MV43 Marine Electrical Machines - II MEM-II TWO MARKS UNIT-I 1.

. Name the methods used for power measurement in three phase circuits. a. Three single phase wattmeter method b. Three phase wattmeter method c. LPF wattmeter method. 2. What are the special features to be incorporated for LPF wattmeter? Pressure coil circuit Compensation for Pressure coil current Compensation for Pressure coil inductance. 3. What are the types of energy meters? Electrolytic meters Motor meters. Clock meters 4. Name the constructional parts of induction type energy meter. Current coil with series magnet Voltage coil with shunt magnet Al disc Braking magnet Registering mechanism. 5. Name the faults that occur in cables. Break down of cable insulation Short circuit fault Open conductor fault. 6. How current coil is connected in induction type energy meter. It is connected in series to the load. 7. Why Al disc is used in induction type energy meter. Aluminum is a nonmagnetic metal. 8. What is the purpose of registering mechanism? It gives a valuable number proportional to the rotations. 9. What is the purpose of braking mechanism? It provides necessary braking torque. 10. Define creeping.

Slow but continuous rotation of disc when pc is energized and cc is not energized. 11. State the reason why holes are provided in Al disc. To avoid creeping holes are provided on both sides of Al disc. 12. Classify resistance. Low resistance Medium resistance High resistance 13. Name the leads present in megger. Earth lead Line lead Guard lead. 14. Name the methods used for low resistance measurement. Ammeter voltmeter method Potentiometer method Kelvin double bridge method Ohm meter method. 15. Name the methods used for medium resistance measurement Ammeter voltmeter method Substitution method Wheatstone bridge method Carey fosters bridge method. 16. Where high resistance m/s is required? Insulation resistance of cables High resistance circuit elements Volume resistivity of a material Surface resistivity. 17. State the advantages of Wheatstone bridge method. Free from errors The balance is quit independent of source emf 18. State the advantages of Kelvin double bridge method. Errors owing to contact resistance, resistance of leads can be eliminated by using this Kelvin double bridge. 19. Define megger. The megger is an instrument used for the measurement of high resistance and insulation resistance.

20. Name the parts of megger. It consists of a hand driven dc generator and a direct reading true ohm meter. UNIT-II 1. What are the principal advantages of rotating field type construction? Relatively small amount of power required for field system can easily supplied to rotating system using slip rings and brushes, more space is available in the stator part of the machine to provide more insulation, it is easy to provide cooling system, stationary system of conductors can easily be braced to prevent deformation. 2. What are the advantages of salient type pole construction used in sy.machines? They allow better ventilation, the pole faces are so shaped radial air gap length increases from pole center to pole tips so flux distortion in air gap is sinusoidal so emf is also sinusoidal. 3. Which type of sy.generators are used in hydroelectric plants and why? As the speed of operation is low, for hydro turbines used in hydroelectric Plants, salient pole type sy.generators are used because it allows better ventilation also better than smooth cylindrical type rotor. 4. Why are alternators rated in KVA and not in KW? As load increases I2R loss also increases, as the current is directly related to apparent power delivered by generator, the alternator has only their apparent power in VA/KVA/MVA as their power rating. 5. Why the sy.impedance method of estimating voltage regulation is is considered as pessimistic method? Compared to other method, the value of voltage regulation obtained by this method is always higher than the actual value so it is called as pessimistic method. 6. Why MMF method of estimating voltage regulation is considered as optimistic method? Compared to EMF method, MMF method involves more complex calculation steps. Further the OCC is referred twice and SCC is referred once while predetermining the voltage regulation for each load condition. Reference of OCC takes core saturation effect. As this method require more effort, final result is very close to actual value, hence this method is called as optimistic method. 7. What is an alternator?

An alternator or AC generator is a synchronous machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and produces alternating emf. 8. What is the principle of an alternator? The alternator works on the principle of faradays law of electromagnetic induction. Whenever a conductor links with a magnetic field, either the conductor is moving, or the field is moving, an emf is induced in the conductor. 9. What are the types of alternators? Which is in common use? 1. Rotating armature type 2. Rotating field and stationary armature type Rotating field is commonly used 10. What are the main parts of an alternator? 1. Rotor 2. stator 3. exciter 11. What is the relation between speed and frequency of an alternator? Ns = 120f / P 12. How will you adjust the frequency of an alternator? Frequency of an alternator can be adjusted by varying the speed of the prime mover. 13. Define voltage regulation of an alternator. The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the increase in terminal voltage when full load is thrown off, assuming field current and speed remaining the same 14. What are the different voltage drops in an alternator? 1. Voltage drop due to resistance of winding 2. Drop due to leakage reactance 3. Voltage drop due to armature reaction. 15. What is meant by synchronous reactance? The sum of leakage reactance XL and armature reactance Xa is known as synchronous reactance Xs 16. What is armature reaction? The effect of armature flux on main field flux is called armature reaction. 17. Why EMF method is called pessimistic method?

