Scientific and technical English

Scientific English

UNIT 1: SHAPES, PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS SECTION 1: One-dimensional and two- dimensional shapes 1. Draw: A point An angle A circle A square 2.

A straight line Two parallel lines A horizontal line A rectangle

A curved line A vertical line A diagonal line A triangle

Now read and answer the questions:

The letter E has one vertical line and three horizontal lines. It also has four angles. Which of these letters are describes below? a) A letter with 2 horizontal lines and 1 vertical line. b) A letter with 1 curved line and no straight lines. c) A letter with 2 curved lines and 1 vertical line. d) A letter with 2 parallel vertical lines, 1 horizontal line and 4 angles. e) A letter with 2 vertical lines and 2 diagonal lines.

3.

Make sentences from the table:

Example: A coin is shaped like a circle. It is circular in shape. A coin A ruler A set square A protractor A chess-board is shaped like a square rectangle semi-circle triangle circle is rectangular circular square semi-circular triangular

SECTION 2: Three-dimensional shapes 3. Draw these solids: *A sphere *A rectangular prism *A hemisphere * A cylinder *A cube *A cone

Now describe them following this example: A cube has 6 surfaces. They are all flat and square.

4. Look at the following example: The cross-section of a cylinder is circular. The longitudinal section is rectangular. The sides of a cylinder are parallel. The sides of a cone are tapering.

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Now answer these questions a) b) c) d) e) f) g) What shape is the cross-section of a sphere? What shape is the longitudinal section of a hemisphere What shape is the cross-section of a cube? Which solid is rectangular in cross-section? In longitudinal section, are the sides of a cylinder parallel or tapering? In longitudinal section, are the sides of a cone parallel or tapering? What shape is the cross-section of a cone?

5. Complete these: Cylindrical = shaped like a . Cubic = shaped like a . Conical = shaped like a . Spherical = shaped like a .

SECTION 3: Properties of materials 6. Look and read: Steam 100C Water 0C Ice Ice is solid. Water is liquid. Steam is gaseous. Steam and water are fluids. Materials oxygen neon Melting point -218C -246C Boiling point -183C -220C Melting point Freezing point Boiling point Point of condensation

7. Complete these statements: a) b) c) d) e) f) 8. At -183C oxygen changes from the gaseous state to the . state. At -218C oxygen changes from the liquid state to At 183C oxygen is in the state. At -246C neon is in the . state. At -220C, oxygen is in the . state. Steam, water, ice, oxygen, neon: all these are fluids except ..

Read the following properties of materials:

A brittle material breaks easily; eg glass, A tough material does not break easily; eg steel, A hard material is difficult to scratch; eg glass A soft material is easy to scratch; eg chalk, A flexible material bends easily; eg rubber, A rigid material does not bend easily, eg concrete,

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9. a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

Answer these questions: Why does a glass beaker break if you drop it? Why doesnt a polythene beaker break? Why is butter easy to cut? Why can a diamond cut glass? Why do the branches of a tree bend in the wind? Why dont the walls of a house bend in the wind? Which is more flexible: a wooden ruler or a plastic ruler?

10. Read these sentences: Some materials have a smooth surface; they produce little friction when they are rubbed; eg ice. Some materials have a rough surface and produce a lot of friction; eg sand paper. Materials, which are soluble in water, dissolve easily; eg salt. Materials, which are insoluble, do not dissolve; eg glass. You can see through transparent materials; eg water. You cannot see through translucent materials but the light passes through them; eg dirty water. You cannot see through opaque materials and the light cannot pass through them; eg metal. Combustible materials burn easily; eg wood. Non-combustible materials do not burn; eg stone. 11. Read this and choose the right properties: A material which is used for making clothes must be solid/fluid, brittle/tough, soft/hard, rigid/flexible, smooth/rough, opaque/transparent and soluble/insoluble. 12. Now suggest different properties, which are suitable for the following properties and give examples of materials with the right properties: a) For the body of a car we need a material which is .., .. , .., and .., eg .. . b) For a window we need a material which is .., eg ... . c) For a cooking pot we need a material which is .., eg ... . 13. Complete the following table, giving the properties of the materials: steel tough/brittle soft/hard soluble/insoluble combustible/ non-combustible flexible/rigid transparent/opaque glass rubber sugar wood

14. Look at these examples and make other questions and answers like them : Example: - What properties have glass and steel in common? - Glass and steel are hard, insoluble and rigid.

