Rochelle James December 16, 2013 ASU Writing Sample As Native Americans are the original inhabitants o the

Unite! States, c"rrent #n!ian la$s have historical bac%gro"n!s starting rom appro&imatel' the 1(00s beginning $ith )"ropean coloni*ation+ ,e!eral #n!ian -olic' an! the ./arshall 0rilog'. are most common in st"!'ing American #n!ian histor' in terms o contemporar' la$s an! policies that organi*e the sovereign entities to!a'+ 0he ,e!eral #n!ian -olic' is comprise! o si& main eras $hich ha! an e ect o assimilating American #n!ians1 Doctrine o Discover', Removal 2Reservation, Allotment an! Assimilation, Reorgani*ation, 0ermination, an! Sel 2Determination 3-orter, 200(4+ #n!ian people have s"ccee!e! to preserve a .viable an! cohesive social or!er in spite o ever'thing the non2 #n!ian societ' has thro$n at them in e ort to brea% the tribal str"ct"re. 3Joseph' 354+ 0he c"rrent stat"s o tribal governments to!a' emphasi*e1 treaties are still vali!, a higher political stat"s than states, an! e&tra constit"tional since the' 6pre2!ate the e&istence o the Unite! States an! are mentione! in the 7onstit"tion onl' t$ice8 3Sni!er, 20054+ With this polic', tribes began to operate their o$n programs in economic !evelopment, e!"cation, an! notabl' la$ en orcement+ Altho"gh American #n!ian sovereignt' an! sel 2!etermination ma' have the same concept to tribal governments, there seems to be a slight !i erence on ho$ the terms are "se! an! b' $hom+ Accor!ing to Rei! an! Winton 320094, sovereignt' means the tribal government:s abilit' .to collect "n!s to inance programs or !evelop enterprises on their lan!. 3p+134+ #ncl"!e! in Keeping Promises: What is Sovereignty and other questions about Indian Country, Rebecca 0sosie a!!s that sovereignt' is, .the right or American #n!ians to !ebate an! !eci!e their "t"re on their o$n, $itho"t o"tsi!e oversight or inter erence. 3pp+132194+ Accor!ing to ;"na2

,ireba"gh 3200<4, in re erence to tribal policing, sovereignt' is !e ine! as the. inherent right or po$er o sel 2government. 3p+ 94+ =e ore coloni*ation, #n!ians $ere .sovereign, $ith the in!epen!ent a"thorit' to govern themselves, to ma%e an! en orce their o$n la$s, to ma%e $ar, an! negotiate peace. 3;"na2 ,ireba"gh p+ 54+ #n other $or!s, ;"na2 ,ireba"gh s"ggests tribal sovereignt' allo$s tribes the right to govern themselves, to ma%e their o$n la$s incl"!ing a!ministering >"stice an! han!ling crimes that occ"r on their lan!+ ?n the other han!, /iriam Jorgenson !e ines Sel 2Determination as .the ree!om to ma%e meaning "l choices abo"t the "t"re an! learn rom those choices. 3p+ (34+ ,"rthermore, it precisel' means1 American #n!ians an! their governments $ill !eci!e or !etermine or themselves $hat their !evelopment goals an! strategies $ill be, ho$ the' $ill sel 2 govern, an! $hat position their c"lt"res $ill be a part o in the process o a!ministering their o$n tribal nations 3Jorgenson, 200<4+ @aving %no$le!ge o American #n!ian histor' $ill create a better "n!erstan!ing o tribal policing presentl' on reservations+ Altho"gh the si& eras o ,e!eral #n!ian -olic' have shape! the general political stat"s o American #n!ian tribes to!a', three main acts o 7ongress are important in str"ct"ring the policies o contemporar' tribal policing+ 0he /a>or 7rimes Act o 155(, -"blic ;a$ 532250, an! Sel 2Determination are still en orce! $ithin police !epartments on tribal comm"nities an! have signi icant e ects in la$ en orcement services provi!e! to American #n!ians+ 0he /a>or 7rimes Act o 155( $as create! b' the Unite! States 7ongress in response to the )& -arte 7ro$ Dog case+ A ormer tribal police chie , 7ro$ Dog, %ille! ;a%ota 7hie Spotte! 0ail on reservation lan!+ Accor!ing to tribal la$ p"nishment, 7ro$ Dog $as onl' obligate! to pa' restit"tion to Spotte! 0ailAs amil'B ho$ever, e!eral a"thorities remove! 7ro$