The value of voltage regulation obtained by EMF method is always more than the actual value and therefore it is called pessimistic method

18. Why MMF method is called optimistic method? The value of voltage regulation obtained by MMF method is always less than the actual value and therefore it is called pessimistic method 19. What do you mean by hunting in alternator? Due to the fluctuation of power input to the prime mover if the driving torque applied to the alternator becomes pulsating, the rotor during rotation will oscillate from its normal speed, this oscillation is called hunting. 20. How is hunting minimized? To prevent hunting, damper windings are employed. Damper windings are short circuited; Copper bars are embedded in the faces of the field poles of the motor. UNIT-III 1. What are the disadvantages of synchronous motor? 1. Higher cost 2. necessity of a dc excitation source 3. High initial cost 4. High maintenance cost 2. Mention four applications of synchronous motor. 1. Power factor correction 2. Constant speed 3. Constant load drives 4. Voltage regulation of transmission lines. 3. What are the advantages of synchronous motor? 1. Constant speed 2. High efficiency 4. Define pullout torque in synchronous motor? The maximum torque which the motor can develop without pulling out of step or synchronism is called the pull out torque. 5. What are the different torqueses of a synchronous motor? 1. Starting torque 2. Running torque 3. Pull-in torque

4. Pull-out torque

6. Define pull in torque in synchronous motor? It pertains to the ability of the machine to pull into synchronism when changing from induction to synchronous motor operation. 7. Explain why a synchronous motor has no starting torque? A synchronous motor is a constant speed motor. It develops torque only when running at synchronous speed. At all other speed, its average torque is zero. 8. What are the uses of damper windings in synchronous motor? 1. To develop necessary starting torque 2. To reduce hunting or phase swinging 9. What are the two classification of synchronous motor? 1. Cylindrical rotor type 2. Salient pole type 10. List the two methods of starting of a synchronous motor? 1. Starting with the help of damper winding 2. Starting with the help of separate small induction motor. 11. What are the effects of load variation in synchronous motor? Speed of synchronous motor remains the same from no load to full load, but upto some extent. If the motor is over loaded beyond the limit, then its speed will reduce, the torque will become zero and the motor will stop. 12. What are the special features of cylindrical rotor type? 1. It is used for high speed turbo generator 2. Rotor is of small diameter and larger length 3. It has greater mechanical strength and dynamic balancing 4. It can be used for machines with number of poles=4. 13. What are the special features of salient pole rotor type? 1. It is used for low speed turbo generator 2. Rotor is of large diameter and small length 3. It can be used for machines having more number of poles 14. When does a synchronous motor get over excited? If the field excitation of the motor is increased, the field flux will become strong and back emf will increase, As a result back emf will exceed V and the motor will be called an over excited motor.

15. What is meant by v curves of synchronous motor? The V curves show the relation that exists between the armature current and field current for different constant power input. 16. When is a synchronous motor said to receive 100% excitation? When Eb=V Synchronous motor receives 100 %excitation. 17. What is a synchronous capacitor? An over excited synchronous motor, running without any mechanical load, used specifically for power factor correction is known as a synchronous capacitor. 18. Why is a synchronous motor not self starting? If a three phase supply is given to the stator of a stationary synchronous machine with the rotor excited, no steady starting torque will be developed. Instead a sinusoidally time varying torque is developed, the average value of which is zero and that is why synchronous motor is not self starting. 19. What is meant by load angle of an alternator? The load angle of an alternator is defined as the angle between the induced emf E0 and terminal voltage V. 20. Name the important characteristics of a synchronous motor not found in an induction motor. 1. The rotor speed is synchronous with stator rotating field. 2. The power factor can be easily varied by varying its field current. 3. It is used for constant speed operation. UNIT-IV 1. What are the 2 types of 3phase induction motor? Squirrel cage induction motor. Slip ring induction motor. 2. Write two extra features of slip ring induction motor? Rotor has 3phase winding. Extra resistance can be added in Rotor circuit for improving PF with the help of three slip rings. 3. Why an induction motor is called as rotating transformer? The rotor receives same electrical power in exactly the same way as the secondary of a two winding transformer receiving its power from primary. That is why induction motor is called as rotating transformer.

4. Why an induction motor never runs at its synchronous speed? If it runs at sy.speed then there would be no relative speed between the two, hence no rotor emf, so no rotor current, then no rotor torque to maintain rotation. 5. What are slip rings? The slip rings are made of copper alloys and are fixed around the shaft insulating it. Through these slip rings and brushes rotor winding can be connected to external circuit. 6. What are the advantages of cage motor? Since the rotor has low resistance, the copper loss is low and efficiency is very high. On account of simple construction of rotor it is mechanically robust, initial cost is less; maintenance cost is less, simple starting arrangement. 7. Give the condition for maximum torque for 3phase induction motor, when it is running? The rotor resistance and the product of slip and rotor reactance should be same for max.torque i.e. R2=S*X2. 8. List out the method for speed control of 3phase cage type induction motor? By changing supply frequency By changing noof poles By operating the two motors in cascade. 9. What are the two main parts of an induction motor? Stator Rotor 10. What are the different types of induction motor starters? Direct on line starter Primary resistors starter Auto transformer starter Star-delta starter Rotor resistance starter 11. Define starting torque of an induction motor. The torque produced by a three phase induction motor at the instant of starting is known as starting torque 12. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of a three phase induction motor? The direction of rotation of a three phase induction motor can be changed by interchanging any two terminals of the input supply. The direction of the

synchronously rotating field reverses and hence the direction of rotor reverses 13. In which type of motor can resistance be introduced in the rotor circuit? What is the effect of it? Slip ring induction motor. The effects are 1. Starting torque increased 2. Starting current decreased 3. Motor speed can be controlled 14. What is an end ring? In squirrel cage rotor. The copper bars are placed in the slots. These bars are short circuited at each end with the help of conducting copper ring called end ring. 15. What are the rotor quantities affected by slip? 1. Rotor frequency 2. Magnitude of rotor induced emf 3. Rotor reactance 4. Rotor power factor 5. Rotor current 16. What is the rotor induced emf at running condition? E2r =sE2 The magnitude of induced emf in the rotor at running condition (E2r) is equal to multiplication of slip and magnitude of induced emf at stand still condition. 17. Define slip The slip of an induction motor is defined as the ratio of difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed to synchronous speed S = (Ns-N) / Ns 18. Define slip speed in an induction motor. The slip speed of an induction motor is defined as the difference in speed between the rotating magnetic field produced by stator and rotor speed 19. What is the speed of rotor field in space? The speed of rotor field in space is speed of stator rotating field. 20. Give the condition for maximum torque for 3phase induction motor, when it is starting? The rotor resistance and reactance should be same for max.torque i.e. R2=X2.

