance of visual object is present in the room, the viewing conditions are generally most favorable when the surroundings are less bright than the object itself, and it is particularly important that the illuminance on the working field's immediate vicinity is not higher than the the working area. In figure 6 is indicated levels of general illumination in the room relative to the illumination on visual object. Values are operating values and refers to a horizontal plane 0.85 m above the floor. For lighting forces in space, the same R-value as the lighting on visual object specified in Chapter 4th See also Figure 1, the interaction between light, eye and work object. Working Field closer and farther surroundings and traffic areas are often divided into zones where each Zone requires a uniformity of 20% to 70% (min. / max.), so that the average illuminance of each zone corresponding to those in Fig. 6 stated values.
NOTE - The design method is NB method specified in Annex B.

Lighting strength (table entries) in visual object

Lighting strength (mean values) space

the labor field closer environment the labor field distant environment and traffic areas

Lux
200 500 1,000

Lux
200 200 300

Lux
50 100 100

Figure 6 - Correlation between illumination on visual object and space 3.7.2 New value, service value and maintenance The values of illuminance, which can be expected to be present in a brand new facility (replacement value), is not crucial, as these values will not be present all the time. A number of factors leads to a decrease in illuminance (operating value), and nyvrdierne must therefore be correspondingly higher than the specified values. Replacement value of illuminance, which determine the number of luminaires and lamps and for electricity consumption during operation, the operating value divided by the maintenance factor.

The standard values specified for the illumination is operating values and must be based on project planning. This means that the indicated illumination within a tolerance range is a absolute minimum value for any point in the working field, and it must be ensured that this illumination is to present at any time in the operating cycle. The numerical values are used as design travel sizes planning. For reasons of practical design and operation and maintenance of a lighting system can a tolerance of 25% below the numerical values of individual points within the working area. The relationship between the operation value to be expected because of the foreseeable reductions and replacement value, called the maintenance factor. This depends on light sources luminous flux soiling and aging of lamps and luminaires soiling and aging of the room's surfaces maintenance mode (single replacement or group replacement and time between group replacement and cleaning).

Maintenance factor shall be calculated as set out in Section 3.12. Maintenance factor is dependent on the maintenance routine. It is essential for the construction and operating costs and resources to implement a rigorous maintenance routine.
NOTE - Maintenance routines are specified in LTL-Report No. 31: "Maintenance of lighting system", see Annex B.

3.7.3 Control of illumination / regularity of general and special lighting Satisfied with the system requirements of the task to either high evenness or vice versa differentiation with emphasis important / active areas in relation to secondary / passive? Provides facility adequate illumination for use and cleaning the room? Provides facility along with any task lighting sufficient illumination on visual objects? 3.8 Glare

There are two types of glare, both of which should be limited. 3.8.1 Sight restrictive glare - Sometimes called physiological glare - due veiling spread in the eye, especially from sources near viewing direction. This means that the impact on adaptationsluminans and thus on the eye contrast sensitivity.
NOTE - Sight restrictive glare will rarely be a problem under normal lighting. However, it is possible to calculate it by a method specified in the "Indoor LIGHT", which also set a recommended limit, see Annex B.

3.8.2 Unpleasant - Sometimes called psychological glare - is the sensation of discomfort and irritation caused by a light source of high luminance with respect to a darker background. Characterized by unpleasant glare, as shown in either NB-or-UGR method both can be used in the calculation.
NOTE 1 - NB method (Nordic Lighting Calculation) expected to be replaced by the UGR method (Unified Glare Rating), which is a internationally recognized method for calculating unpleasant. The two methods can yield results of minor differences. Note method described in "NB method. Calculation of indoor general lighting", while the UGR method described in CIE Publication No. 117, and in "UGR method. Addendum to NB-method", see Annex B. In both methods are assumed to glare calculated with nyvrdier for luminaire lysstrmsudsendelse.

Requirements for lighting performance in terms of reduction of unpleasant is the standard set by a maximum glare.
NOTE 2 - glare indicated on a scale which, in practice, going from 13 to 28, where the largest glare indicates the strongest glare. The smallest difference in glare, providing a noticeable difference in glare, the third

The in section 4 below max-glare must be respected in the workplace. The max-glare for a working mode thus provided at 23, it means that a glare to 23, it is highest acceptable.

Glare shall include all fixtures in general lighting system and may include other fixtures with preset, which contribute to the unpleasant to work.
NOTE 3 - It is noted that adjustable work lights can cause a significant unpleasant.

General Lighting Construction glare defined as follows: In the cases in which the jobs are bound to viewing directions either longitudinally or across the room, determined glare of the viewing direction. In the other case, the glare for both viewing directions taken into account. In cases where the location of jobs may be due account to avoid positions with particularly strong glare can middelblndingstallet used. Otherwise, the maximum glare used. 3.8.3 Control of glare Is there (regardless of a summary blndingsberegning the system as a whole) risk of local glare from individual luminaires or particularly bright surfaces or reflection in shiny surfaces? 3.9 The combination of artificial light and daylight

When daylight is insufficient, there are basically four options to supplement with artificial lighting, and the have different advantages and disadvantages.
NOTE 1 - Additional artificial light from fixtures located above the window. Advantages: There will be no conflict between the direction of the light from the 2 types of light, although there will be a bias in the mixture of the two colors of light. If the lighting enhances the luminance of window wall, the glare from the window will be reduced. Cons: No daylight can cause a distribution of light in the room that works for skewed. The use of luminaires with asymmetrical light distribution that sheds light into the room, the risk of glare. NOTE 2 - Additional artificial light from fixtures in a zone behind the room. Advantages: In deep space evened the great contrasts between the window area and the deep space. Cons: In the zone where daylight and artificial light are mixed, the light will come from 2 directions and have different color of light. NOTE 3 - Supplemental artificial light from all fixtures in general illumination. Advantages: Although direction of the light from artificial light will weaken daylight positive attributes, it will be the combination of lighting and daylight, allowing the fewest drawbacks. In deep space, the additional lighting to reduce glare from windows. Cons: Different color of light from daylight and artificial light. NOTE 4 - Supplementary lighting at the individual workplace. Advantages: Colour difference between the daylight and the concentrated artificial light does not bothersome, and daylight positive attributes is maintained in the space. This is the optimal solution, with room lighting not turn on until the backlight level is too low. Cons: None.

3.10 Checking the power demand and energy needs Is the lighting system energy consumption and power demand sought limited as much as possible, taking into account space design and use, including requirements for lighting quality and runtime? Is there an appropriate division of the lighting system in zones with manual and / or automatic control or regulation of each zone, ie. with the possibility of immediate surroundings and activities?
NOTE 1 - The SBI instruction 184 is zoning of lighting systems mentioned, see Annex B.