Dog rom the reservation to incarcerate an! sentence him to hang+ 0he case reache! the Unite! States S"preme 7o"rt, $here it $as r"le! that the e!eral government ha! no a"thorit' on

reservation lan!s since e!eral a"thorit' $as not incl"!e! in treaties bet$een tribes an! the government+ 0here ore, 7ro$ Dog $as release! 3;"na2,ireba"gh, 200< p+ 304+ A ter this case, the Unite! States 7ongress !eclares that m"r!er an! several serio"s crimes $ere e!eral o enses an! sho"l! be trie! in e!eral co"rt, regar!less i the crimes $ere committe! on a reservation+ 0his act o the Unite! States 7ongress is also %no$n as .plenar' po$er.+ Accor!ing to ;"na2,ireba"gh, the !eclaration 3/a>or 7rimes Act4 grants >"ris!iction to the e!eral government over the seven original ma>or crimes along $ith the e&pan!e! seven crimes+ 0he totale! o"rteen ma>or crimes no$ incl"!e1 m"r!er, mansla"ghter, assa"lt $ith intent to commit m"r!er, %i!napping, rape, stat"tor' rape, assa"lt $ith intent to commit rape, incest, assa"lt $ith a !angero"s $eapon, assa"lt res"lting in serio"s bo!il' in>"r', arson, b"rglar', robber', an! larcen' 3;"na2,ireba"gh, 200< p+ 334+ #n Silent Victims, =arbara -err' s"ggeste! the /a>or 7rimes Act trie! to remove Native sovereignt' b' e&ten!ing e!eral >"ris!iction over elonies to #n!ian territories, $hich $as ollo$e! b' over (,000 a!!itional stat"tes that e&ten!e! e!eral control to native >"ris!ictions 3p+ 1(4+ 0his political !isempo$erment along $ith economic marginali*ation leaves American #n!ians .$ith little strength to e&ercise the right to reel' !etermine their o$n political, economic, an! social !irection. 3-err', 1(4+ -asse! in 1C(9, -"blic ;a$ 532250 allo$e! "ll civil an! criminal >"ris!iction rom the e!eral government to the man!ator' states o 7ali ornia, /innesota, Nebras%a, ?regon, Wisconsin, an! "ltimatel' Alas%a+ Altho"gh those states ha! some a"thorit' to act, the'

in reD"entl' !i! so !"e to political constraints 3;"na2,ireba"gh, 200< p+ 2(4+ 0en other states incl"!ing Ari*ona an! Neva!a, have the option to proclaim >"ris!iction i the' chose to+ 0hese states are %no$n as the .optional states.+ Some %e' principles o -"blic ;a$ 250 are1 state an! tribal a"thorit' are conc"rrentB states en orce la$s on reservations as the' $o"l! o reservations, an! states cannot ta& tribes or services 3;"na2,ireba"gh p+ 11(4+ #n connection to the Nava>o Nation, the Nava>o government s"ccess "ll' bloc%e! e!eral e orts to en orce state >"ris!iction in 1C9C $hen 7ongress passe! the Nava>o2@opi Rehabilitation Act, a la$ .!esigne! to sp"r economic !evelopment on the Nava>o Nation. 3A"stin 9529C4+ Altho"gh -"blic ;a$ 250 ca"se! problems o receiving state la$ en orcement assistance, tribes $ere able to assert "ll sovereignt' an! manage their o$n la$ en orcement+ #n 1C<0, -resi!ent Ni&on propose! a ne$ #n!ian polic', .Sel 2Determination $itho"t termination. $hich is no$ %no$n as #n!ianE0ribal Sel 2Determination+ @o$ever, it $as "ntil 1C<( that 7ongress !etermine! the #n!ian Sel Determination an! )!"cation Assistance Act+ Wil%ins 320054 a!!s the !eclaration o the act is to .permanentl' establish an! implement tribal sel 2governance $hich is !esigne! to enable the Unite! States to maintain an! improve its "niD"e relationship $ith an! responsibilit' to #n!ian tribes. 3p+ 634+ Accor!ing to Sel 2Determination, tribes are able to ma%e their o$n la$s an! en orce them against tribal members, other #n!ians, an! sometimes, non2#n!ians $ho resi!e or $or% on tribal lan!s 3;"na2,ireba"gh p+ 114+ 7"rrentl', Sel 2Determination remains the commonl' "se! arrangement or implementing local tribal sel 2governance an! the most $i!el' "se! instr"ment or tribes an! reservations to a!minister their o$n police !epartments 3Wells an! ,alcone p+ 6(14+ 0he Nava>o Nation practices sel 2!etermination b' provi!ing p"blic sa et' to members+ 0he Nava>o reservation covers more than 2<,000 sD"are miles o lan! that e&ten!s into Ari*ona,