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SECTION 4: Reading 9- Read this text: The properties of elements, compounds and mixtures A substance may be an element, a compound or a mixture. An element, such as nitrogen or iron, cannot be broken down into simpler substances. When two or more elements combine, they form a compound. When elements combine to form compounds, there is a chemical reaction. Some properties of the elements change during the chemical reaction. For example, the element chlorine (Cl) is a poisonous yellow gas. Sodium (Na), on the other hand, is a soft silvery-white metal, which reacts violently with water. However, if these elements combine, they form sodium chloride, or salt. This is a harmless white substance. When substances are mixed without a chemical reaction, they do not change their properties. Thus, a mixture of sand and salt is yellowish-white in colour. It tastes both salty and gritty. If we put the mixture in water, the salt will dissolve, because it is soluble. But the sand will not dissolve. Every substance has a melting point and a boiling point. The former is the temperature at which it changes from solid to liquid. The latter is the temperature at which it changes from liquid to gas. These changes are called changes of state. Sometimes the properties of a substance change when it changes its state. For example, if the temperature of oxygen falls below -183C, it changes from a colourless gas to a bluish gas, which is highly magnetic. Now answer these questions: a) List the descriptions of property, which you have found. What do they describe in the passage? Example: Colourless. In the passage, it says that oxygen is a colourless gas. Water is also colourless. It is a colourless liquid. b) What is the difference between an element and a compound? Give some examples of each. c) What is the difference between a compound and a mixture? Say two things about compounds, which are not true about mixtures. d) Sodium chloride is harmless. Are sodium and chlorine harmless? Give reasons for your answer. e) Why does salt dissolve in water and why does sand not dissolve? f) What is the boiling point of oxygen?

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UNIT 2: LOCATION AND STRUCTURE SECTION 1: Positions on two dimensions 1- Look and read:

At the top

On the left

In the middle

On the right

At the bottom

The words give the positions of the shapes in relation to the rectangle. Make questions and answers like the following: Example: What is there at the top of the rectangle? There is a circle at the top of the rectangle.

2- Look at this:

above

between

beside

below On either side

The words give the positions of the shapes in relation to one another. Make questions and answers like the following: Example: Where is the circle? The circle is above the square.

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3- Look and read:

Sc
Scandium

Ti
Titanium

V
Vanadium

Cr
Chromium

Mn
Manganese

Fe
Iron

Co
Cobalt

Ni
Nickel

Cu
Copper

Zn
Zinc

Y
Yttrium

Zr
Zirconium

Nb
Niobium

Mo
Molybdenum

Tc
Technetium

Ru
Ruthenium

Rh
Rhodium

Pd
Palladium

Ag
Silver

Cd
Cadmium

La
Lantanum

Hf
Hafnium

Ta
Tantalum

W
Tungsten

Re
Rhenium

Os
Osmium

Ir
Iridium

Pt
Platinum

Au
Gold

Hg
Mercury

Above there is a table of some elements. The elements are arranged in horizontal rows and vertical columns.

Give the positions of the following elements in relation to the whole table: Tungsten, cadmium, zinc, gold, scandium, iron. Examples: Lanthanum is at the bottom, on the left. Vanadium is in the third column from the left, at the top. Cobalt in the top row, near the middle.

Now give the position of these elements in relation to others . Example: Osmium is beside and to the right of rhenium. *Niobium in relation to molybdenum *Gold in relation to silver * Silver in relation to zinc

*Cobalt in relation to nickel and iron *Platinum and mercury in relation to gold *Iron in relation to rhodium *Silver in relation to gold 4- Read these sentences which give other positions:

Cobalt is next to, or adjacent to, nickel. Iron is not adjacent to nickel because cobalt is between them. Manganese is in line with copper and gold is in line with hafnium. Yttrium is near tantalum but far from zinc. Now say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false statements. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) Silver is diagonally above nickel. Zinc is in line scandium. Molybdenum and Ruthenium are on either side of technetium. Gold is adjacent to mercury Iron is beside and to the right of cobalt. Gold is vertically below silver. Vanadium is near cadmium. Mercury is at the bottom of the table, on the right. Copper is between nickel and zinc. Manganese is in the middle row. Silver is in the third column from the right.