3.11 Checking the requirements for lighting Lighting systems can be controlled in two ways: One is to check that the lighting system design travel data are consistent with the assumptions that formed the basis for the design.
NOTE 1 - There can be required to design travel data shall be based on accredited testing.

The second consists in measuring and assessing the lighting.

NOTE 2 - Lighting strength and luminance can for example be measured as described in LTL-Report No. 32 "Measurement of illumination and luminance of the lighting system ", see Annex B.

3.12 Maintenance of lighting systems 3.12.1 Planning of maintenance by design Vedligeholdelsesfaktorens size is essential for plant economics and energy consumption. Therefore, the following a substantial part of a design work: - Select fixtures and lamps that also takes maintenance conditions - Select a maintenance way that balances the lamp replacement costs with economic and energy impact of maintenance factor - Depending on the chosen lamp, fixture and maintenance way to find proper maintenance factor (see the following Table 1 and Table 2) - In project delivery to provide information on maintenance factors and assumptions in the form of an assumed maintenance means. It will most often at greater lighting be an advantage - both lighting technical and financial - to make replacement of all light sources at once (group replacement) simultaneously with a cleaning luminaires. Determination of maintenance factor V: The overall maintenance factor is:
V = Vlyskilde Varmaturtilsmudsning 0.95 (Vrumtilsmudsning)

In the absence of data for luminous flux for the current light source can Table 1 is used.
In Table 1, the part of the maintenance factor, which corresponds to the lamp the total luminous flux Vlysstrm, indicated taking is assumed that the lamps burn out before any group replacement, individually replaceable. Factor depends on the lamp type lamp the annual operating time, and if you only want to simply replace the lamps, or we want also to group replace the lamps with a specific interval. In Table 2, the part of the maintenance factor, which corresponds to the fouling of the luminaires Varmaturtilsmudsning expressed depending on the desired cleaning frequency group, armaturtypen, and the surroundings are clean or dirty normal stopped. Contamination of the room can be a good approximation recognized by a factor of 0.95. For a more accurate description, for example, by indirect lighting, which factor is typically around 0.75, refer to the data in the CIE Publication No. 97, see Appendix B.

Table 1 - The part of the maintenance factor, which corresponds to the lamp the total luminous flux (The lamp the luminous flux obtained from the CIE Publication No. 97)

NOTE - The specified types of lamps are of type "classical light sources". In recent cases and new types of lamps must relevant data sought informed in lamp manufacturer. Maintenance factor at gruppeudskifning is determined from data collected from typical lamp types within the category. Maintenance factor at single replacement is intended as a maintenance factor at the hour for the light source has burned half of its total lifetime.

Table 2 - The part of the maintenance factor, which corresponds to the fouling of the luminaire according to of armaturtypen, surroundings and group cleaning interval. (CIE Publication No. 97)

3.12.2 Maintenance of lighting systems in operation Good maintenance of the lighting system reduces wear and tear, ensuring that lighting quality is maintained and thus provides safety, functionality and comfort while minimizing energy consumption and investment needs. Lighting systems should be cleaned and serviced regularly and room surfaces cleaned or re-painted with appropriate intervals. Service intervals must be adapted, so as to ensure that the illumination does not become lower than the operating value of the illuminance that is required. For new lighting system followed the assumed maintenance plan, which will be available for design work, and to ensure that the condition of the used maintenance factor is observed.

4 Requirements for illumination, blndingsgrnse and color reproduction. Alphabetical list of workplaces and Species Where a workplace or work type not listed, please refer to the most similar work or the most similar work mode. A dash in the table indicates that a numerical value is irrelevant. All numerical values apply at any time in the operating cycle.

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. lux figures CRI

A access roads, see common access akkumulatorfabrikation ................................ pharmacies: officinal ................................................. ............. dispensary ................................................. ......... medication preparation and analysis: see chemical industry and chemical laboratories auditoriums: demonstration sites ................................... boards ................................................. .............. gallery ................................................. with TV screens .............................................. . note lighting at Slideshow etc. ............. garages and service stations: repair work .......................................... washing and lubrication ............................................. see also iron and metal industry, painting and vulcanization 1, 3 2 500 200 23 23 80 80 8 8 7 8 500 * 200 * 25 25 20 17 17 80 80 80 80 80 see relevant work mode at the board level 8 5, 8 200 500 20 20 80 90 200 23 60

B bathrooms and changing rooms .......................... see also mirror, lighting by bakeries: see food industry bakelitfabrikker: see plastics industry and processing bank see bank: clothing industry: cutting ................................................. ....... sewing ................................................. ............ pressing and ironing ..................................... pressing and ironing, particularly demanding ........ dressingroom (see also mirror, lighting by) ............................................... concrete product manufacturing .................................... libraries: desk and study areas .................................. lending local moreover ........................................ magazine ................................................. ......... shelving ................................................. ............. carving: see timber industry ticket offices ................................................. 8 200 20 80 8 8 8 8 200 * 200 200 200 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 on bogryggene Floor plan 200 200 23 90 60 1 1 1, 4 1, 4 500 1000 200 500 20 17 20 20 80 80 80 80 * 200 20 80 Floor plan

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. biscuitsfabrikation: see food industry plumber workshops: see iron and metal industry view product manufacturing: ...................................... see also printing industry flower: .......................................... bookbinders: see printing industry book printers: see printing industry cotton industry: see spinning, knitting and weaving broncestbning: see iron and metal industry breweries: sorting of used bottles ............................... control of cleaned and filled bottles (Clarification) ............................................... ............ see also food industry bread manufacturing: see food industry buffet ................................................. ............. buntmagerarbejde: see clothing industry shops: box area ................................................. . sales areas ................................................. ... 8 500 20 80 depends on the type of material and store size. May be indicative of lighting forces shown under the control functions tion in the production of the product concerned cooperage: see timber industry kindergartens: see schools brush binderies, ........................................... boats: see iron and metal industry, painting and timber industry 1 200 20 80 20 80 8 200 17 90 5 2 200 20 80 9 200 20 90 2, 3 200 23 60 lux figures CRI

C cafeterias: see also buffet and cleaning cement manufacturing ......................................... 200 23 60 -

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. chocolate manufacturing: sorting and control ......................................... cigar and cigarette manufacturing: see manufacture of tobacco embossing ................................................. ...... bicycle manufacturing: see iron and metal industry, galvanic coating and painting 2 500 17 90 1 500 20 90 lux figures CRI

