I. Anatomic and Physiologic Consideratin of Form and Function (Dr.

Dosch)

a. Function of the Human teeth

i. The 3 major functions of the human teeth are:

1. MASTICATION: chewing

2. ESTHETICS: appearance

3. PHONETICS: speech

ii. Teeth displa y certain forms with align and stabilize the entire
dentition, and protect the teeth and their associated structure
from potenetial breakdown

b. Periodontium: the supporting tissues, bodth hard and soft of a tooth

i. May suffer the consequences of anomalous…..ETC

c. Comparative Vertabrate Anatomy

i. Most common primitive tooth type is conical in shap; compose of

a single cone or lobe

ii. The conical type of tooth was common in primitive vertebrates

and today is exhibited by many of the lower vertebrates,
including reptiles.

iii. Lower vertebrates are called homodonts: they have similarly

shaped teeth which differ only in size

iv. These animals possess only up and down ( hinge action) jaw
movements becase the cingle conical cusps lock together on
closure, ETC

v. Basic purpose of conical teeth of these animals is for grasping

vi. ETC

vii. ETC

viii. From tritubercular tooth, mammals have evolved additional…

ix. ETC

x. ETC

xi. ETC
 xii. A mammal which is fully heterodont, but still lacks lateral jaw
movmetns, due to (interlocking cusps) is the dog

xiii. Type of hing movement is common to most other carnivores

xiv. The bear has a dentition suited to its….ETC

xv. Most highly developed and complex teeth belong to those

animals which are members of the order of mammals

xvi. ETC

xvii. ETC

xviii. Most primates excluding man exist in a tropical climate w/

basically herbivorous diet of fruits

xix. Anthropoid apes have dental formulae…. Etc

xx. MAN has evolved the most complex dental mechanism of all
animals

xxi. Man is omnivorous and has developed teeth to function in the

mastication of boeth meath and plant foods

xxii. In man the elongated and interlocking canines have been

reduced ETC

xxiii. Individual teeth of man differ both in size and development]

xxiv. All teeth in human are composed of::::

II. Lobes- into

a. Animal teeth development

b. S

c. S

d. The theory of separate calcification centers for each lobe has fallen
into disfavor in recent years

e. Therefore, lobes will be considered only as anatomical divisions of a

tooth

f. ETC

g. Anterior teeth
 i. Composed of 4 lobes. The three labial lobes are named the
mesiolabila, middle labial, etc

ii. ETC

iii. Evidence for presence of 3 labial lobes is sometimes found on

the incisal edge of newly erupted incisors in the form of
mamelons(slightly rounded …..ETC)k

iv. Then the incisora are in functional occusion, the mamelons are
abraded away soon after eruption

v. Further evidence of separation of labial lobes of all anterior teeth

is found in the form of 2 shallow depressions found in the incisal
portion of the labial surface

vi. Thes linear, vertical depressions are named mesiolabial,

distolabial developmental grooves

h. Lobes- premolars

i. ETC

ii. The exception is a mandibular….

iii. Maxillary molars normally have 4 lobes, named besiolingual,

buccal

iv. ETC

v. Mandibular first molar has 5 lobes; names like the lobes of

maxillary molars. The lob

vi. Most other mandibular molars exchibit four

i. General Occlusal Curvatures and Axial Position

i. The general arrangement

ii. ETC

iii. ETC

iv. Curve of spee: this atheroposterio curvature begins at the canins

and follow the buccal cusp o fthe tips of the premolar and
molars

v. The curve o fspee…..

 vi. Based on the curve of spee, the crowns of molars tilt towards
the mesial and the root toward the distal

vii. NOTE; the premolars are the most upright vertical teeth in the
dental arches

viii. Purpose of curvature; anterior, posterior movement

ix. The Curve of Wilson is the medio-lateral curvature of the ocllusal

plane

x. The curve of t

j. Curve of Wilson

i. For the occlusal surface

ii. This curve is deeper posteriorly and the molars inclinations

iii. Because of the curve of wilson and its associated tooth

inclination, the buccal sucps of mandibular molars and the
lingual cusps of maxillary molar appear to be longer

k. Compensating Occusal Curvature

i. Compensating occlusal curvature

ii. This curvature is

l. Axial position: the inclination foa l tooth form a vertical axis

m. Axial position is normally described in terms of the roots

n. These inclinations are necessary for the proper occlusal and incisal
function of teeth

o. Etc.