UNIT-V 1. Name the two winding of single phase induction motor? Running winding. starting winding. 2. What are methods available for making single phase induction motor a self starting? By splitting the single phase, By providing shading coil in the poles. 3. What is the function of capacitor in single phase induction motor? To make phase difference between starting and running winding, To improve PF To get more torque. 4. State any 4 use of single phase induction motor? Fans, wet grinders, vacuum cleaner, small pumps, compressors, drills. 5. Explain why single phase induction motor is not a self starting one? When motor fed supply from single phase, its stator winding produces an alternating flux, which doesnt develops any torque. 6. What kind of motors used in ceiling fan and wet grinders? Ceiling fan - Capacitor start and capacitor run single phase induction motor, wet grinders- Capacitor start capacitor run single phase induction motor. 7. What is the application of shaded pole induction motor? Because of its small starting torque, it is generally used for small toys, instruments, hair driers, ventilators...etc. 8. In which direction a shaded pole motor runs? The rotor starts rotation in the direction from unshaded part to the shaded part. 9. Why single phase induction motors have low PF? The current through the running winding lags behind the supply Voltage by large angle so only single phase induction motor have low PF. 10. Differentiate between capacitor start & Capacitor start capacitor run single phase induction motor?

Capacitor start capacitor is connected series with starting winding, but it will be disconnected from supply when motor pick up its speed. Capacitor start capacitor run starting winding and capacitor will not be disconnected from supply even though motor pickup its speed 11. What are the different types of single phase motor? 1. Single phase induction motors 2. Single phase synchronous motors 3. Single phase series or universal motors 12. What are the different types of single phase induction motor? 1. Resistance- start induction motor 2. Capacitor- start induction motor 3. Capacitor run induction motor 4. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor 5. Shaded pole induction motor. 13. What are the advantages of capacitor start capacitor run induction motor? 1. High starting torque 2. High efficiency 3. High power factor 14. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of a capacitor start induction run motor? The direction of rotation of the motor can be changed by changing the connections of one of the winding. 15. What are the drawbacks of the presence of the backward rotating field in a single phase induction motor? 1. Net flux will be zero 2. No starting torque in the motor 16. What are the disadvantages of shaded pole induction motor? 1. Very low starting torque 2. Low efficiency 3. Low power factor 17. List the applications of capacitor run motor. 1. Fan 2. Blowers 3. Centrifugal pumps 18. List the applications of capacitor start capacitor run motor. 1. Compressors 2. Pumps 3. Conveyors

4. Refrigerators

19. List the applications of capacitor start motor. 1. Compressors 2. Pumps 3. Conveyors 4. Refrigerators 5. Air conditioning equipments 6. Washing machines 20. List the applications of split phase motor 1. Fan 2. Blowers 3. Centrifugal pumps 4. Washing machines PART-B UNIT-I 1. Explain the working of three phase wattmeter to measure the power Although single-phase electricity is used to supply common domestic and office electrical appliances, three-phase alternating current (ac) systems are almost universally used to distribute electrical power and to supply electricity directly to higher power equipment. This technical note describes the basic principles of three-phase systems Three-phase electricity consists of three ac voltages of identical frequency and similar amplitude. Each ac voltage phase is separated by 120 from the other. This can be represented diagrammatically by both waveforms and a vector Three phase systems are used for two reasons: 1. The three vector-spaced voltages can be used to create a rotating field in a motor. Motors can thus be started without the need for additional windings. 2. A three-phase system can be connected to a load such that the amount of copper connections required (and thus the transmission losses) is one half of what they would otherwise be.

Consider three single-phase systems each supplying 100W to a load. The total load is 3 x 100W = 300W. To supply the power, 1 amp flows through 6 wires and there is thus 6 units of loss.

The three supplies can be connected to a common return. When the load current in each phase is the same the load is said to be balanced. With the load balanced and the three currents phase shifted by 120 from each other the sum of the current at any instant is zero and there is no current in the return line.

Power Measurements Power is measured in ac systems using wattmeters. A modern digital sampling wattmeter, such as any of the PM series, multiplies instantaneous samples of voltage and current together to calculate instantaneous watts and then takes an average of the instantaneous watts over one cycle to display the true power. A wattmeter will provide accurate measurements of true power, apparent power, volt-amperes reactive, power factor, harmonics and many others over a broad range of wave shapes, frequencies and power factor. Single-Phase Wattmeter Connection Only one wattmeter is required. The system connection to the voltage and current terminals of the wattmeter is straightforward. The voltage terminals of the wattmeter are connected in parallel across the load and the current is passed through the current terminals which are in series with the load.