D hairdresser salons: see hairdressing dameskrdderier: see clothing industry rendering: see slaughter lathes: see iron and metal industry, art turning and wood industry dybtryktrykkerier: see printing industry

E vinegar breweries: see breweries and food industry power plants: maskinsal and boiler rooms ................................... see also Instrument readings and control Electronic data processing - computer: computer ................................................. .. 7 work on machines with keyboard and screen 7, 8 electronic and electromechanical industries: thread work (development, etc.): coarser threads (over ~ 2 mm) .............. between fine threads (~ 0.5-2 mm) ........... fine threads (~ 0.1-0.5 mm) ................... painting and waterproofing ............................... installation work: coarser detail (over 2 mm) .............. between fine detail (0.5-2 mm) .......... fine detail ........................................ see also Instrument readings and iron metal industry elevators ................................................. ...... enamelling: coarser work (household utensils, etc.) ....................... finer work (badges, etc) ......................... 2, 3, 4 200 1000 20 17 80 80 * 100 80 Floor plan 2, 4 2, 4 200 500 1000 20 20 20 80 80 80 1, 2 1, 2 2 200 500 1000 200 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 20 80 * 200 20 80 general lighting must could be raised to 500 lux for service measure the level 0.85 m see Annex A, visual task 7 200 20 60

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. control ................................................. ............ 2, 3, 9 lux 1000 figures 17 CRI 80

F fajancefabrikker: see ceramic industry color and lakfabrikation: toning (swatch rating) ..................... other jobs ...................................... dyeing (textile) rating of swatches ............................ other jobs ...................................... production of veneer: see timber industry fishmeal production: see food industry poultry houses: chicken houses ................................................. ... hen houses ................................................. ..... gbehandlingsrum ......................................... sorteringsrum ................................................. . cold storage ................................................. .......... poultry slaughter: see slaughter and food industry feather cleaning ................................................. .. flag lean work: see clothing industry bottle production: see glass manufacturing and plastics industry feed central and storage: grain storage level magazine ................................................. .. silos ................................................. .............. 25 * 50 23 23 60 60 by walkways, ladders and silo pits at the top and shutters Floor plan Floor plan of the conveyor, and roeskrer at floor level Floor plan 200 23 80 * 25 * 25 * 200 * 200 * 100 23 23 23 23 23 60 60 60 60 60 9 1500 200 20 20 90 80 9 1500 200 20 20 90 80

the floor. Operating value 25 lux must not overexceeded at any time. Control Option Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan

silage silos ................................................. . roerum ................................................. ........... checkpoints ................................................. .. Moreover ................................................ ............. Foot Care ................................................. ......... 1

* 25 * 50 * 200 25 500

23 23

60 60 80 60

20

90

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. gilding ................................................. ... see also galvanic coating and paint shops chrome plating, nickel plating and silver plating: see galvanic coating photographic work: regular work .......................................... recording studio (excluding recording equipment) ........... darkroom (excluding technical equipment) ............. retouch, the paper ........................................... retouching, the transparent material ................. control of recordings ....................................... see also printing industry hairdressing ................................................. . fruit sorting and packing ........................... see also food industry fruit juice and fruit wine factories: see Breweries and food industry freezer: without ever work ....................................... with ever work ........................................ seed industry: regular work .......................................... throwing and sorting machines .............................. inspection and packaging .......................................... fireworks manufacturing .................................... see also paper manufacture public access roads: ..................................... in care centers corridors and stairways ............................................ * 50 * 100 * 50 80 80 80 1 1, 4, 10 200 500 500 500 23 23 20 20 60 60 90 80 See also section 3.2 Adaptation and luminance Floor plan Floor plan See also section 3.2 Adapta tion and luminance Floor plan entrances to public access roads without daylight access: daytime ............................................. night hours ........................................... exterior balconies ..................................... traffic areas in work places: see section. 3.7 Ferries: see Ships Wards: see DS 703: Lighting in hospitals * 100 * 50 * 15 80 80 80 Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan * 100 * 100 23 60 80 Floor plan Floor plan 2, 9 2, 10 200 200 20 20 90 90 8 5 5, 8, 9 200 200 200 1000 1000 20 17 17 17 80 90 90 90 Bulb Color Temperature 5000 K 2, 4 lux 500 figures 20 CRI 80

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. lux figures CRI

G Galvanizing (Hot): see hot dip galvanizing galvanic coating: grinding and polishing ....................................... work at the baths ........................................ polishing and inspection of glossy surfaces .......... corridors and stairways: see common access garages ................................................. ......... see also Parking halls wardrobes ................................................. .... see also mirror, lighting by gardener's work: commonly work in greenhouses ...................... stuffsack, potterum ........................................ tanning: grinding ................................................. .......... pressing ................................................. ......... color control and sorting ................................ other checks and sorting ................................ Moreover ................................................ ............. gasworks ................................................. ..... see also Instrument readings glazing ......................................... see also glassmaking and processing and timber industry glass manufacturing and processing: weighing and mixing raw materials (Batch house) and loading Quantity in pots ................................................. ............. work by fully automatic machines (Except setting and control) ........................ work by semi-automatic machines (Except setting and control) ........................ adjusting the machinery ..................................... production of blown glass ........................ shaping the finer details ............................... cutting and grinding ...................................... mirror coating ................................................ ordinary. sandblasting, plain. Orbital and glasbjning ................................................. .... decoration grinding and polishing, engraving, glass paint ................................................. ...... machining of optical lenses ........................... washing the glass ............................................... ...... checking and sorting ......................................... packing ................................................. .......... see also Instrument readings freight operations ........................................ * 200 23 80 Floor plan 200 20 80 4 1 9 1 200 500 500 500 200 200 20 20 20 20 23 23 60 60 90 80 60 80 200 200 23 23 80 80 does not plant radiation * 100 20 80 Floor plan 2 2 500 200 500 20 23 20 60 60 80