p. Maxillary anterior teeth

i. The faciolingual dimension:

1. The maxiallary anterior teeth exhibit great inclination of

the root toward the lingual

ii. The mesiodistal direction:

iii. Maxillary premolars: maxillary

 iv. Maxillary molars: the roots of maxillary molars display great
lingual inclination and moderate distal inclination

v. Mandibular anterior teeth: the mandibular incisors and canines

vi. Mesiodistally, the incisorsa are nearly straight or diplay on y

minor mesial root inclination, while the canines have slight distal
root inclination

vii. Mandibular premolars: mesiodistally, these teeth show some

distal root inclination. In

viii. Mandibular molars: the mandibular molars exhibit moderat to

great buccal and distal root angulations

III. Crown surface form: introduction

a. The geometric configuration of all the crown surfaces: trapezoidal,

rhomboidal

b. Facial and lingual surfaces

i. From the facial and lingual aspects, the crowns

ii. The incisal or inclusal

iii. Arrangmeent of these

iv. ETC

c. Mesial Distal surfaces

i. IN a proximal view, the crowns of the permanent

ii. The shape fits…

iii. Crowns of the maxillary preci

iv. ETC

v. ETC

vi. From the proximal aspect, the crowns fo the mandibular

posterior teeth are roughly rhomboidal in shape

vii. The crowns incline towars the lingual

viii. This form is

IV. Contact areas

 a. The places where teeth touch

b. Each tooth normally contacts 2 adjacent teeth. The most posterior

tooth in each quantrant only has a tooth on the mesial contact

c. Central incisors contact each other at the midline

d. Contact areas normally increase in size w/ age

e. The initial

f. The broadening of contact is due to the abrasions

g. Asa aresult of this abrasive action, the mesiodistal length of the dental
arches is slowly becoming shorter. The teeth become narrower
mesiodistally and move mesially or closer to the midline (mesial drift)

h. Proper location of contact areas aid in stabilizind the dental arches

i. Proper contact areas also prevent

j. ETC

k. The replacement of proper contact in dental restorations is of extreme

importance

l. The contact area must be TIGHT to prevent food packing

m. Its proper lodcation, both in an inciso ETC

n. GENERAL RULES OF CONTADCT AREAS

i. Contact areas become more cervicallly located

ii. The distal contact area of a tooth normally has a move

iii. The Relative size of the contact areas increases from the
anterior to posterior in each quadrant

iv. Anterior teth have a contact areas which are normally centerin

v. Posterior teeth have a acontact areas which are normally located

to the buccal

V. Interproximal Space

a. The triangular shaped area between adjacent teeth that is cervical to

the contact area

b. The interproximal space isuaually filled with interdental papilla

c. The Triangle is forme by: alvoel

d. ETC

e. Embrasure: the open space beween the proximal surface of adjacent

teeth, there they diverge facially, lingually, incisally (occlusally) or
cervically

f. When veiwd the teeth from….

g. The Cervical (ginvgival) embrasure ccorrespons to the interproximal

space oand is normally larger in area than the incisal (occlusal)
embrasure

h. When viewing the teeth from the icisal or occlusal surface…ETD

i. If an imaginary line is drawn to bisect any emprasure space, the 2

protions

j. Asymmetrical embrasure may

k. Proper embrasure form hs 2 main phy. Purpose:

i. Spillway for food material

ii. Serve as integral part of self celasning

iii. ETC

iv. GENERAL RULES

1. From the facial or lingual aspect, incisal occlusal

embrasure increase in relative size from the anterior teeth
towrd

2. From the facil or lingual

3. From the incisal aspect, the labial and lingual embrasures

4. From the occlusal aspect, the lingual is normally larger

than the bucfcal embrasure in

5. When the one side of an embrasure (tooth outline) has a

certain contour, the other side has…. ETC

v. Contact areads & Embrasure

vi. The contact areas

vii. ETC
 viii. ETC

l. Facial line angles

i. The 2 facial line angles of the anterior teeth and premolar

ii. Their outline is best seen from the incisal

iii. These prominent line angles are actually the faical

iv. For any specifica facial embrasure, the line angles are located
irectlyy adjacent to each other