Ne$ /e&ico, an! Utah+ #t is the largest reservation in the Unite! States $ith a pop"lation o more than 300,000 enrolle! members, $ith appro&imatel' hal o the pop"lation living on the reservation+ Accor!ing to the Nava>o Nation Division o -"blic Sa et', there are onl' 36( commissione! o icers patrolling 2<,000 sD"are miles an! servicing more than 1(0,000 people+ @o$ever, there is a more recent .o icer2 orce. n"mber o onl' 29( o icers, ma%ing the ratio 0+9 o icers per 1,000 people compare! to the national average o 3 o icers per 1,000+ 7rimes are increasing $ith a lo$ n"mber o o icers+ Accor!ing to the Nava>o Nation Division o -"blic Sa et', o icers respon! to over 25C,000 calls or the Nava>o p"blic+ 0he main t'pes o calls the' respon! to incl"!e1 !omestic violence, se&"al ab"se, !r"g an! alcohol ab"se, an! gang activities+ 0he highest rates o crime committe! $ere violence an! se& crimes+ Nava>o police are to onl' hol! an in!ivi!"al in a correction acilit' to a$ait a trans er to state a"thorit', $hich then becomes a state or e!eral case+ 0here are onl' seven police !epartments on the Nava>o Nation locate! in the higher pop"late! to$ns s"ch as 0"ba 7it', Ari*ona, an! Shiproc%, Ne$ /e&ico+ =et$een these seven !istricts are man' r"ral comm"nities $here crime can easil' be committe! an! "nreporte!+ 0he shortage o o icers !eepl' a ects those comm"nities+ J"ris!iction policies also have an e ect on certain areas o the Nava>o Nation+ ,or e&ample, Nava>o comm"nities >"st a e$ miles so"th o the Fall"p, Ne$ /e&ico, cit' limits have to a$ait a response rom the police !epartment o 7ro$npoint, Ne$ /e&ico, $hich is more than (0 miles a$a'+ /' comm"nit' o 7ove, Ari*ona, relies on the Shiproc% -olice Department to en orce p"blic sa et' an! control+ @o$ever, there is a !istance o 9( miles an! man' other comm"nities o the Northern Nava>o reservation that rel' on Shiproc% o icers+ 0here have been iss"es o the !epartment not respon!ing to calls D"ic%l' or not respon!ing at all+ As a res"lt, the in ormation