* 50

23

60

Floor plan

7 2 7 2 2 2, 5 2 2, 5 5 2, 5 -

200 200 200 500 200 500 500 500 200 500 1000 200 500 200

23 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 17 17 20 20 20

80 60 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 90 80

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. printing industry: sentence: Hand sentence ...................................... Machinery sentence ................................... key board operation ............................... screen terminal operation ..................... 7 phototypesetting paper, the control ................. phototypesetting film, control .................... Correction ........................................... proofreading ............................................. reproduction: recording studio (Excluding Recording Equipment) ........................ darkroom (excluding technical equipment) retouching ............................................. rating of originals ................... 9 trykfre MSTI LLI ng: ............................................ clich completion ............................ offsetmontage .................................... offsetpladefremstilling ........................ dybtrykmontage ................................. cylinder manufacturing ............................. seriegrafiformfremstilling .................... pressure form correction .............................. printing: proofing ..................................... high pressure (letterpress), arkmaskine, interpretation .......................................... high pressure (printed) rotary machine, folding work ........................................... level pressure (offset), arkmaskine, interpretation .......................................... pressure level (offset) rotary machine, folding work ........................................... gravure printing (intaglio, plain gravure), folding work ............................. screen printing (screen printer) ....................... rating of signatures ...................... 8, 9 bookbinding: needlework ....................................... work by automatic machines. engraving: machine engraving ............................................. hand engraving ................................................. 2 2 500 1000 20 20 80 80 1, 9 1 500 500 20 20 90 90 1000 17 90 8 8 500 500 20 20 90 90 Bulb Color Temperature 5000 K 8 500 20 90 8 500 20 90 8 500 20 90 8, 9 8 1000 500 17 20 90 90 2 5 2 5 2 2, 8 4, 8 500 500 500 500 1000 20 17 20 17 17 20 20 90 90 90 90 90 Bulb Color Temperature 5000 K 1000 17 90 5 200 200 17 90 Bulb Color Temperature 5000 K 8 5 8 8 500 1000 500 20 17 17 17 17 90 90 90 90 2, 8 2, 8 8 500 500 500 20 20 20 90 90 90 see Annex A, visual task 7 lux figures CRI

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. groats mills: see food industry goldsmiths: (Jewelry, etc.) .............................................. .... see also embossing and engraving gummifabikation: balancing, rolling and extruding ................ making-up, the preparation of form articles, vulcanization mm ........................................... renklipning and grinding .................................... control of coarser threads ................................. control of finer threads .................................... grtlerarbejde: see iron and metal industry 1 5 200 500 500 500 23 23 20 20 60 80 80 80 200 23 60 2 1000 20 90 lux figures CRI

H glove manufacturing: see clothing industry and skotjsfabrikation hangar ................................................. ........... hats manufacture: starching, molding, pressing ............................ felt sanding, sewing, assembling, trimming and inspection ................................................. .......... see also clothing industry ............... herreskrdderier: see clothing industry horse stables: feed passages and alleys ............................. treatment Department ........................................ treatment Department, working .............. laundry room, work area ............................ hospitals: see DS 703: Lighting in hospitals Hotels: Desk, portierloge ...................................... hall ................................................. ................. read and write seats .................................... hote lv re rd s: ............................................ general lighting .................................. read and write seats (Also beds) ........................... husbrevkasseanlg ..................................... hrfabrikker: see spinning, knitting and weaving 8 200 100 80 8 * 200 200 100 20 20 20 80 80 80 dimmer or two-step ignition on the front of husbrevkasseanlgget Floor plan 8 50 * 50 100 100 200 23 23 23 23 20 80 80 80 80 80 Floor plan 1 1 200 500 23 20 80 90 * 50 23 80 Floor plan

You instrument reading: General Indicators and writing Indicators ............................................ 6, 8 200 80

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. Precision Indicators ........................... water glass etc. .......................................... lyspletinstrumenter, cifferrr, oscilloscopes, radar screens, television screens and data screens instrument manufacturing: see iron and metal industry and electronic industr iscremefabrikation: see food industry ice plants ................................................. ........ 200 23 60 6, 7 5 lux 500 figures CRI 80 -

J iron and metal industry: casting: casting halls ......................................... finer grinding and control .................... rolling and pressing (hot): .......................... roller and press halls ........................ markup of plates ........................ checking and sorting ............................ rolling (cold) .............................................. ... bench work, assembly work and manually turning, milling, grinding and drilling work: .............. coarser detail (over 2 mm) .............. between fine detail (0.5-2 mm) .......... fine details (0.1-0.5 mm) ................... work with automated machinery (not setting and monitoring): ...................................... manual labor by machine axis, bending machines and other sheet metal work ........ Markup ................................................. ... press benches ................................................. ...... setting of machines, development of tools, control ................................................. ............ forging ................................................. ....... welding ................................................. ........ see also grinding (Tools, etc.) ............. iron casting: see iron and metal industry 2 2 2 2, 3 2 2, 3 2 7 200 500 1000 200 200 500 500 1000 200 500 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 23 80 80 80 60 80 80 80 80 60 60 4 4 200 200 500 200 23 20 20 23 60 80 80 60 1, 2, 4 * 100 500 23 20 60 80 at the roll chairs and presses Floor plan

K coffee roasting: control of combustion ......................................... see also food industry lime works ................................................. .... canteens: see also buffet and cleaning bodywork workshops: see iron and metal industry carton manufacturing: see paper manufacture cardboard manufacturing: see paper and papvarefabrikation 200 23 60 9 500 20 80

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. kattuntrykning: preparation of colors ....................................... regular work .......................................... boiler rooms ................................................. ....... chemical industry: weighing and mixing raw materials, as well as automatic processes .................................... manual filling of bottles or glass ........... setting and control of automated processes manual work .............................................. control of finished ...................................... see also Instrument readings and chemical laboratories Dry-cleaning: dry cleaning ................................................. ............ pletaftagning ................................................. .. see also clothing industry chemical laboratories: regular work .......................................... analyzes ................................................. ......... see also Instrument readings ceramic industry: forltning and elutriation .................................... punching and generally form work .......... hand forming of finer details ....................... cleaning and glazing ...................................... decoration, underglaze .................................. Detailing, overglaze and complete control. biscuit manufacturing: see food industry clich production: see printing industry dress factories: see spinning, knitting and weaving copper forging: see iron and metal industry pastry work: see food industry konfektionsfabrikation: see clothing industry conference .............................................. canned production: sorting ................................................. ......... see also food industry office work: reading, writing and working with keyboard ..... 8 500 20 80 see Annex A 2, 10 500 20 80 8 200 20 80 2 2, 9 200 200 500 200 500 1000 23 20 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 80 90 8, 9 500 17 90 1, 4, 9 1000 200 20 20 90 80 5 2 5, 9 200 500 200 500 200 23 20 20 20 20 23 80 60 80 80 80 80 9 1 1500 500 200 20 20 23 90 80 60 lux figures CRI

