Tutorial: Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

Introduction

The purpose of this tutorial is to demonstrate the solution of a multiphase problem involving heat and mass transfer using the mixture multiphase model. This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following: Use the mixture model in FLUENT to solve a mixture multiphase problem. Use a UDF to specify a mass transfer model that is not available with FLUENT. Solve the case using appropriate solver settings. Postprocess the resulting data.

Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the FLUENT interface, and have a good understanding of basic setup and solution procedures. In this tutorial you will use the mixture multiphase model. This tutorial will not cover the mechanics of using this model. Instead, it will focus on the application of the model to solve a mixture multiphase problem involving heat and mass transfer. If you have not used this model before, it would be helpful to rst refer to the FLUENT 6.3 Users Guide and the FLUENT 6.3 Tutorial Guide.

Problem Description
The problem to be solved in this tutorial is shown in Figure 1. Initially, the container contains water (the primary phase) at a temperature near the boiling point (372 K). The center portion of the bottom wall of the container is at a temperature of 573 K, which is higher than the boiling temperature. Because of conduction, the temperature of the uid near this wall will increase beyond the saturation temperature (373 K). Vapor bubbles will form and rise due to buoyancy, establishing a pattern similar to a bubble column with vapor escaping at the top and water recirculating in the container.

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Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

Figure 1: Problem Specication

Preparation
1. Copy the les boil.msh.gz and source.c to the working folder. 2. Start the 2DDP (2ddp) version of FLUENT.

Setup and Solution

Step 1: Grid 1. Read the mesh le boil.msh.gz. 2. Check the grid. Grid Check 3. Display the grid (Figure 2). Display Grid...

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Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

Figure 2: Grid Display

Step 2: Models 1. Dene the solver settings. Dene Models Solver... (a) Select Unsteady from the Time list. (b) Click OK to close the Solver panel. 2. Dene the multiphase model. Dene Models Multiphase... (a) Select Mixture from the Model list. (b) Enable Implicit Body Force from the Body Force Formulation list. (c) Click OK to close the Multiphase Model panel. 3. Enable energy equation. Dene Models Energy...

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Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

Step 3: Materials Dene Materials... 1. Modify the properties for air. (a) Enter 0.5542 kg/m3 for Density. (b) Enter 2014 J/kg-K for Cp. (c) Enter 0.0261 w/m-K for Thermal Conductivity. (d) Enter 1.34e-05 kg/m-s for Viscosity. 2. Copy water-liquid (h2o<l> from the FLUENT database. (a) Click the Fluent Database Materials... button to the right of the Fluent Mixture Materials drop-down list to open the Fluent Database Materials panel. i. Select water-liquid (h2o<l>) from the Fluent Fluid Materials selection list. ii. Click Copy and close the Fluent Database Materials panel. (b) Enter 1000 kg/m3 for Density. (c) Enter 0.0009 kg/m-s for Viscosity. (d) Enter 0 for Standard State Enthalpy. (e) Click Change/Create and close the Materials panel. Step 4: Phases Dene Phases... 1. Dene the primary and secondary phases. (a) Select phase-1 from the Phase selection list and click the Set... button to open the Primary Phase panel. i. Select water-liquid from the Phase Material drop-down list and enter liquid for Name. ii. Click OK to close the Primary Phase panel. (b) Select phase-2 from the Phase selection list and click the Set... button to open the Secondary Phase panel. i. Select air from the Phase Material drop-down list and enter vapor for Name. ii. Enter 0.0002 m for Diameter. iii. Click OK to close the Secondary Phase panel.

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Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

Step 5: Operating Conditions Dene Operating Conditions... 1. Enable Gravity. 2. Enter -9.81 m/s2 for Gravitational Acceleration in the Y direction. 3. Enable Specied Operating Density. 4. Enter 0.5542 kg/m3 for Operating Density. 5. Click OK to close the Operating Conditions panel. Step 6: User-Dened Function UDFs are used to specify mass transfer between phases. If you want to use a mass transfer model that is not available in FLUENT you can specify it using a user-dened subroutine. The mass transfer terms are equal and opposite and are specied as source terms in the volume fraction equations. In addition, there is an energy source term to take into account the latent heat absorbed/released. For more information on interpreted UDFs, refer to the FLUENT 6.3 UDF Manual. Dene User-Dened Functions Interpreted... 1. Compile the UDF using the Interpreted UDFs panel. (a) Click the Browse... button. (b) Select the source le source.c in the Select File dialog box. (c) Specify the C preprocessor to be used in the CPP Command Name eld. If you want to use the C preprocessor that Fluent Inc. has supplied, instead of using your own, you can select the Use Contributed CPP option. (d) Retain the default value of 10000 for Stack Size, unless the number of local variables in your function will cause the stack to overow. The Stack Size should be set to a number that is greater than the number of local variables used. (e) Click Interpret and close the Interpreted UDFs panel.