SECTION 3: Geographical positions 5- Look at a world map and read the following sentences: Mexico is situated in North America. Central America is situated between North America and South America. Europe is situated to the west of Asia.

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The Sahara Desert is located in Africa and to the south-west of Cairo. Gold is found in the south of Africa. Kangaroos are found in Australia. People are distributed throughout the world. Answer these questions: a) b) c) d) e) f) Where are whales found? Where is the River Amazon located? Where is Lagos situated? Where is the Atlantic Ocean in relation to Europe and North America? Where is tea found? Where is India situated in relation to Asia? Ask and answer more questions like these. Write six sentences about your own country, using these words: is/are situated is/are distributed throughout is/are located to the east of is/are found in the north of

SECTION 4. STRUCTURE Parts and the whole

1. Read the following sentences: A house consists of walls, a roof, floors, doors and windows. (These are the parts of the house.) It contains rooms (The rooms are inside the house.) Now complete this: A room . walls, a ceiling, a floor, a . and . Answer these: What does your classroom consist of ? Complete this: *A milk bottle consists of a glass cylinder, a flat , a tapering and a lid. It contains . *An atom of carbon consists of . It contains a in the centre.. The nucleus consists of and . . 2. Read this: The rooms in the house include a bedroom, a sitting room etc. ( These are some of the different kinds of rooms.) Complete these: The rooms in the school include . ... Furniture includes . The solar system . . the Sun and planets. Planets the Earth, Mars, Venus What does it contain ? .A room often . furniture.

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UNIT 3: MEASUREMENT AND PROPORTION Section 1: Relative size 1. Read the following sentence: Sizes are relative. Most objects are big in proportion to the size of an atom but small in proportion to the size of the Sun. Make sentences like the following (using the words: the Sun, a bird, the Pacific Ocean, a mountain, the nucleus of an atom, a whale, a camel, a cat): Example: A camel is big in proportion to the size of a cat but small in proportion to the size of a mountain. 2. Now make questions and answers like the following: Example: Is a mountain large or small? Compared with the size of the Sun, a mountain is relatively small. 3. Read this: The length of the river Nile: 6656 km The length of Mount Everest: 8848 m The population of New York: 15528649 Now make sentences about rivers, mountains and cities in your country (Algeria), like this: (river), (river) (mountain), (mountain) (city), (city) is relatively long, is relatively high, has a relatively large population, short. low. small.

Compared with

the Nile, Everest, New York, 4. Now look at this bar-graph: but compared with

it is relatively

12 10

height (x1000m)

8 6 4 2 0

ur ke y)

ep al )

the relative heights of mountains

la sk co a) nc ag ua (A rg en K t in ilim a) an ja ro (T an za ni a)

an ce )

ve re st (N

ra ra t( T

on tB la nc (F r

s( Sc ot la nd ) M

N ev i

en

cK

in le y( A

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Read and complete this: The rectangles show the heights of different mountains. The heights are marked on the axis. The scale is shown in thousands of . The heights of mountains range from .. to ... Now compare the heights of the mountains, making sentences from the two tables below: the same height as .. twice as high as x times as high as ..

Nearly approximately

much considerably slightly

higher than . lower

5. Now read these statements and note the words in italic: The Nile is approximately 16 times as long as the Thames. The Amazon is slightly shorter than the Nile. The Amazon is approximately 1000 km longer than Yangtse. The Nile is approximately twice as long as the Volga and the Parana. The Parana is slightly longer than the Volga. The Volga is considerably longer than the Euphrates. The Euphrates is much longer than The Thames.

Section 2: Percentages and ratios 6. Read the following: The relative numbers of students in different faculties of a university are as follows: Science: 30% Letters: 21% Engineering: 20% Agriculture: 8% Medicine: 17% Education: 4%

You can see that the majority (the greater part) of students study scientific or technical subjects, whereas students of letters are in the minority. The proportions are approximate. They can be expressed as percentages. Thus, science students constitute approximately 30% (thirty per cent) of all students. (Note: A consists of B = B constitutes A) Now complete these statements: Engineering students of all students. 50% of all students study or . The of students in the faculties of engineering and letters are approximately the same. There are few students of education. the percentage of science students , the percentage of agriculture students is relatively small. In the faculty of science, 70% of the students are men and 30% are women; that is, the are men and women are in the . g) Approximate 15% of all students study . a) b) c) d) e) f) 6. Make questions and answers like the example. The proportions can also be expressed as ratios. Example: What is the ratio between students of science and students of engineering? The ratio between students of science and students of engineering is 3:2. (Three to two) Or: the ratio of students of science to students of engineering is 3:2. Now write some similar statements about students in your university.

