TERM PAPER ON METHODS TO IMPROVE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE

School of Civil Engin !ing

METHODS TO IMPROVE DURABILITY Deicing Effect of Salts

Deicing chemicals use fo! sno" an ice clea!ance can cause an agg!a#ate su!face scaling$ Stu ies ha#e sho"n that fo!mation of salt c!%stals in conc!ete ma% cont!i&ute to conc!ete scaling an ete!io!ation la%e! &% la%e!$ In col !egions in the "inte!' so ium chlo!i e o! calcium chlo!i e is use fo! e(icing sno" clea!ance on conc!ete !oa s$ The !e)eate use of salts causes su!face scaling of conc!ete !oa s$ This has &een att!i&ute to the )h%sical action of salt an not the chemical action$ The use of ai!(ent!ainment ma*es the conc!ete !oa mo!e !esistance to su!face scaling on account of salt action$ Metho s of +ont!olling Sul)hate Attac* Ha#ing stu ie the mechanism of sul)hate attac* on conc!ete it "ill &e eas% fo! us to eal "ith the metho s fo! cont!olling the sul)hate attac*$ ,a- Use of Sul)hate Resisting +ement The most efficient metho of !esisting the sul)hate attac* is to use cement "ith the lo" +.A content$ This has &een iscusse in etail ea!lie! in cha)te! I$ In gene!al' it has &een foun that a +. A content of /0 gi#es a !ough i#ision &et"een cements of goo an )oo! )e!fo!mance in sul)hate "ate!s$ ,&- 1ualit% +onc!ete A "ell esigne ' )lace an com)acte conc!ete "hich is ense an im)e!mea&le e2hi&its a highe! !esistance to sul)hate attac*$ Simila!l%' a conc!ete "ith lo" "ate!3cement !atio also emonst!ates a highe! !esistance to sul)hate attac*$ ,c- Use of ai!(ent!ainment Use of ai!(ent!ainment to the e2tent of a&out 40 ,si2 )e! cent- has &eneficial effect on the sul)hate !esisting 5ualities of conc!ete$ The &eneficial effect is )ossi&l% ue to !e uction of seg!egation' im)!o#ement in "o!*a&ilit%' !e uction in &lee ing an in gene!al &ette! im)e!mea&ilit% of conc!ete$

, - Use of )o66olana Inco!)o!ation of o! !e)lacing a )a!t of cement &% a )o66olanic mate!ial !e uces the sul)hate ttac*$ A mi2ing of )o66olana con#e!ts the leacha&le calcium h% !o2i e into insolu&le non(leacha&le cementitious )!o uct$ This )o66olanic action is !es)onsi&le fo! im)e!mea&ilit% of conc!ete$ Secon l%' the !emo#al of calcium h% !o2i e !e uces the susce)ti&ilit% of conc!ete to attac* &% magnesium sul)hate$ ,e- High P!essu!e Steam +u!ing High )!essu!e steam cu!ing im)!o#e the !esistance of conc!ete to sul)hate attac*$ This im)!o#ement is ue to the change of +. AH4 into a less !eacti#e )hase an also to the !emo#al o! !e uction of calcium h% !o2i e &% the !eaction of silica "hich is in#a!ia&l% mi2e "hen high )!essu!e steam cu!ing metho is a o)te $ ,f- Use of High Alumina +ement The cause of g!eat !esistance sho"n &% high alumina cement to the action of sul)hate is still not full% un e!stoo $ Ho"e#e!' it is att!i&ute in )a!t to the a&sence of an% f!ee calcium h% !o2i e in the set cement' in cont!ast to Po!tlan cement$ High alumina cement contains a))!o2imatel% 780 alumina' a com)oun #e!% susce)ti&le to sul)hate attac*' "hen in no!mal )o!tlan cement$ But this )e!centage of alumina )!esent in high alumina cement &eha#es in a iffe!ent "a%$ The !ima!% cause of !esistance is att!i&ute to fo!mation of )!otecti#e films "hich inhi&it the )enet!ation o! iffusion of sul)hate ions into the inte!io!$ It shoul &e !emem&e!e that high alumina cement ma% not sho" highe! !esistance to sul)hate attac* at highe! tem)e!atu!e$ A com)!ehensi#e stu % of conc!ete e2)ose to natu!al sul)hate soils an to )u!e sul)hate solution n the la&o!ato!% fo! )e!io s !anging u)to 9: %ea!s' "as !e)o!te &% Mille! an Manson$ The onclusions e!i#e f!om this e2tensi#e stu % is gi#en &elo" $ ,a - The!e "as a efinite co!!elation et"een the sul)hate !esistance of Po!tlan cement an the amount of t!icalcium aluminate ,+. A- it containe $ High !esistance "as foun fo! Po!tlan cements containing not mo!e than :$: )e! cent +.A$ ,&- The!e "as no in ication that the fine! g!in ing of the cements ha an% influence on sul)hate !esistance$