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. occasionally reading, writing and working with keyboard and other office equipment ............... files ................................................. ....... archives without persistent work .................... see also printing industry and conference control: reading and writing ....................................... see also Instrument readings korkvarefabrikation: regular work .......................................... work by cutting and grinding machines ............. sorting ................................................. ......... cosmetics manufacturing: see chemical industry art turning ................................................ Art stuffing ............................................... cattle: stanchion barns: ................................................ ... dairy ................................................. .... feeding times ......................................... feeding times, work ............... alleys ........................................ alleys, work .............. young cattle ................................................. ........ feeding times ......................................... alleys ........................................ yards: ................................................ forage .............................................. resting area ........................................... rest area, work area .................. collecting area ................................. parlors ........................................ ungkvgbokse .................................. other housing units: ........................................... calf hutches ......................................... health and klvningsafdeling ................ milk room: ................................................ ..... mechanical and anteroom .............................. mechanical and anteroom, work. compartment .............................................. kdfoderfabrikation: see food industry kitchens (Kitchens): preparation of crude .............................. cold kitchen, hot kitchen ........................ washing ................................................. ........... 200 500 200 20 20 20 90 90 80 * 50 100 * 200 23 23 23 60 80 60 Floor plan Floor plan * 50 * 100 23 23 60 80 Floor plan Floor plan * 50 * 25 100 * 50 * 200 * 50 23 23 60 60 80 60 60 60 Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan * 50 23 60 Floor plan * 50 100 * 50 100 * 50 23 23 23 23 23 60 80 60 80 60 Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan 1, 9 1000 20 90 1 1, 10 1, 2 500 500 500 20 20 20 80 80 80 8 500 200 20 23 80 80 8 8 lux 200 200 * 200 figures 20 20 23 CRI 80 80 80 see Annex A on the reading surface measure the level 0.85 m

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. fridge: without ever work ....................................... with ever work ........................................ * 100 * 100 23 40 60 Floor plan Floor plan lux figures CRI

L laboratories: see the working mode warehouse work: goods receipt and delivery ....................... areas with renewable work .................. areas with occasional work ................. packing ................................................. .......... loading ramps (outdoor) ................................ shelving ................................................. ............. product control ................................................. ..... 8 8 8 200 200 100 200 50 100 20 20 23 20 20 80 80 60 80 60 80 see also Section 3.2 Adaptation and luminance on the vertical plane see the company unit, which manufactures the concerned

coating: see painting lervarefabrikation: see ceramic industry limfabrikation: see chemical industry lines establishments: see printing industry List fabrication: see gilding and timber industry lithographic establishments: see printing industry airport halls: see traffic stations, light boxes (For transillumination of transparent material) ..................................... lysfabrikation: work in melt kettles, molding machines, as well as automatic processes .................................... color and decoration work .......................... checking and sorting ......................................... packing ................................................. .......... diazo ................................................. .. lystrykanstalter: see printing industry leather goods manufacturing: see skotjsfabrikation and clothing industry medical clinic: studies, etc. ........................................... 1, 9 * 200 20 90 measure the level 0.85 m 2 2 8 200 500 500 200 200 23 20 20 20 20 60 80 90 80 80 5 -

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. see also waiting rooms and rooms and DS 703: Lighting in hospitals lux figures CRI

M mattress manufacturing: mounting ................................................. ....... control ................................................. ............ spring manufacturing: see iron and metal industry sewing bolsters: see clothing industry painting dripping, plain. hand-painting and spraying. . automatic systems ......................................... decoration and sign painting, general ......... decorative paints, finer ................................ filling and sanding ........................................ lakring and polishing and control of glossy surfaces ............................................ mixing paints ........................................... color rating, demanding ......................... see also gilding marzipan production: see food industry margarine manufacturing: see food industry jam manufacture: see konservesfabrication and food industry machine works: see iron and metal industry machine halls ................................................. ... see also Instrument readings and control joiner work: see timber industry medicine manufacturing: see chemical industry and chemical laboratories dairies: see breweries, food industry and chemical laboratories mechanical workshops: see iron and metal industry metal casting: see iron and metal industry metal printing: see iron and metal industry metal products manufacturing: see iron and metal industry mineral water production: see Breweries and food industry model building: see the working mode ............... 500 17 80 200 20 60 9 200 1500 20 90 90 8, 9 1, 4 2 200 200 1000 500 500 23 20 20 20 20 60 80 90 80 80 1 200 500 200 20 20 20 80 80 80

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A)

Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. model joineries: see timber industry must categories: see breweries canning manufacturing and food industry furniture refinishing and polishing: see painting upholstery: see tapetsererarbejde furniture manufacturing: see timber industry and tapetsererarbejde meeting rooms: see auditoriums and conference mills: see food industry mortar manufacturing .......................................... 200 23 60 lux figures CRI

N food industry: work on machines ...................................... manual preparation work .......................... ordinary work, moreover .............................. see also freezer and cold storage needles lean work: see iron and metal industry 200 500 200 * 200 23 20 23 20 80 80 80 80 Floor plan

O offset printing: see printing industry mills: see chemical industry and chemical laboratories Oil Refineries: see chemical industry changing rooms and bathrooms .......................... see also mirror, lighting by optical workshops ....................................... see also Instrument readings Cheese-making: see food industry and chemical laboratories 2, 5 500 17 80

P pakkassefabrikation: see timber industry papfabrikation: see paper manufacture paper manufacturing: preparing pulp .............................. paper machines, kallandre, shears ....... sort of finished ................................... color control ................................................. .... paper and papvarefabrikation: regular job and work at automatic machines ..................................... control ................................................. ............ see also printing industry 1 200 500 20 20 80 80 2, 4 9 200 200 500 1500 23 20 20 20 60 80 80 90

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. perfume manufacture: see chemical industry Parking halls ............................................ entrance and exit zones in daylight ................ parquet manufacturing: see timber industry fur dressing: regular work .......................................... sorting ................................................. ......... see also staining bank: Box ................................................. ............. desks and writing-desks for the audience ........... specie ................................................. ......... see also offices guesthouses: see hotels platforms: see traffic stations persiennefabrikation ..................................... pipe fabrication: see art twist and timber industry plastics industry and processing: work by automatic machines (Except setting and control) ........................ setting of machines and installation tools. manual work: ............................................ foils and fabrics ............................ plates ................................................. form products ........................................... control of the sheeting ................................ control the form of goods ......................................... see also: clothing industry, printing industry and timber industry pleating textile fabrics .............................. porcelain manufacture: see ceramic industry trimmings manufacturing .................................. pottery work: see chemical industry and plastics industry Protocol manufacture: see printing industry sausage maker work: see slaughter and food industry 1, 9 500 20 80 2 2 1 2, 3, 5 24 1 200 200 200 500 500 500 20 20 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 80 80 1, 2, 4 200 500 23 20 60 80 200 20 80 2, 8 8 8 500 200 * 200 20 20 20 80 80 80 measure the level 0.85 m 10 200 1500 20 20 80 90 * 50 500 23 23 60 60 Floor plan lux figures CRI