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Section 3: Direct and inverse proportion

7. Read this: There is a relationship between the cross-sectional area of a rope and its strength. Its strength is directly proportional to its cross-sectional area. There is a relationship between the acceleration of an object and its mass. The acceleration is inversely proportional to its mass (for a given force). Do you think there is a relationship between these? If so, what is it? a) b) c) d) e) money and happiness the growth of a plant and sunlight energy and work the size of a persons head and his intelligence age and beauty

8. Read this:

p 1 V
Great volume/low pressure and small volume/ high pressure

This relationship means the following: Pressure is inversely proportional to volume; ie the greater the volume, the lower the pressure. Conversely, the smaller the volume, the higher the pressure. Now complete this

pT
Low temperature/low pressure and high temperature/ high pressure

There is a relationship between the temperature and pressure of gases. Pressure is proportional to temperature; lower the temperature, the pressure. , the the temperature, ..the pressure. Make a similar statement about volume and temperature:

VT

Low temperature/small volume

and

high temperature/great volume

Section 4: Reading 9. Read this text and find answers to these questions: a) b) c) d) Why do gases exert pressure on their containers? Why can gases change their volume, unlike liquids and solids? What happens when gases are compressed? What happens when gases are heated?

Pressure: Gases are made up of atoms and molecules, which are in constant and rapid motion. The atoms and molecules are constantly hitting the walls of the gas container. In doing so, they exert pressure on the walls.

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Gases have no definite shape or volume. The shape and volume of a gas depend on its container. Compared with solids and liquids, the molecules of a gas are relatively far apart. Hence, they can be compressed, or forced into a smaller space. But if the volume of a gas is decreased, its pressure increases, because the molecules hit the walls more often and more rapidly. Thus, pressure is in inverse proportion to volume. A liquid, on the other hand, cannot be compressed. If we try to force a liquid into a smaller space, it seeks a way out of the container. The pressure, which a liquid exerts on the wall of a container, is equal in all directions. This is why liquids are used for transmitting powering different directions, in hydraulic brakes and lifts. The more a gas is compressed, the greater its resistance to compression. If a large amount of gas is forced into a small space, it becomes difficult to compress further. Under very high pressure, compressed gas can be used for transmitting power. As a gas pressure is increased, the molecules are forced closer together. If this continues, the molecules eventually become attached to one another. At this point, the gas changes into a liquid. The pressure of a gas varies with temperature. Pressure is in direct proportion to absolute temperature, since the higher the temperature, the more rapid the motion of the molecules, and consequently the greater the pressure exerted on the walls of the container. Conversely, the higher the pressure of a gas, the higher its temperature. When a gas is compressed, it becomes hotter. 10. Say whether these relationships are direct or inverse. Then put them in the order in which they occur in the passage: a) b) c) d) e) compression of a gas: resistance to further compression change in volume: change in pressure compression of a gas: increase in temperature distance between molecules: compressibility of substances change in temperature: change in pressure Appendix to Unit 3 Part 1: Units of measurement and their abbreviations Kilometre (american : kilometer) km Metre ((american : meter) m Decimetre dm Millimetre mm Square metre m Cubic metre (metre cubed) Micrometre Formulae: The area of a circle

m3 m (micron)

r 2
2r 2

The circumference of a circle

Part 2: Other measurements and their units *Electric current *Electric resistance ohm ( ) *Electric potential difference volt (V) *Temperature degrees Centigrade (C) *Mass gram (g) or kilogram (kg) *Weight (the force of gravity on mass) Newton (N) *Speed kilometres per hour (km/h), metres per second (m/s) *density grams per cubic metre ( g / m )
3

ampere (amp)

* Electric power

watt (W)

* time (duration) second (s) minute (m) hour (h)

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Part 3: Some facts The speed of light is 299790 kilometres per second (km/s) The speed of sound in air 332 metres per second (m/s) Approximate height of mountains: Everest Kilimanjaro Approximate length of rivers: Nile Missouri-Mississipi 8848 m 5895 m 6656 m 5936 m Aconcagua Ararat Amazon Yangtse 6960 m 5156 m