,c- The !esistance of se#en Po!tlan ()o66olana cements #a!ie o#e! nea!l% as "i e a !ange as as o&se!#e fo! the ;99 Po!tlan cements$ , - <ou! calcium aluminate cements ,+ement <on u o! simila!(non Po!tlan cement- consistentl% sho"e a #e!% high !esistance to the sul)hate &ea!ing "ate!$ The!e "as ho"e#e!' some in ication that these cements a!e not com)letel% sta&le at tem)e!atu!es a&o#e 9; to .=>+$ ,e- S)ecimens cu!e in steam at tem)e!atu!es of ;88>+ an !elati#el% high +. A$ ,f - <e" of the 78 a mi2tu!es t!ie ga#e ma!*e l% im)!o#e !esistance? man% ha no effect an some "e!e elete!ious$ The most effecti#e "e!e linsee ' so%a&ean' an tung oils$ A la!ge scale stu % of !esistance of conc!ete to sul)hate soils fo!me a )a!t of the long( time stu % of cement )e!fo!mance in conc!ete$ This "as ca!!ie em&e e out &% the Po!tlan +ement Association ,USA- un e! the gene!al su)e!#ision of an A #iso!% committee$ A&out ;888 conc!ete &eams of si6e ;: 2 ;. 2 =4 cm "e!e ho!i6ontall% to half thei! ;: cm e)th in soils containing a&out ;8 )e! cent solu&le sul)hates$ <o! half of the s)ecimens the sul)hate "as )!inci)all% so ium sul)hate$ <o! the othe! half' 93. num&e! of s)ecimen it "as so ium sul)hate an ;3. magnesium sul)hate$ The soil in each &asin "as alte!natel% ma e "et an !%$ The )!e#ailing tem)e!atu!e "as a&o#e 8>+$ T"ent%(se#en iffe!ent Po!tlan cements inclu ing all fi#e ASTM t%)e' "e!e use in th!ee conc!ete mi2tu!es containing cement 99.' .8A !e)o!t of !esults to 98 %ea!s "as )u&lishe in ;@4:$ Aith !es)ect to sul)hate attac*' the follo"ing conclusions "e!e !a"n$ ,a - The !esistance of conc!ete to attac* &% solutions of sul)hate salts inc!eases "ith !e uction of +.A content in the cement$ At 4 %ea!s' a +. A content of /0 as calculate "ithout co!!ection fo! mino! o2i es )!o#i e a goo se)a!ation &et"een cements of goo an )oo! sul)hates !esistance$ Afte! 98 %ea!s' it "as conclu e that a +. A content of :$: )e! cent as co!!ecte fo! mino! o2i es an a&out .$: )e! cent as ete!mine &% B(!a% anal%sis' "e!e fai!l% goo #alues fo! se)a!ating su)e!io! an )oo! !esistance in the !ichest mi2$ It is inte!esting to note that the ;8 %ea! !e)o!t ,;@:.- o&se!#e that &eams in the soil containing MgSO7 as "ell Ca9SO7 "e!e less attac*e than those in the soil containing mainl% Ca9SO7$ This !esult is cont!a!% to e2)ectations &ase on some stu ies con ucte "ith conc!etes an mo!ta!s continuall% imme!se in sul)hate solutions$ It "as tentati#el% asc!i&e to iffe!ences in the natu!e of the salt e)osit on the &eams !esulting !om e#a)o!ation$ ,&- Ai! ent!ainment im)!o#e the )e!fo!mance of almost all of the s)ecimens e2)ose to alte!nate !%ing an soa*ing in sul)hate soils$ ,c- Influence of cement content of conc!ete ,an accom)an%ing change in "ate!(cement !atio- "as es)eciall% at ;/4>+ "e!e highl% esistant$ The eg!ee of im)!o#ement "as g!eatest fo! those cements o!iginall% not highl% !esistant' that is' those "ith