R radio production: see electronic and electromechanical industry Rope Construction: work by automatic machines ................. 200 23 60

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. manual work .............................................. depots ................................................. .......... see also garages cleaning (Of rooms): general ................................................. ....... demanding ................................................. ....... cleaning: see dry cleaning and remove cleaning reproductive education: see printing industry restaurant premises ........................................... see also buffet and cleaning Fix: see photographic work pull-down fabrication ................................... roll (textile) .............................................. .. depots: see traffic stations smoking: see food industry 1 200 200 20 20 80 80 * 50 * 200 80 80 Floor plan Floor plan 1 lux 200 * 50 figures 20 23 CRI 80 80 Floor plan

S saddlery: see skotjsfabrikation and tapetsererarbejde lettuce production: see canning manufacturing sanatoriums: see DS 703: Lighting in hospitals cutting: see timber industry mirror and flag lean work: see clothing industry self-service laundries and dry cleaners ......... see also roll serigraphic printing: see printing industry service stations: see garages and petrol stations emergency shelter: see basement skarnkasserum ............................................. 25 60 applies only to indoor skarnkasserum, the stated value set for the sake of the transition glare of daylight. See also section. 3.2 Adaptation and luminance 200 20 80

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. ships: engine rooms, boiler rooms, fyrpladser .................... cabins: ................................................ ......... general lighting .................................. read and write seats (Also bunks) .......................................... galley and pantry: see kitchens stores ................................................. ....... holds ................................................. ........... car decks on boats at night ............................ car decks on boats by day ........................... see also instrument readings, and control shipbuilding: see iron and metal industry and timber industry schools: halls and banquet halls (without writing work) ........ banquet halls with written work ......................... normal classes and specialist classrooms without special requirements ................................................. ................ bathrooms and changing rooms ............................. see also mirror, lighting by demonstration sites .................................... gymnasiums ................................................. gymnasiums with written work .................. see also DS 707.5: Sports Lighting, sports halls hand work ................................................. ... school kitchens ................................................. woodwork rooms ................................................. ..... boards, dark ............................................... .... boards, bright ............................................... ........ drawing and forming ........................................ shoemaking .......................................... skotjsfabrikation: tilskreri: cutting .............................................. punching ........................................... ndling: ndling (sewing) .................................. skrfning and cementing ................. bending .............................................. stanseri (in leather) ...................................... pinderi and pudseri ........................................... finishing department ................................................. .. 1, 2 1 2 1, 2, 10 1000 200 1000 200 1000 500 20 20 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 80 90 1, 2 1, 2 1000 500 20 20 80 80 1 1, 2 8 8 1, 2, 8 1 500 200 * 200 * 500 * 200 200 200 20 20 20 20 20 90 90 80 80 80 90 80 measure the level 0.85 m at the board level at the board level 8 8 8 * 200 * 200 200 * 200 * 200 * 200 20 20 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 80 80 Floor plan depending on demonstration the type of the Floor plan Floor plan Control Option Floor plan Floor plan * 100 * 100 * 50 * 200 23 23 23 23 60 40 60 60 Floor plan Floor plan See also section 3.2 Adaptation and luminance floor plan floor plan 8 100 200 20 80 80 200 20 60 lux figures CRI

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. see also rubber manufacturing tailoring: see clothing industry Beauty ............................................... see also mirror, lighting by slaughter veterinary control ................................................ see also food industry grinding (Tools, etc.): grinding of the ordinary. knives and tools .................. grinding of finer instruments and tools forging: see iron and metal industry sminkerum ................................................. .... see also mirror, lighting by sandwiches manufacture: see food food industry carpentry: see painting: painting and polishing and control of blank surfaces timber industry soda production: see Breweries and food industry Savings: see bank mirror, lighting by: commonly ................................................. ...... particularly demanding ............................................ reproduction of colors spinning, knitting and weaving: roughening, sorting, cleaning, volfere and carding machines ................................................. forspinde, stretch, combing, spinning and winders ................................................. warping ................................................. . lime and delete machines ................................... Pass ................................................. ....... weaving and knitting ....................................... nopperi, repair, opmaskning, sorting and control ................................................. ............ ruemaskiner, steaming, decatising, pressing, Survey ................................................. ........ scouring, fulling, centrifugation, drying. see also staining (Textile) .......................... alcohol production: see breweries, chemical industry and food industry station halls: see traffic stations candle manufacturing: see lysfabrikation stamp fabrication (Rubber stamps) ............ 1, 8 500 20 80 1 1 1 1 200 500 500 200 500 500 500 200 200 23 20 20 23 20 20 20 23 23 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 1 1, 2, 9 200 500 80 90 Lowest luminance from fittings in the direction of person 1, 9 200 20 90 2 500 20 80 2, 10 2 500 200 20 20 90 80 1, 2, 9 lux 200 figures 20 CRI 90

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. stone carving: forming of blocks, panels, etc. ........................ chopping, grinding and polishing .......................... fabric printing: see kattuntrykning knitting: see spinning, knitting and weaving ironing (Textile): pressing and ironing ...................................... pressing and ironing, particularly demanding ........ hosiery manufacturing: see spinning, knitting and weaving casting: see iron and metal industry steel printing: see printing industry steel rolling: see iron and metal industry sugar production and refining: see food industry confectionery manufacturing: see food industry welding work: see iron and metal industry piggeries: staldrum, feed and inspection times ............. anteroom ................................................. ............ run department ................................................. ... run department, treatment area ................... gestation units .......................................... farrowing ................................................. ....... weaning (climate stables) ..................... piglet pens ................................................ finisher facilities ............................................ delivery room ............................................... hospitals: see DS 703: Lighting in hospitals sewing (Sewing) ......................................... soap manufacturing: see chemical industry bags manufacture: see clothing industry, stationery factories and plastics industry sentence: see printing industry silverware: (Hollowware and flatware work) .............................. 2, 3 500 20 90 1 * 50 * 200 * 100 * 200 50 * 100 * 50 * 50 * 50 * 50 1000 23 23 23 23 23 17 80 60 60 80 60 60 60 60 60 60 80 Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan Floor plan 1, 4 1, 4 200 500 20 20 80 90 1, 2 200 200 20 20 60 80 lux figures CRI

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A)

Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. see also embossing and engraving silverware manufacturing: see iron and metal industry lux figures CRI