Selecting Measurement Equipment. 1. For a given number of wires, N, N-1 wattcmeters are required to measure total quantities such as power. 2. Modern multi-channel power analyzers will calculate total or sum quantities such as watts, volts, amps, volt-amperes and power factor directly using appropriate in-built formulae. A power analyzer with vector mathematics capability will also convert phase to neutral (or wye) quantities to phase to phase (or delta) quantities. The factor 3 can only be used to convert between systems

or multiply up the measurements of only one wattmeter on balanced, linear systems. 3. Many electrical and electronic loads are non-linear and draw distorted current from the supply. Harmonic analysis ability will allow the study of harmonic currents and power. 4. In power electronics applications, the measurement equipment must have a wide bandwidth and excellent rejection of common-mode signals (CMRR) to achieve accurate power analysis.

2. Explain the working and construction of energy meter? MAIN FEATURES Electronics-based, Class 1 rated, electrical energy meter, with 4 lines LCD display and also with backlight, for its use in L.V. three-phase networks, These energy meters are appropriate for any application that requires the monitoring of partial energy consumptions. An additional open collector output can be used as a pulse output. Installation This manual contains information and warnings that must be followed for operating the ENERGY METER safely and maintaining the instrument in a safe operating condition. Whether the instrument is not used as manufacturers specifications, the protection of the instrument can be damaged. Mounting : Instrument is to be mounted on panel (cut-out 92+0.8 x 92+0.8 mm, as per DIN 43 700). All connections keep inside the cabinet. Note that with the instrument powered on, the terminals, cover opening actions or elements removal may allow accessing dangerous parts. The instrument must not be used until this is completely installed. The monitored line should be provided with a circuit breaker or any equivalent element (fuses) to disconnect the instrument from the power supply network. This switching device must be placed near the instrument and will be easily accessible. The supply and measuring voltage circuits will be both connected through a wire with a minimum cross-section of 1 m m2.

The line of the current transformer secondary will have a minimum cross-section of 2,5 m m2. CEP-96 has a power supply input which is independent from the measuring circuit. Current measurement actions are done through external In / 5 A current transformers. Screen CEP 96 has two different screens which show the imported and exported energy. By pressing the key, you can choose the imported energy (appears kWh on the fourth line) or the exported energy (appears -kWh on the fourth line).
.

MAINTENANCE Before any adjustment, replacement, maintenance or repairing operation is carried out; the instrument must be disconnected from any power supply source. When any protection failure is suspected to exist, the instrument must be immediately put our of service. The instruments design allows a quick replacement in case of any failure. In this case contact a qualified service representative. Specifications Single-phase 230 V a.c. Voltage tolerance: -15 % / +10 % Frequency: 50 ... 60 Hz Burden: 4VA Operation temperature: -10 to 50 C Measuring Circuits: Rated voltage 300 V a.c. Phase-to-Neutral 520 V a.c. Phase-to-Phase Frequency 45 to 65 Hz Rated current. In / 5 A (isolated inputs) Permanent overload. 1.1 In Minimum measurable current. 1% In Current input burden. 0.75 VA Accuracy: 1 % of readout 2 digits Scale range measurement margin: 10 ..... 100 %

Unit-II 1. Explain the construction and working of alternator? Alternators provide Alternative Current on ship. There are numerous ways of generating Alternating current on board but the basis arrangement of the alternator remains the same.

Working Principle of Alternators Before going into the details of the user of alternators on board ships, let us understand some basic working principles of the same. When a coil of wire is rotated in a magnetic field an electric current is generated. This current is called as alternating current as its direction and value keeps on fluctuating. The current can be collected from the coil with the help of slip rings which are fitted with carbon brushes. The same principle is used on board to generate electricity. The alternator can be attached to an auxiliary engine or can even be attached to the main engine or the propeller shaft.

Construction The main parts of an alternator are - a stator and a rotor. The arrangements can be of two types. One in which either the rotor is stationary and the stator is moving or one with rotor moving and the stator is stationary. We will consider an arrangement in which the rotor is moving. As shown in the figure, the rotor is located in between the stator. The alternator is connected to an auxiliary engine. The rotor shaft is attached with slip rings and fan. The rotor houses the poles. The shaft fan drives the air over a heat exchanger which is water cooled. This air is used to remove the heat generated

in the windings. The stator surrounds the rotor and is attached to the three phase windings. In case, the alternator is connected to main engine or propeller shaft, then there will be too many variations in the speed. Thus in order to provide a constant speed, a gear box arrangement is provided. Working The arrangement can be of two or more than two electromagnets. More the

number of poles, more the current produced. The electromagnets are so arranged that the adjacent poles have opposite polarity. These poles are connected with an output arrangement to derive the current. Generally the coils are connected with minimum three outputs which are arranged with a phase separation of 120 degrees to produce a three-phase supply. The supplies are connected either in star or delta connection. Star connection which is generally used requires four slip rings. For heavy duty alternators the arrangement of stationary rotor and rotating stator is used. The field current is supplied with the help of low voltage DC generator also known as an exciter. All the modern alternators are high speed brushless types and don't require an external exciter. Correcting Output voltage The voltage generated is not steady and its often difficult to control the excitation. For this purpose, Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) is used. AVR detects the variation in the output voltage of the alternator and sends a signal to an amplifier. The later corrects the excitation to provide a steady voltage. The static excited alternators use a static excitation which can accept sudden loading with the help