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Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

Step 7: Boundary Conditions Dene Boundary Conditions... 1. Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet, (poutlet). (a) Select mixture from the Phase drop-down list and click the Set... button to open the Pressure Outlet panel. i. Retain the default value of 0 for the Gauge Pressure. ii. Set the Backow Total Temperature to 372 K. iii. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet panel. (b) Select vapor from the Phase drop-down list and click the Set... button to open the Pressure Outlet panel. i. Retain the default value of 0 for the Backow Volume Fraction. ii. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet panel. 2. Set the boundary conditions for the wall zone, (wall-hot). (a) Select mixture from the drop-down list for Phase and click the Set... button to open the Wall panel. i. Click the Thermal tab and select Temperature from the Thermal Conditions list. ii. Enter 573 K for Temperature. iii. Click OK to close the Wall panel. 3. Set the boundary conditions for the adiabatic walls, wall-1 and wall-2. (a) Retain the default value of 0 for Heat Flux to specify an adiabatic wall. (b) Click OK to close the Wall panel. 4. Set the boundary conditions for the uid zone, (uid). (a) Select mixture from the Phase drop-down list and click the Set... button to open the Fluid panel. i. Enable Source Terms and click the Source Terms tab. ii. Click the Edit... button for Energy to open the Energy (w/m3) sources panel. A. Select udf enrg src from the Energy drop-down list. B. Click OK to close the Energy (w/m3) sources panel. iii. Click OK to close the Fluid panel. (b) Select uid from the Phase drop-down list and click the Set... button to open the Fluid panel. i. Enable Source Terms. ii. Click the Source Terms tab and click the Edit... button for Mass to open the Mass (kg/m3-s) sources panel.

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Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

A. Select udf liq src from the Mass drop-down list. B. Click OK to close the Mass (kg/m3-s) sources panel. iii. Click OK to close the Fluid panel. (c) Select vapor from the Phase drop-down list and click the Set... to open the Fluid panel. i. Enable Source Terms and click the Source Terms tab. ii. Click the Edit... button for Mass to open the Mass (w/m3) sources panel. A. Select udf vap src from the Mass drop-down list. B. Click OK to close the Mass (kg/m3-s) sources panel. iii. Click OK to close the Fluid panel. 5. Close the Boundary Conditions panel. Step 8: Solution 1. Set the parameters that control the solution. Solve Controls Solution... (a) Enter 0.5 for Pressure, 0.2 for Momentum, and 0.4 for Volume Fraction in the Under-Relaxation Factors group box. (b) Select Body Force Weighted from the Pressure drop-down list and QUICK from the Momentum, Volume Fraction, and Energy drop-down lists. (c) Click OK to close Solution Controls panel. 2. Initialize the ow eld using a Temperature of 372 K. Solve Initialize Initialize... 3. Mark the boundary region next to wall-hot. Adapt Boundary... (a) Deselect all zones from the Boundary Zones selection list, and then select wall-hot. (b) Retain the Number of Cells as 1. (c) Click Mark to mark the cells for renement. (d) Close the Boundary Adaption panel. 4. Patch a temperature slightly higher than the saturation temperature of 373 K dened in the UDF. Solve Initialize Patch... (a) Select Temperature from the Variable selection list. (b) Select boundary-r0 from the Registers To Patch selection list. (c) Enter 373.15 K for Value and click Patch. (d) Close the Patch panel.

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Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

5. Dene commands for setting up animations. Solve Execute Commands...

(a) Dene the commands as shown in the Execute Commands panel. (b) Click OK to close the Execute Commands panel. 6. Request saving of data les every 100 time steps. File Write Autosave... (a) Set the Autosave Data File Frequency to 100. (b) Click OK to close the Autosave Case/Data panel. 7. Start the calculation. Solve Iterate... (a) Set the Time Step Size to 0.01. (b) Enter 1000 for Number of Time Steps. (c) Click Iterate. (d) Close the Iterate panel. 8. Save the case and data les (boil.cas.gz and boil.dat.gz).

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Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

Step 9: Postprocessing 1. Read the data le for the 300th time step (boil-0300.dat). 2. Display lled contours of liquid velocity magnitude (Figure 3). (a) Select Filled from the Options list. (b) Select Velocity... and Velocity Magnitude from the Contours of drop-down lists. (c) Select liquid from the Phase drop-down list and click Display.

Figure 3: Contours of liquid Velocity Magnitude

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Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

3. Display lled contours of vapor volume fraction (Figure 4). (a) Select Phases... and Volume fraction from the Contours of drop-down lists. (b) Select vapor from the Phase drop-down list and click Display.

Figure 4: Contours of vapor Volume Fraction

4. Display lled contours of static pressure (Figure 5). (a) Select Pressure... and Static Pressure from the Contours Of drop-down lists and click Display.

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Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

Figure 5: Contours of Static Pressure

5. Display lled contours of static temperature (Figure 6). (a) Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Contours of drop-down lists. (b) Disable Auto Range and enable Clip to Range from the Options list. (c) Enter 371.9999 K for Min and 376.9999 K for Max. (d) Click Display.

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Heat and Mass Transfer with the Mixture Model

Figure 6: Contours of Static Temperature

Summary
Application of the mixture multiphase model to solve a problem involving heat and mass transfer has been demonstrated in this tutorial. Also, UDFs have been used to enhance the standard features of FLUENT.

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