T bitumen production: regular work .......................................... control ................................................. ............ dental clinics: see DS 705: Lighting in dental clinics wallpaper manufacturing: coloration (mixture of colors) ......................... printing, rolling, embossing and drying ......... control for multi-color printing ............................ tapetsererarbejde .......................................... see also sewing brick work .......................................... see also ceramic industry drawing work: commonly drawing work ................................. incl. work with CAD particularly demanding character work ...................... telephone boxes ................................................. . textile industry: see spinning, knitting and weaving textile printing: regular work .......................................... preparation of colors ....................................... cutting: see clothing industry manufacture of tobacco: wetting, cutting and drying of raw ............ preparation of tobacco leaves to the deck and binders as well as chewing tobacco ............................. hndrulning of cigars ..................................... cigar and cigarette machines work by ........... spinning sloping ............................................... cigar sorting ................................................. . packing ................................................. .......... toilets ................................................. ......... see also mirror, lighting by traffic stations (Including airport halls, depots, etc.): stationshal clay: traffic areas .................................. posters and schedule boards etc ............... counters and ticket offices ................... 8 8 * 100 200 200 20 20 80 80 80 Floor plan on the level 1 1 1, 10 200 200 500 200 200 1000 200 * 100 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 80 80 Floor plan 80 80 90 80 9 200 1500 20 20 80 90 8 8 1000 100 17 80 80 8 500 17 80 see Appendix A 200 20 60 9 9 1 1500 200 1500 200 20 20 20 20 90 80 90 80 200 200 23 20 60 80

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. rejsegodseksped itioner: expedition ......................................... storage ......................................... platforms (covered) ................................. see also offices and waiting rooms .............. stairways and corridors: see common access trikotagefabrikation: see spinning, knitting and weaving wood turning: see timber industry timber industry work by automatic machines (not setting and control) as well as block and timber cutting, debarking and cutting of logs ................................................. ............ manual work by other machines and by work benches, assembly work, etc. ..................... setting of machines and installation of Tool ................................................. ........... carving ........................................ control and processing ........................... tool grinding: see grinding see also painting: painting, polishing and inspection of glossy surfaces clogs production: see timber industry and skotjsfabrikation trvarefabrikation: see timber industry wire product manufacturing: see iron and metal industry dispute fabrication: see spinning, knitting and weaving carpet weaving: see spinning, knitting and weaving Cleaning: see dry cleaning carpentry: see timber industry 1, 4 1, 4 1 1, 2, 10 200 200 500 500 500 20 20 20 20 20 60 80 80 80 90 8 200 * 100 * 50 20 23 80 60 60 Floor plan Floor plan lux figures CRI

V hot dip galvanizing: regular work .......................................... washing: washing, centrifugation .................................. tjmrkning, sorting, rolling, inspection and packing ................................................. .......... see also ironing washing and Locker Room .......................................... see also mirror, lighting by vatfabrikation: see spinning, knitting and weaving waiting rooms and rooms ................................. 8 200 20 80 1 200 200 * 200 23 20 20 80 80 80 Floor plan 200 23 80

Visual Task with special requirements for lighting form (see Annex A) Illuminance as general lighting - marked with a *. Other valuevalues are illumination on visual object - see also 3.7.1 (Figure 6) Blndingsgrnse Workplace or species Colour reproduction (see 3.3.2) Notes No. nurseries ................................................. ... vulcanization ................................................. toolmaking: see iron and metal industry weaving: see spinning, knitting and weaving lux * 200 200 figures 20 20 CRI 80 80 measure the level 0.85 m

Z zinc printing: see printing industry

gpakning: control ................................................. ............ see also food industry 5 -

Annex A (informative)
In Figure 8 the following 2 pages given characteristic examples of lighting types that could meet the specific requirements for a primary visual task. Often, the very different requirements for lighting only achieved by a working lighting installed directly in the workplace. In the alphabetical list of places of work or species (Chapter 4) are referred to the different visual tasks (Schema No. 1-10) to which the work belongs. If out for a single work mode is referred to two or more visual tasks where lighting requirements are impossible to meet at the same time, there must either arranged multiple locations, each with its of lighting or alternative lighting forms at the same workplace.

Figure 7 - Illustration of some concepts

a = the detail (detail views) b = visual object ~ object of labor c = work area d = working field near vicinity e = working the field's outer surroundings

Inspection task No.

1

Primary visual task

Examples of synsopgifts

The primary task for lighting tion

Examples of lighting form

Clearly directed (but not necessarily parallel) light. If the detail is irregularities in a surface, the approximate stray light on surface.

Spatial, preferably matt Details of preferably matt background, often without differences in reflectance or color.

Scratches or other To show or highlight unevenness in mostly detail by means of the matt surfaces. Inspection shadows and of weaving faults. luminansvariationer which the Wood carvings. form, when illuminated with Evaluation of surfaces, directed light. for example, of wood, and castings. Ironing of textiles. Processing of metals such as by turning and milling. Marking and engraving glossy surfaces. Krner Dots, polishing, enamelling. Reading of scales on metal. To show or highlight detail by letting background be uniform light by means of mirroring a storfladearmatur while details seen darker.

Matte details on blank background. Spatial blank Details on blank background.

Storfladearmatur with uniform luminance on be placed so that the entire the background of the object reflecting diffuser uniformly.

Variations in the soft direction glossy surfaces often without differences in reflectance or color.

Soft dents in shiny surfaces such as To show or highlight by plate alignment. Control deviations from a surface by plane surfaces, used in changes in direction in the plastic and metal industries. mirroring of a regular pattern. Blank markup or scratches on matte surfaces. Installation work in electronics industry. Checks in tin industry. To show or highlight details by allowing these mirrors, light source, while the matte background stand darker.

Storfladearmatur with a dark networks. Position as by visual task second

Blank detail on the mat background.

Luminaire placed view mirror in and details of a size custom work object.

Details of translucent or transparent materials.

Control of bottles. Control of eggs. Retouching at negative films.

To show detail in silhouette by transmitted from a uniform light surface behind object.

Lightbox or Given box. Identification of redundant illuminating areas of this. Both the luminance of the illuminating the area as the ambient illumination must be able to be adapted to conditions, and as required be regulated.

Not luminescent details behind transparent material.

Written and images behind glass or foil such kacheret material. Instrument Scales behind glass.

To show the details behind it Either light from surfaces transparent material with small and uniform with the least possible disturbance luminance, when these surfaces tion from reflections in this. reflected in "glass" or light with an incident direction, which does not provide mirroring in viewing direction. To preserve the luminous object contrasts with background by avoiding too much incident light and To reduce the disturbing reflections in the transparent glossy material. Preserving available contrast by preventing To reduce the reflection in the work object, this shielded from specular light, and which can be placed a dark background behind observer.

7*

Luminescent details behind transparent material.