of squirrel cage motors. It also uses transformers and rectifiers and transfers current to the field coil with the help of brushes and slip rings. The brushless high speed alternators also dont use any DC exciters. The alternator rotor carries a rectifier which transfers the voltage through the shaft into the alternator field coils. The adjacent diagram shows a marine alternator which is marked by the red coloured circle and an arrow pointing towards it. Of course the entire system is the complete generation set consisting of the generator and only the marked part is the alternator. 2. How are Generators synchronized on a Ship? Synchronization of generators is an activity that is carried out quite often on ship. It is a prerequisite that each and every engineer on the ship knows the procedure thoroughly. In emergencies, the engineers are required to carry out the process manually in extremely limited amount of time. It's a known fact that marine generators are the heart of any type of ship. Maritime law requires that every ship should have at least two generators. Nowadays all the ships have around 2-3 generators on board. More number of generators is used to facilitate load sharing and to prevent wear down due to excessive load. Maintenance of generators at regular interval of time is extremely important. In this article we will learn the process of generator synchronization when multiple machines are required or one of the generators needs to the stopped and the other started in its place Say for example if a ship has three generators on board, two are used under normal working conditions and one is kept as stand-by. Whenever a requirement to service a running generator arises, the standby generator is brought in line

and the desired generator is taken off line. For bringing the standby generator in line, the generator is synchronized with the other running generators. The main things that are kept in check for synchronizing a generator are:

Frequency Voltage Load Phase

Let's have a look how the synchronization of generators is done manually Generator Synchronization Procedure- Before starting A step by step method for synchronizing generators in provided below. 1. When a decision of synchronizing generators in taken, first the bridge should be notified about the scheduled activity 2. Start the generator that has to be synchronized. Before starting, prime the engine with fuel using hand pump. Make sure the engine block heater is turned off. 3. Open the air valve and then turn on the engine. 4. Once the engine starts, check if the oil pressure and cooling water pressure is adequate. Check if the cooling water pump is working properly by feeling the pipes. Once the check is done, close the air valves. Synchronizing procedure Once the engine starts running properly, synchronization is carried out. 1. In the Engine control room, check the pressure gauges.

2. On the generator control panel, check if all the ground lights are working

properly with adequate brightness. 3. Also check the synchronizing relays for open position. Bring the running or the lead generator to the desired optimum parameters: 480 volts and 60 hertz 4. Bring the generator that is to be synchronized (0n-coming) to the desired parameters. Now turn on the synchronizing relay and keep a close look at the needle. 5. The needle in the synchroscope will move at a varying speed initially. Adjust the speed of the generator by obtaining a steady slow motion of the needle in the clock wise direction. 6. Once the needle is moving at a steady speed, depress the breaker close button when the needle has traveled three-fourth of its way. Energize the breakers when the needle reaches a position similar to the 11' o clock position of a clock. 7. After doing this, check the parameters of the on-coming generator. They should be same as those of the leading generator. i.e 480 Volts and 60 hertz After synchronizing After the main job of synchronizing, the following steps are to be carried out. 1. Change the governer control to the off-going generator. 2. Now the load shown in the gauges by this generator should be removed off the system as soon as possible before it starts acting as load(reverse

power). This can be done by quickly pulling the trip breaker as soon as the generator goes off-line. 3. Once the generator is offline, stop the engine using a toggle switch. 4. After turning off the engine, turn on the engine block heater. 5. At the end, take a proper look at the control panel gauges for adequate pressure and even distribution of load. It must also be noted that load distribution can be adjusted by varying the fuel supply to the generator via its governor but for current sharing to be equal you would need to vary the excitation current which changes the power factor of the generator. 3. Explain the Motor characteristics Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors - The most simple and reliable of all electric motors. Essentially a constant speed machine, which is adaptable for users under all but the most severe starting conditions. Requires little attention as there are no commutator or slip rings, yet operates with good efficiency. Wound-Rotor (Slip Ring) Induction motor - Used for constant speed-service requiring a heavier starting torque than is obtainable with squirrel cage type. Because of its lower starting current, this type is frequently used instead of the squirrel-cage type in larger sizes. These motors are also used for varying-speedservice. Speed varies with this load, so that they should not be used where constant speed at each adjustment is required, as for machine tools. Single Phase Induction Motors - This motor is used mostly in small sizes, where polyphase current is not available. Characteristics are not as good as the polyphase motor and for size larger that 10 HP, the line disturbance is likely to be objectionable. These motors are commonly used for light starting and for running loads up to 1/3 HP Capacitor and repulsion types provide greater torque and are built in sizes up to 10 HP.

Synchronous Motors - Run at constant speed fixed by frequency of the system. Require direct current for excitation and have low starting torque. For large motor-generators sets, frequency changes, air compressors and similar apparatus which permits starting under a light load, for which they are generally used. These motors are used with considerable advantage, particularly on large power systems, because of their inherent ability to improve the power factor of the system. 4. Explain the Synchronous Generator Construction One might easily argue that the synchronous generator is the most important component in the power system, since synchronous generators Are the source of 99% of the MW in most power systems; Provide frequency regulation and load following; Are the main source of voltage control; Are an important source of oscillation damping. The synchronous generator converts mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy. The turbine converts some kind of energy (steam, water, wind) into mechanical energy, The synchronous generator has two parts: Stator: carries 3 (3-phase) armature windings, AC, physically displaced from each other by 120 degrees Rotor: carries field windings, connected to an external DC source via slip rings and brushes or to a revolving DC source via a special brushless configuration.

Fig shows a simplified diagram illustrating the slip-ring connection to the Field winding Fig illustrates the synchronous generator construction for a salient pole machine, with 2 poles. Note that Fig. 5 only represents one side of each phase, so as to not crowd the picture too much. In other words, we should also draw the Phase A return conductor 180 away from the Phase A conductor shown in the picture. Likewise for Phases Band C.