provi!es the problem2posing D"estion as1 What are the main approaches an! concerns or the sa et' o Nava>o peopleG 0his research D"estion is important to the $ellbeing an! sa et' to Native comm"nities beca"se it promotes sel 2!etermination, comm"nities $ill rel' on a better policing s'stem or their sa et', an! generall' !ecrease crime+ 0he main approach to !iscrimination, >"ris!iction, an! inter erence is sel 2!etermination+ Along $ith tribes s"staining sel 2!etermination an! the e!eral government provi!ing bene icial reso"rces, !ecoloni*ation is important to changes involving American #n!ians in criminal >"stice+ Researching resol"tions is s"rel' necessar'+ What can realisticall' improve Nava>o Nation policingG # not policing, $hat metho!s $ill help !ecrease crimeG S"ggestions to$ar! policing co"l! be gaining more "n!s to emplo' more o icers, improving aster response times, or creating more accommo!ating >"ris!iction policies+ S"ggestions to$ar! !ecreasing crime co"l! be provi!ing local crime prevention meetings, creating local gro"ps to respon! to members o their comm"nit', or en orcing crime !eterrence mo!els+ 0ribal la$ en orcements are still !eveloping into a stronger po$er $ithin their government beca"se the 'o"nger generation is becoming e!"cate! an! a$are+ As or the e!eral government, perhaps irst accommo!ating tribal police !epartments $ith reso"rces in place o "n!ing the ,e!eral ="rea" o #nvestigation to $or% on reservations $ill bene it tribes+ 0his in ormation is relevant to m' comm"nit' beca"se altho"gh it is one o the smaller Nava>o comm"nities, it still has an important place to the Nation has a $hole+ A simple step o s"ch collaboration can lea! to reb"il!ing $ithin m' comm"nit'+ 0he challenges that co"l! a ect the s"ccess o a stronger tribal police !epartment var'+ Stereot'pes an! negative Native American images ma' limit an' motivation to s"ccee!+ ,or e&ample, Native American males are seen as violent, thieving, an! se&"al pre!ators+ Native Americans are also i!enti ie! as la*' an! "nambitio"s beca"se o high "nemplo'ment rates rather

than recogni*ing the str"ct"ral !iscrimination that prevents them rom high pa'ing >obs 3-err', 904+ 0here is a common opinion that violence is or!inar' rather than e&traor!inar'1 that it comes to be seen as a normal part o li e in #n!ian co"ntr' 3-err', 504+ 7rimes are o ten "nnotice! beca"se the' are so common, $hich challenge act"al police response since it is not reporte!+ 0he observation that police are not intereste! in respon!ing to emergenc' calls, along $ith the perceive! reg"larit' o victimi*ation, leaves Native Americans eeling v"lnerable to ongoing crime 31004+ Another challenge $ithin tribal police !epartments is the o icer e&periencing a sense o loss o their spirit"alit' rom the internal con lict that res"lts rom c"lt"ral !issonance 3Fo"l!, 6526C4+ ,or e&ample, Fo"l! e&plains the t$o competing orms o social control $ithin the Nava>o Nation+ 0he t$o social control !i erences o icers m"st $or% $ith are tra!itional Nava>o common la$ an! )"ropean base! la$ 3(94+ Accor!ing to Washb"rn, lang"age, c"lt"ral val"es, cost o transportation to state co"rts, an! lac% o e!eral involvement are all problematic to a tribal police !epartment+ ;astl', "n!ing seems to be the most challenging portion o a s"ccess "l police !epartment on a reservation+ 0he range o iss"es that m"st be correcte! to a ectivel' a!!ress crime incl"!e responses to1 limite! in rastr"ct"re, transportation, chil! care, a!eD"ate re erral so"rce, limite! tribal >"ris!iction or acco"ntabilit', an! the limite! econom' to b"il! an in rastr"ct"re to s"pport programs 3-err', 1314+ All the iss"es liste! reD"ire m"ch "n!ing, b"t tribal police !epartments are mostl' "n!e! b' the tribes themselves or e!eral "n!ing programs+ #n regar!s to "n!ing, Wells an! ,alcone 320054 a!! it has .been partic"larl' important or tribal police, since the pervasive povert' o American #n!ian reservations has greatl' limite! the "n!ing o local governmental services, along $ith the legal limitations place! on them. 3p+ 6(14+ #n 200<, there $ere appro&imatel' 1<1