v. This placement is consistent with the concept of syhmmetry

vi. The height of contour or crest of contour is the greatest area of

contour inciso(occluso) – cervically on

vii. Mesial and distal surfaces also have heights of contour and they
are normally located at the contact areas

m. Heights of countour

i. As with embrasure form, these contours aid

ii. If the contour is excessive

iii. When insufficient contour does not provide adequate protection,

iv. Thus, it is very important for the dentist to restore correcgt facial
and lingual heights of contour

v. The facial height of contour of all teeth is located in the cervical

1/3

vi. The lingual height of contour of all anterior thierd

vii. The lingual height of contour of tall posterior teeth is located in

the middle or occlusals

n. Cervical Line Curvatures

i. The cervical linde or cement-enamel junction is defined as the

observable liena around the tooth where

ii. The cervical line is a stable entity, in contrast to the gingival line
which may be ever chaning

iii. On any individual tooth, the amount (depth)……. Seems to be

related to (1) length 2
 1. Cervical line is normally curved convex toward the apical
on the facial and lingual surfaces of teeth

2. The cervical line is normally curved (convesx) toward the

incidsal…..

3. The amount (depth) of curvature on any tooth is normally

greater on the mesial surfacethan on the distal

4. Cervical lines on adjacent proximal surfaces of adjacent

teeth have approximately the same depth of curvature

5. The depth of the curvature on all surfaces is greatest on

the central incisor and decreases posteriorly.

o. Gingival line

i. The gingival line is the imaginary line which marks the level of
termination of the soft tissue surrounding the tooth. It is also
call….

ii. The level of the gingival line is variable….ETC

iii. As the individual ages, the gingival line often recedes to a lower
level.

iv. The gingival line separates the clinical crown and the root

v. The cervical line sepearates the anatomical crown and root

vi. EPITHELIAL ATTACHMENT

1. Is the attachment of the gigiva to the tooth

2. The epithelial attachment can be sistinguished

3. The epithelial attachmen serves as the connection for the

soft

4. The periodontal ligament provides the attachment of the

hard tissue (bone) and is much more

5. Since there is usually a sulcus between he gibinval

margina dn the epithelial attachment

6. Like the gingival,,, ETDC

7. Apical migratin of the periiodonalt ligament

8. ETC
p. Continuety of marginal ridges

i. Are the mesial and distal termination of the occusal surfaces of

posterior teeth and the lingual surfaces of anterior teeth

ii. Marginal ridges are normally bulkier on the posterior teeth

iii. The height of marginal ridges of adjacent teeth in the same arch
should be that th sem hight

iv. Adjacent marginal ridges are norally shaped so that they creat a
small occusal embrasure on posterior teeth

v. The highes and shpas of the

vi. Marginal ridges on adjacent teeth

q. Continuity of Cdentral Grooves

i. Central grooves of posterior teth are normally alighted into one,

more or less contuous valley

ii. This allows for

r. Faciolingaul taper

i. Faciolinguual taper – a tapering reuctino in the mesiodistal

wideth of the teeth, which starts at the center of the

ii. Mandibular second

s. Occlusal Anatomy

i. Another feature of posterior teeth is the groove and ridge

pattern on the masticating surface

ii. ETC

t. Root shape & # of branches

i. The shape , length and number of roots branches are also

intimately

ii. The canine by virtue of its location in the arch and its
evolutionary function as the fang of carnivores, has the longest
and strongest root in both arches.

iii. Molars are multirooted to comlelment the increased size of the

occlusal table
 iv. Root form is directly related to crown form, placemtn of tooch in
arch, function

v. RULES

1. Normally widest towards the cervical

2. Anterior teeth and premolars….

3. Maxiallary molars normally possess 3

4. ETC

VI. Conclusions

a. Tooth forma nd function are directly related

b. The potential for the breakdown of the periodotium is directly related

to form and function

c. The dentist is under an obligation to understand and apply the

principles of