The synchronous generator is so-named because it is only at synchronous speed that it functions properly. We will see why later. For now, we define synchronous

speed as the speed for which the induced voltage in the armature (stator) windings is synchronized with (has same frequency as) the network voltage. Denote this as e. In North America, e =2(60)= 376.9911377rad/sec In Europe, e =2(50)= 314.1593314rad/sec On an airplane, e =2(400)= 2513.32513rad/sec The mechanical speed of the rotor is related to the synchronous speed through: Thus we see that, when p=2, we get one electric cycle for every one mechanical cycle. When p=4, we get two electrical cycles for every one mechanical cycle. If we consider that e must be constant from one machine to another, then machines with more poles must rotate more slowly than machines with less. It is common to express m in RPM, denoted by N; we may easily derive the conversion from analysis of units: Nm=(m rad/sec)*(1 rev/2 rad)*(60sec/min) = (30/)m Substitution of m=(2/p) e=(2/p)2f=4f/p Nm= (30/)(4f/p)=120f/p (3) Table 1 No. of Poles (p) ------------------2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Synchronous speed (Ns) ----------------------------3600 1800 1200 900 720 600 514 450 400

20 24 32 40 Unit-IV

360 300 225 180

1. Explain the working and construction of 3 phase induction motor? The AC induction motor is a rotating electric machine designed to operate from a three-phase source of alternating voltage. The stator is a classic three phase stator with the winding displaced by 120 . Medium construction complexity, multiple fields on stator, cage on rotor High reliability (no brush wear), even at very high achievable speeds Medium efficiency at low speed, high efficiency at high speed Driven by multi-phase Inverter controllers Motor EMI good butterrible EMI from Inverter Sensor less speed control possible Low cost per horsepower, though higher than for 1-ph AC induction motor Higher start torque than for 1-ph, easy to reverse motor Inverter shoot-through possible, requires dead-time circuits & compensation The three phase AC induction motor has a squirrel cage rotor in which aluminum conductors or bars are shorted together at both ends of the rotor by cast aluminum end rings. When three currents flow through the three symmetrically placed windings, a sinusoidal distributed air gap flux generating the rotor current is produced. The interaction of the sinusoidal distributed air gap flux and induced rotor currents produces a torque on the rotor. The mechanical angular velocity of the rotor is lower then the angular velocity of the flux wave by so called slip velocity. In adjustable speed applications, AC motors are powered by inverters. The inverter converts DC power to AC power at the required frequency and amplitude. The inverter consists of three half-bridge units where the upper and

lower switches are controlled complimentarily. As the power device's turn-off time is longer than its turn-on time, some dead-time must be inserted between the turn-off of one transistor of the half-bridge and turn-on of its complementary device. The output voltage is mostly created by a pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. The three phase voltage waves are shifted 120 to one another and thus a three phase motor can be supplied.

The stator windings of an AC induction motor are distributed around the stator to produce a roughly sinusoidal distribution. When three phase ac voltages are applied to the stator windings, a rotating magnetic field is produced. The rotor of an induction motor also consists of windings or more often a copper squirrel cage embedded within iron laminates. Only the iron laminates are shown. An electric current is induced in the rotor bars which also produce a magnetic field. The rotating magnetic field of the stator drags the rotor around. The rotor does not quite keep up with the rotating magnetic field of the stator. It falls behind or slips as the field rotates. In this animation, for every time the magnetic field rotates, the rotor only makes three-fourths of a turn. If you follow one of the bright green or red rotor teeth with the mouse, you will notice it change color as it falls behind the rotating field. The slip has been greatly exaggerated to enable visualization of this concept. A real induction motor only slips a few percent.

2. Explain the construction of squirrel cage IM? We have seen the classification of A.C. motors and discussed in detail the working principle, concept behind rotor rotation and many other aspects of induction motor. Now let us discuss in detail, the most common form of induction motor, the Squirrel cage induction motor. The reason for the name Squirrel cage is because of the type of rotor used in these motors. Almost 95% of the induction motors used is of squirrel cage type. And in the previous article on Types of Electrical Motors, we have classified Induction Motors based on the type of rotor used. They are 1. Squirrel Cage Induction Motors & 2. Slip-Ring or Wound-rotor Induction Motors Construction of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Any Induction Motor has a Stator and a Rotor. The construction of Stator for any induction motor is almost the same. But the rotor construction differs with respect to the type which is specified above.

Stator:

The stator is the outer most component in the motor which can be seen. It may be constructed for single phase, three phase or even poly phase motors. But basically only the windings on the stator vary, not the basic layout of the stator. It is almost same for any given synchronous motor or a generator. It is made up of number of stampings, which are slotted to receive the windings. Lets see the

construction of a three phase stator. The three phase windings are placed on the slots of laminated core and these windings are electrically spaced 120 degrees apart. These windings are connected as either star or delta depending upon the requirement. The leads are taken out usually three in number, brought out to the terminal box mounted on the motor frame. The insulations between the windings are generally varnish or oxide coated.