6480 m 5440 m

Density: *Gold *Mercury 19400 13600

kg / m3 kg / m3

* Water * Alcohol

1000

kg / m3
3

800 kg / m

Part 4: Prefixes used in units of measurement Kilo = one thousand = 1000 m

1 m 10 Deci= one tenth: 1 dm = 1 m Centi = one hundredth: 1 cm = 100 1 m Milli = one thousandth: 1 mm= 1000 1 m Micro. = one millionth: 1 m= 1000000
Nano = one thousand millionth, one billionth: 1nm

101 10 2 10 3
10 6

10 9

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Scientific English

UNIT 4: ELECTRICITY

1- Read the following text carefully: Electrostatic forces and the structure of matter In 1785 Coulomb carried out a series of experiments on small charged objects. He observed that two spheres, each with an electric charge, attract each other when the two charges are of opposite signs. Coulomb measured the amount of these forces- called electrostatic forces- and he proposed the law now known as Coulombs law. This states that the force acting between two charged bodies in air is proportional to the product of the charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. A knowledge of the properties of electrostatic forces is fundamental when we begin to study the problems of electricity, and we cannot introduce the subject without considering the structure of matter, In fact, to explain macroscopic electrical phenomena and their origin, we must examine the arrangement, electric charge, mass, motion, and energy of the smallest particles of matter. The atom is the smallest amount of a chemical element. The theory of atomic structure is still in evolution, but to interpret electrical phenomena, we can refer to the model described by Bohr and Rutherford. This model is only an approximate one, but it is easy to understand. It represents the atom as a loose structure of electrons which surrounds a heavy core- the nucleus. The nucleus is composed of particles with a positive charge called protons, and other particles of about the same mass but with no resultant electric charge. They are called neutrons. The nucleus and the electrons are arranged in the atom like a very small planetary system. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbits. The nucleus has a positive charge that is always a multiple of the negative electric charge of the electron. This means that the charge of a proton is numerically equal to the charge of an electron. Almost all the mass of an atom is in the nucleus. In fact, the mass of the proton is 1836 times the mass of the electron. Since the neutron has no resultant electric charge, it exerts no electrostatic force on either protons or electrons. There is, however, a very strong mechanical force exerted by the neutrons on the protons in an atom, because of the extremely short distances between them. This mechanical force is so strong that a chemical reaction can never change the number of protons in an atom. In fact, we need an electrical apparatus of the power of a cyclotron to overcome this force. Normally, atoms are electrically neutral systems because the number of their electrons is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Under particular conditions, however, an atom can lose one, two, three or four electrons, and then the system has a positive electric charge respectively equal to one, two, three or four times the electron charge. In this case we call it a positive ion or cation and we say is monovalent, bivalent, trivalent or tetravalent according to the number of electrons it has lost. In the same way, if one or more electrons are added to a neutral atom, then it acquires a negative charge equal to one or more times the electron charge. Then we call it a negative ion or anion. The property of different atoms to lose or acquire electrons depends on the arrangement of the electrons in their orbits, according to the theories of Sommerfeld and Pauli. Different amounts of energy are necessary to remove an electron from an atom, according to the orbital arrangement of the electrons in the atom. We call this energy ionisation energy. For example, the rare gases are chemically very inert end this shows they have very stable atomic structure. This stability is also shown by the fact that this ionization energy is greater for the rare gases than for other elements. On the other hand, ionization energy of the halogen elements is small. If we have anions and cations together, they attract neighbouring ions of opposite sign because of the electrostatic forces among them. We call the force of attraction between ions of opposite charge the ionic valence force. When these ions unite because of these electrostatic forces, they form electrically neutral molecules. A molecule is the smallest particle of any substance which still has the original chemical properties of the substance. Therefore, a molecule consists of one or more atoms; for example, molecules of helium, neon and argon contain one atom each and are therefore called monoatomic molecules.

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Molecules of hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen consist of two atoms each and are therefore called diatomic. A molecule can also be a group of atoms of different elements, for example sulphuric acid ( H 2 SO4 ).

2- Comprehension: I- Complete the following statements by choosing a, b or c from the suggested possibilities 1- The molecule of an element is: a- one atom or a group of atoms. b- a group of ions. c- a group of electrons.