Given the data screens, text screens and TV screens. Reading of Digital instruments, lyspletinstrumenter.

8**

Details of flat surfaces, characterized by differences in reflection or color.

Font, drawings and pictures.

Position of fixtures in relative to the observer, and work surface, so that

reflections in the surface which canreflections in this avoided blur the contrasts. in the Fig. 10 showed reading field.

Matching colors.

Evaluation of multi-color printing, control of color images, Swatch rating on farveog lakfabrikker.

Letting colors Use of artificial appear both adequate optical fibers with significantly, without color temperature of 6500 K and 3 unacceptable distortion Ra 90 (respective graphic and with such a mutual Industry 5,000 K) or balance, equality and inequality, daylight. Where two colors must that they correspond to the customary appear mutually equal or the target. under two different types of light, the colors assessed in corresponding different light sources.
3

10

Sorting by color shades. Sorting furs and cigars. Seed sorting.

Clearly revealing any differences, especially in between closely spaced shades of surface colors.

Artificial light is preferred. Colour temperature approx. 7,500 K. In some cases, a sorting facilitated by using a light source with a complementary color to the object's color.

* See A.1 specification of the visual task 7 ** See A.2 specification of the visual task 8

Figure 8 - Table of characteristics of lighting to achieve optimum contrast at different visual tasks A.1 Specification of the visual task 7

By lighting of workplaces with visual display units may require special attention in order to avoid annoying reflections in the screen while you get a good contrast between text and background on the screen and an appropriate luminance distribution in and around the workplace.

A.1.1 Contrasts
The contrast between text and background on the screen is crucial for readability. It may normally be within certain limits are set on the screen. Lighting systems must be designed to avoid excessive lighting directly on screen. All kinds of reflexes, also reflections of evenly illuminated surfaces will reduce the contrast and therefore avoided.

A.1.2 Reflexes in the screen

Reflectors can come from windows, lighting fixtures, bright surfaces in the room or from the operator himself. Reflections from windows can be avoided by proper placement of the screen or by sealing off windows. By viewing direction parallel to the window wall has a better opportunity to avoid reflections in the screen. It is important to avoid reflections in the screen from fixtures. This can in most cases be achieved by use of specially foreclosure and partial uplighting fixtures that are placed correctly in relation to the screen. In certain cases the local shielding of the workplace be an appropriate measure. To reduce reflections from surfaces in the room they must not be too high luminance, and particularly strongly lit areas must be avoided. Reflexes of the operator itself can be particularly troublesome, because the reflectors moving, and the focusing distance is uncertain. The problem can be reduced by using not light clothing and at low illuminance of the subject.

A.1.3 luminance
In order to get a proper luminance ambient luminance should be of the same magnitude as the luminance of the display, papers and worksite other surfaces. Windows and sunny or very bright surfaces must not occur in the visual field. The surfaces immediately surrounding the screen in the viewing direction is particularly important for obtaining an appropriate luminance distribution. These surfaces must therefore have an appropriate luminance, obtained for example by suitably combining reflectance and illumination. Illuminance on any manuscript must be chosen as a compromise between that on the one hand must not have excessive luminansspring to the screen, but on the other hand, it must have sufficient illumination to read the manuscript. Depending on the need for script reading recommended illumination at work between 200 and 500 lux.

A.1.4 Summary of Section A.1

Problem Reflective screen Cause Windows Solution Proper placement of the screen. Possible foreclosure of the window. Proper placement of the fixture relative to the screen. Specially shielded and possibly partial uplighting fixtures. Room surfaces Background with constant luminance. Limited reflectances. Limited illumination. Dark clothing. Lower illumination on the operator. Poor luminancesharing around the screen Room surfaces Manuscript Contrast degradation in screen Reflexes Windows in field Proper placement of the screen (Viewing direction parallel to the window wall). Appropriate combination of reflectances and illumination. Illuminance as needed (200 - 500 lux). Avoided as described under "reflexes in the screen".

Faucets

Operator

In bright daylight on the screen location screen not too close to windows - or shielding of dagsl s Excessive artificial lighting is not too high illumination in general. Appropriate lighting distribution on display

Figure 9 - The most significant correlations between problem, cause and solution of lighting at places of work with display screen equipment A.2 Specification of the visual task 8

Figure 10 - Shape and dimensions of reading field and jeplacering

Annex B (informative)

Bibliography
Aggerholm, S., Zachariassen, H., G. Christensen, Olufsen P., Clausen V., Pedersen PE (1995) Buildings energy requirements, SBI instruction 184, Hrsholm: Danish Building Research Institute (SBI). Academy of Technical Sciences Climate Committee (ATV's indoor range) (1975) Indoor Light Copenhagen: ATV. Boyce, P. R. (1977) Investigations of the Subjective balance mellem iluminance and lamp color properties, Lighting Research and Technology, Vol 9 No. 1, pp. 11-24. Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) (1992) Maintenance of Indoor Electric Lighting Systems, Publication CIE 97, Vienna: CIE. Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) (1995) Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting CIE Publication 117, Vienna: CIE. Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) (2004) Lighting design methods for obstructed interiors, CIE Publication 161, Vienna: CIE. DELTA LIGHT & Optics (DELTA) (1982) Measurement of illumination and luminance of the lighting system LTL-Report No. 32, Denmark: DELTA LIGHT & Optics. DELTA LIGHT & Optics (DELTA), Illuminating Engineering Society (1991) Good and energy-efficient school lighting, Denmark: Technical Company. DELTA LIGHT & Optics (DELTA), Illuminating Engineering Society (1993) Good and energy-efficient office lighting, Denmark: Technical Company. DELTA LIGHT & Optics (DELTA), Illuminating Engineering Society (1995) Good and energy-efficient industrial lighting, Denmark: Illuminating Engineering Society. DELTA Light & Optics (DELTA), Illuminating Engineering Society (1995) Good and energy-efficient store lighting, Denmark: Technical Company. Frandsen, S. (1985) The light in the room and the light of things, NEW No 492, 10 June 1985, Copenhagen: Louis Poulsen & Co.. Kanaya, S. Hashimoto, K. and Kichize, E. (1979) Subjective

balance mellem general color rendering index, color temperature, and iluminance of interior lighting, CIE
Proceedings 19th Session, Kyoto, p 274-278. Illuminating Engineering Society (2000) Calculation of indoor general lighting for NB-method illumination calculation and UGR method to blndingsberegning, Denmark: Illuminating Engineering Society. Illuminating Engineering Society, Work Foundation et al (1982) Good lighting in the workplace, Denmark: Work Foundation. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) (2002) Code for Lighting London: CIBSE.