The Rotor: Squirrel Cage Rotor: This kind of rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots for carrying the rotor conductors, which are not wires, as we think, but thick, heavy bars of copper or aluminum (aluminum) or its alloys. The conductor bars are inserted from one end of the rotor and as one bar in each slot. There are end rings which are welded or electrically braced or even bolted at both ends of the rotor, thus maintaining electrical continuity. These end rings are short-circuited, after which they give a beautiful look similar to a squirrel thus the name. One important point to be noted is that the end rings and the rotor conducting bars are permanently short-circuited, thus it is not possible to add any external resistance in series with the rotor circuit for starting purpose. The rotor conducting bars are usually not parallel to the shaft, but are purposely given slight skew. In small motors, the rotor is fabricated in a different way. The entire rotor core is placed in a mould and the rotor bars & end-rings are cast into one piece. The metal commonly used is aluminium alloy. Some very small rotors which operate on the basis of eddy current, have their rotor as solid steel without any conductors.

3. Reasons for Having Skewed Rotor

1. It helps in reduction of magnetic hum, thus keeping the motor quiet, 2. It also helps to avoid Cogging, i.e. locking tendency of the rotor. The tendency of rotor teeth remaining under the stator teeth due to the direct magnetic attraction between the two, 3. Increase in effective ratio of transformation between stator & rotor, 4. Increased rotor resistance due to comparatively lengthier rotor conductor bars, 5. Increased slip for a given torque. 4. Write the types of ac motors. Types of AC Motors

Classification Based On Principle Of Operation:

(a) Synchronous Motors. 1. Plain 2. Super (b) Asynchronous Motors. 1. Induction Motors: (a) Squirrel Cage

(b) Slip-Ring (external resistance). 2. Commutator Motors: (a) Series (b) Compensated (c) Shunt (d) Repulsion (e) Repulsion-start induction (f) Repulsion induction

Classification Based On Type Of Current:

1. Single Phase 2. Three Phase

Classification Based On Speed Of Operation:

1. Constant Speed. 2. Variable Speed. 3. Adjustable Speed.

Classification Based On Structural Features:

1. Open 2. Enclosed 3. Semi-enclosed 4. Ventilated 5. Pipe-ventilated 6. Riveted frame-eye etc

Unit-V 1. Explain the working of shaded pole induction motor? Shaded pole motor is one of the types of single phase induction motors, which are used for producing a rotating stator flux in order to make the single phase induction motor a self starting one. Let us discuss the constructional details, diagrams and working of shaded pole motors in detail. Like any other motors the shaded pole induction motor also consists of a stator and rotor. The stator is of salient pole type and the rotor is of squirrel cage type. The poles of shaded pole induction motor consist of slots, which are cut across the laminations. The smaller part of the slotted pole is short-circuited with the help of a coil. The coils are made up of copper and it is highly inductive in nature. This coil is known as shading coil. The part of the pole which has the coil is called the shaded part and the other part of the pole is called unshaded part.

Now let us consider that an alternating current is passed through the excited winding which surrounds the pole. Due to the presence of shading coil, the axis of the pole shift from unshaded part to shaded part. This shifting effect is equivalent to the physical movement of the poles, which is nothing but the rotation of poles. So the rotor starts rotating in the direction of the shift from unshaded part to shaded part.

Now let us discuss why the axis shift occurs when current is passed through the winding and how the shading coil aids in producing the shift. The current carried by stator winding produces alternating flux. The distribution of flux through the poles is greatly influenced by the shading coils. When the alternating current through the coil increases, it induces a current in the shading coil. The direction of current in shading coil is such as to oppose the cause producing it (from Lenz law). The cause is the alternating current. So the flux in the shading coil decreases and it opposes the main flux. Hence the flux mostly crowds or shifts towards the unshaded part of the pole. So the magnetic axis lies along the middle of the unshaded part.It is denoted as NC in the picture below.

Now consider that the alternating current has reached its peak (or) somewhere near the peak. Here the rate of change of current is low, as it has already reached the peak (or) it is very close to peak value. Since the change is current

is so small, the induced current at shading ring is also small and negligible. So the shading ring does not affect the distribution of main flux. The flux is distributed uniformly and the magnetic axis lies at the center of pole face. The magnetic axis is denoted as ND in the picture. The alternating current, after reaching the peak starts to decrease rapidly and in turn decreases the main flux. The change in current induces a current in shading coil. According to Lenz law the direction of this current is so as to oppose the cause producing it (the decreasing alternating current). So the flux in shading coil opposes the decrease in main flux and strengthens it. This increases the strength of main flux in the shaded part. SO the magnetic axis shifts itself to the middle part of shaded pole. The magnetic axis denoted as NE in the picture below. So it is quite clear that during the positive half cycle of the alternating current, North Pole shifts from unshaded part to shaded part and during the negative half cycle, the South Pole shifts along from unshaded part to shaded part. This effect is nothing but the rotation of poles from left to right. Thus shaded coils aids in producing the rotating flux and thus the single phase Induction motor is converted into self starting one using the Shading coil. Due to fixed of position of shading coils, the direction of rotation of such motors cannot be changed. Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications The various advantages of Shaded pole motors includes

Very cheap and reliable Easy to construct Extremely rugged in nature

Disadvantages includes

Low efficiency Low starting torque Since the shading coil is made of copper, the copper loss is high.