2- The nucleus of an atom is composed of: a- neutrons, electrons and protons b- protons and electrons c- neutrons and protons.

3- The force acting between two charged bodies in air is: a- proportional to the product of the charges. b-inversely proportional to the product of the charges.

c- proportional to the square of the charges.

4- The mass of an electron is: asmaller than the mass of the proton.

b- greater than the mass of the proton. cthe same as the mass of the proton.

5- A cation is an atom which has: alost one, two, three or four electrons.

b- acquired one, two, three or four electrons. cacquired one, two, three or four neutrons.

6- The charge of an ion is called: a- ionic valence force. b- ionic valence. c- ionization energy.

7- The distance between the protons in an atom is: a- extremely great. b- extremely strong. c- extremely short.

8- The ionization energy of a rare gas is: a- greater than that of a halogen element. b- smaller than that of a halogen element. c- the same as that of a halogen element.

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9- The particle, which has a mass 1836 times the mass of an electron, is: a- a molecule. b- an ion. c- a proton.

10- Normally, the number of electrons in an atom is: a- greater than the number of protons in the nucleus. b- smaller than the number of neutrons in the nucleus. c- equal to the number of protons in th nucleus.

2-Exercises: A- Logical links: Complete these sentences with the most suitable word or phrase from those given. 1- A cation can be monovalent, bivalent, trivalent or tetravalent .. the number of electrons it has lost. a- because b- therefore c- according to

2- A chemical reaction cannot change the number of protons in an atom. ., an apparatus of the power of a cyclotron is needed to do this. a- however b- in the same way c- in fact

3- The neutron has resultant electric charge. .. it exerts no electrostatic force on either protons or electrons. a- since b-therefore c- because

4- the nucleus has a positive electric charge that is always a multiple of the electric charge of an electron, the charge of a proton is numerically equal to the charge of an electron. a-since b- because of c- This means

5- one or more electrons are added to a neutral atom, this acquires a negative charge. a- but b- when c- therefore

6- an atom has lost one electron, it is said to be monovalent. a- For example b- Because of c- Therefore

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7- An anion is a neutral atom with one or more electrons added. a cation is a neutral, atom that has lost one or more electrons. a- In fact b- On the other hand c- Which shows

8- The neutrons exert a strong mechanical force on the protons in an atom. There is, ., no electrostatic force between protons and neutrons. a- In the same way b- that c- which

9- The ionization energy for the rare gases, like neon and argon, is greater than for other elements, means that they have very stable atomic structures. a- this b- that c- which

10- The neutron exerts no electrostatic force on either protons or electrons it has no resultant charge. a- according to b- because of c- because

B- Still and always: Use still and always to complete the following sentences. 1- The theory of atomic structure is .. in evolution. 2- To understand the problems of electricity, it is .. to have a knowledge of electrostatic forces. 3- The nucleus of an atom has a positive charge that is a multiple of the electron charge of the electron. 4- The theory of Sommerfeld and Pauli used to explain the arrangement of the electrons in their orbits 5- A molecule is .. a single independent atom or group of atoms held together by electrical forces.

C- Vocabulary and spelling Complete the unfinished words in these sentences. 1- Coulomb carried a ser.. of experiments in which he used two spheres each with an el. charge. He proposed the law now known as Coul. law. 2- To explain macrosco. el. phen, we must examine the mass, motion and energy of the small particles of matter. 3- Neutrons exert a very strong mech force on the protons in an atom, because of the extereme.. short distances between them. 4- The rare gas., like neon and argon, are chemic. Very inert and this shows that they have very sta.. atom. strucrures. This sta.. is also shown by the fact that their ion. energy is great.. than for elements.

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D- Answer the following questions in your own words.

1- What is an atom called when it loses one or more electrons? 2- What must we examine to interpret electrical phenomena? 3- What is an atom called when it acquires one or more electrons? 4- When cations and anions unite, what do they form? 5- What are the positive charges of the protons exactly equal to? 6- What does Coulombs law state?

E- Numerals Write in words the following numbers, dates, fractions, etc. 201 75% 437 511 44% 1/2 1836 13,28

0,06

10-4

1785 (as a date)

1971 (as a date)

1,845

1st

2 nd

3rd

2/3

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