reservations that ha! their o$n police !epartment ma!e possible $ith the help rom e!eral grants 3;"na2,ireba"gh p+ 114+ 0he bene its o a!!ressing the challenges $ill ens"re sa er comm"nities to all Nava>o la$2abi!ing membersB especiall' the 'o"th an! el!erl' pop"lations+ 0he i!ea o a sa er comm"nit' $ill enco"rage 'o"th, the "t"re lea!ers, to become positivel' active in e!"cation, emplo'ment, an! nation reb"il!ing+ #t $ill save their lives rom crimes that co"l! easil' be prevente!+ 0he 'o"nger in!ivi!"als have a chance to restore their o$n c"lt"ral "pbringing in the absence o crime b' avoi!ing alcoholism, violence, !r"g "se, an! povert'+ @aving high rates o crime $ithin one comm"nit' $ill !isco"rage an' potential or alternative the' are already "na$are o beca"se o crime+ 0he bene its o strategic planning "sing the Nation2="il!ing approach incl"!e having aster an! more serio"s res"lts+ Since challenges in tribal policing nee!s to be a!!resse! sooner than later, ma'be starting locall' $ill be e&tra bene icial+ 7omm"nit' oriente! policing is alrea!' a policing mo!el "se! on several reservations+ 7omm"nit' a$areness incl"!es the comm"nit' involvement in promotional programs, incl"!ing me!ia campaigns, promotional activities, an! interc"lt"ral events+ 0he o"tl'ing goal is to in orm the comm"nit' 3-err', 1254+ Since the comm"nit' !e initel' %no$s their o$n s"rro"n!ings an! other comm"nit' members best, the comm"nit' itsel sho"l! !etermine $hat is best or their convenience+ Accor!ing to ;"na2 ,ireba"gh, comm"nit' policing m"st be implemente! a ter tribal police !epartments care "ll' plan an! !etermine their comm"nit'As challenges an! ho$ to a!!ress them+ Some e&amples incl"!e1 intro!"cing crime prevention programs, atten!ing meetings $ith comm"nit' lea!ers an! members, constantl' $or%ing $ith the p"blic, an! establishing a goo! relationship $ith local agencies+

Native Nation b"il!ing re ers to $hich a Native nation 6enhances its o$n o"n!ational capacit' or e ective sel 2governance an! or sel 2!etermine! comm"nit' an! economic !evelopment8 3Jorgensen &ii4+ Some o the reb"il!ing ob>ectives are1 e&pan!ing >"ris!ictional o"n!ations reD"ire! or sel 2r"le, b"il! s"stainable economies, maintain in!igeno"s c"lt"res, an! to promote sociall' !istinct an! sel 2governing comm"nities+ ,or nation reb"il!ing, Jorgenson s"ggests tribes sho"l! maintain their practices in1 .p"rs"ing inancial sel 2!etermination, !eveloping h"man reso"rces, coor!inating services, assessing comm"nit' nee!s, "sing c"lt"re as a reso"rce, an! investing in technolog'. 3pp+ 29122924+ 0hese actions $ill s"stain an! promote not onl' sel 2!etermination, b"t s"ccess "l la$ en orcement agencies sec"ring the sa et' o American #n!ians as $ell+ + #n Silent Victims, -err' also a!!s that a $ell2e!"cate! American #n!ian an! rene$al o the lang"age an! c"lt"re or the native comm"nit' $ill .strengthen sel 2!etermination an! economic $ell2being an! $ill allo$ the native comm"nit' to contrib"te to b"il!ing a stronger nation. 3-err', (14 0he %e' to e ectivel' !elivering la$ en orcement services is sensitivit' to the c"lt"ral nee!s o the comm"nit' that $ill empo$er the nation as a $hole 3-err', 1324+ ;"na2 ,ireba"gh re lects that tribes sho"l! give their "ltimate e orts to .!evelop an! implement m"t"al2 ai! an! cross2!ep"tation agreements $ith s"rro"n!ing la$ en orcement agencies+ Sovereignt' is important, b"t so is the sa et' or tribal o icers. 3p+ 1294+ 0here ore, c"lt"re, tribal sovereignt', sel 2!etermination, an! governance are essential to maintaining the important relationships tribes have $ith local, state, an! e!eral a"thorit'