Uses Due to their low starting torques they are mostly employed in small instruments, toys, small fans, electric clocks, hair dryers, ventilators, circulators etc. Thus we have discussed in detail the working, constructional features and applications of Shaded pole Single Phase motors. 2. How Earthing Works on Shore

We all know about 3-phase 4-wire system which is commonly used in shore. But lets know what kind of unique system we use on board ships. Know why we use such unique type of grounding system on board ships? The Earthing/Grounding system which provides double-safety on board ships. Before delving into ship grounding, let us study about shore grounding to have a basic understanding of the concept. In shore we use 3-phase 4-wire systems, in which 3 wires are representing each phase and 4th wire is neutral which carries the return current. The neutral is earthed at many places for the safety of human beings against shocks. If any conductor carrying current has its insulation failure, then if the conductor comes in contact with the metal enclosure part of the machinery, then it may cause voltage accumulation, leading to shock to human beings which are highly fatal. Thus to maintain the safety of human beings against the accidents due to circuit failures, the neutral is earthed at various places like transformers, distribution sub-stations etc. This makes the equipment to automatically get out of supply by tripping the protection devices. Insulated Neutral System--The Reason for using it Onboard for Ship grounding

The requirement ashore is the safety of human beings. So, inorder to prevent human-electrical accidents, the neutral is earthed. The priority is neither the safety of the machinery nor the continuous necessary operation of the machinery. But the scenario onboard ship is totally different. The priority is the continuous operation of the machineries which are classed "essential". The distribution system followed onboard is "insulated neutral" system. The main priority onboard is the safety of ship which includes navigation & fire safety..etc. If due to earth fault, the machinery classed as"essential" gets isolated, say for eg: steering gear, then the safety of ship is at question, which may lead to collision, grounding, fire & pollution etc.So the priority onboard ship is to maintain the continuity of the supply to the machinery in the event of "single earth fault occuring". Circuit Faults: A basic circuit consists essentially of two parts: 1. The Conductor--which carried the current around the circuit. 2. The Insulation---which keeps the current inside the conductor. Only 2 types of circuit faults can occur. Either break in the insulation or break in the conductor.

The break in the conductor leads to non-flow of current in the circuit. A break in the insulation leads to an earth fault, allowing the conductor to touch the hull or earthed metal enclosure. A short-circuit fault is due to the double break in the insulation, allowing both conductors to get connected, thus a very high current passes through, bypassing the load. A majority of earth faults occurs within the equipment. Generally insulation failure occurs which leads to the conductor getting in contact with the body of the metal enclosure. When such earth faults happen, the metal enclosure of the equipment if not earthed, it would cause a heavy shock, and may result in fire accidents too.. SIGNIFICANCE OF EARTH FAULTS:

If an earth fault occurs in an "earthed distribution system", it would be equivalent to a "short-circuit" fault across the load via ship's hull. The resulting large earth faults current will immediately "blowup" the fuses in the line. Thus the equipment is isolated from the supply and thus rendered safe. This may result in hazardous situation, if the equipment is classed

as "essential" for eg: steering gear. Thus the "earthed distribution system" requires only one earth fault on the line conductor to cause an earth fault current to flow. If the earth fault occurs in "insulated neutral distribution system", will not cause any equipment to go out of operation and thus maintains the continuity of operation of the equipment. This point is to be noted," the machinery still continues to operate". Thus a single earth fault will not provide a complete circuit

for the fault current to flow. If a second earth fault occurs, then the two earth faults together would be equivalent to a short circuit fault ( via ships hull) thus resulting large current would operate the protection devices, cause disconnection of, perhaps, essential services creating a risk to the safety of the ship. An insulated neutral distribution system requires two earth faults on two different lines to cause an earth fault current to flow. Thus an insulated neutral system, is, therefore, more effective than an earthed system in maintaining continuity of supply to equipments. Hence it is adopted for most marine electrical systems. 3. Explain the safe working with electrical equipments In the Power and Machines Laboratory you may be required to assemble and operate equipment which is connected to 400V, 230V ac, 220V dc, or 115V supplies. Every effort has been made to ensure that the equipment and experiments are safe, but we share responsibility for your personal safety. Care

and attention must be practised at all times to minimise the possibility of accident. Electric Shock Electric shock is caused by an electric current passing through the body. A current of only 60mA can cause death, so while 3A-13A fuses will protect equipment, they will not protect you. Your body will conduct current if there is a potential difference between two parts. To prevent electric shock, the first rule is not to come in direct contact with, or touch, any LIVE conductors. Treat all conductors as potentially LIVE and always switch off supplies before working on any part of a circuit or equipment. W here supplies are generated in the lab, always switch off and wait for the machine to come to rest before touching any components. All supplies at the binnacles are switched and all have indicator lamps. Always check that the switches are open and that the lamps are extinguished. It is possible to receive an electric shock as a result of indirect contact with a live conductor, if you touch an unearthed metallic part which has become LIVE. Ensure that all conductors are correctly insulated, terminated and shrouded. Ensure that all equipment is solidly earthed, so that casings or frames cannot become LIVE. As a further precaution do not lean on equipment while working on it. You may unwittingly create a return path in your body through which current would flow through if the equipment became live. Injury from Rotating Machines Do not remove guards from machines, or operate machines without guards. Do not lean over machines and avoid wearing ties, scarves etc, which can become entangled with the machine. Keep long hair tied back. Always wait for machines to come to rest before working on them. Working practice and behaviors Bags, coats etc. should be stored near the main door. Avoid wearing jewellery, and watches with metallic wrist straps. Do not sit on chairs or benches near the machines or equipment.

Lay out equipment neatly. Keep wires as short as possible, but not so short that they are under tension. Use correct colour coding for cables (red, yellow, blue, and black for three phase, red and black for dc or single phase ac, and green/yellow for earth). W ork professionally and responsibly. There will always be a responsible staff member present, and you should consult them if you are uncertain of the safety of your actions.