highl% significant$ <o! the !ichest mi2' attac* "as slo"' at 4 %ea!s little iffe!ence in !esistance &et"een cements coul &e seen$ <o! the inte!me iate an lean mi2es' the attac* "as mo!e !a)i ' an im)o!tant iffe!ences !elate to cement com)osition' es)eciall% +.A content' "e!e clea!l% e#i ent at that time$ Ahe!e ha! ene Po!tlan cement conc!ete is e2)ose to soil o! g!oun "ate! containing sul)hate com)oun s' it is necessa!% to limit the )e!mea&ilit% of the conc!ete$ It is also !ecommen e that "ith the highe! sul)hate concent!ation it is necessa!% to use cement "ith highe! !esistance to sul)hates' highe! cement content an lo"e! "ate!3cement !atio$ IS 7:4 of 9888 gi#es the !ecommen ations fo! the t%)e of cement' ma2imum f!ee A3+ !atio an minimum cement content' "hich a!e !e5ui!e at iffe!ent sul)hate concent!ations in nea!( neut!al !oun "ate! ha#ing )H of 4 to @$ Ta&le @$;; sho"s the !e5ui!ements fo! conc!ete e2)ose to ul)hate attac*$ <o! #e!% high sul)hate concent!ations class :' some fo!m of lining such as )ol%eth%lene o! )ol%chlo!o)!ene sheet' o! su!face coating &ase on as)halt' chlo!inate !u&&e!' e2)o2%' o! )ol%u!ethene mate!ials shoul &e use to )!e#ent access &% the sul)hate solution$ IS 7:4 of 9888 also sti)ulates the sul)hates in conc!ete in the follo"ing "a% $ Sul)hates a!e )!esent in most cements an in some agg!egatesD e2cessi#e amount of "ate!(solu&le sul)hate f!om these o! othe! mi2 constituents can cause e2)ansion an is!u)tion of conc!ete$ To )!e#ent this' the total "ate!(solu&le sul)hate content of the conc!ete mi2' e2)!esse as SO.' shoul not e2cee 7 )e! cent &% mass of the cement in the mi2$ The sul)hate content shoul &e calculate as the total f!om the #a!ious constituents of the mi2$ The 7 )e! cent limit oes not a))l% to conc!ete ma e "ith su)e!sul)hate cement com)l%ing "ith IS 4@8@$

+ORROSIOC +OCTROL

<!om the lite!atu!e su!#e% an case stu ies it has &een !e)o!te that 780 of failu!e of st!uctu!es is on account of co!!osion of em&e e steel !einfo!cement in conc!ete$ The!efo!e co!!osion cont!ol of steel !einfo!cement is a su&Eect of )a!amount im)o!tance$ <i!st an fo!emost fo! co!!osion cont!ol is the goo 5ualit% of conc!ete th!ough goo const!uction )!actices$ It is a #e!% #ast su&Eect touches he fun amentals of choosing constituent mate!ial an goo !ules to &e follo"e u!ing #a!ious tages of )!o uction of conc!ete$ In )a!ticula! the use of lo"est )ossi&le "ate!3cement !atio ha#ing !ega! to "o!*a&ilit% $ In #ie" of the gene!al a#aila&ilit% of su)e!)lastici6e!s' it shoul &e se to cut o"n the A3+ !atio to ma*e ense conc!ete$ P!o)e! mi2 esign' use of !ight 5ualit% an 5uantit% of cement fo! iffe!ent e2)osu!e con itions is to &e a o)te $ Recentl% it has &een !ealise that lo"e! A3+ !atio "hich has &een al"a%s associate "ith lo"e! )e!mea&ilit% is ot enough to ma*e im)e!mea&le conc!ete cont!i&uting to high u!a&ilit%$ Use of su))lementa!% cementitious mate!ials such as fl% ash' g!oun g!anulate &lastfu!nace slag ,gg&s-' silica fume etc$ a!e !e5ui!e to &e use as a mi2tu!es o! in the fo!m of &len e cement in a ition to lo"est )ossi&le A3+ !atio to ma*e conc!ete ense$ These mate!ials im)!o#e mo!e than one )!o)e!ties of conc!ete "hich "ill e#entuall% !e uce co!!osion of !einfo!cement$ Tests on mo!ta! containing gg&s ha#e sho"n that "ate! )e!mea&ilit% is !e uce &% a facto! u) to ;88$ It is also !e)o!te that 48 )e! cent gg&s !e uce the iffusion of chlo!i e ions into the conc!ete &% as much as ;8 times$ Silica fume cont!i&utes to the all(!oun im)!o#ements in the 5ualit% of conc!ete "hich a!e !es)onsi&le fo! 78: co!!osion of steel !einfo!cement$ The im)!o#ement in the !e ucing Elect!o Mic!og!a)h sho"ing co!!osion in )oo! conc!ete Elect!o Mic!og!a)h sho"ing no co!!osioDu!a&ilit% of +onc!ete mic!ost!uctu!e of h% !ate !einfo!cement f!om co!!osion$ cement )aste is ultimatel% !es)onsi&le fo! )!otecting the steel

In sho!t it can &e sai

that if "e ma*e goo

conc!ete "ith lo" )e!mea&ilit% an

im)!o#e

mic!ost!uctu!e' it "ill &e u!a&le &% itself an also it can ta*e ca!e of the !einfo!cement containe in it to a g!eat e2tent$ It is al"a%s not )ossi&le to ma*e such i eal conc!ete' )a!ticula!l%' in #ie" of the com)le2 en#i!onmental an e2)osu!e con itions$ <u!the!' the inhe!ent long te!m !%ing sh!in*age an mic!oc!ac*s in conc!ete' the )!o&lems &ecome mo!e se!ious$ This eman s ce!tain othe! measu!es to cont!ol the co!!osion of steel !einfo!cement$ The% a!e liste an &!iefl% e2)laine $ Metallu!gical metho s +o!!osion inhi&ito!s +oatings to !einfo!cement +atho ic )!otection +oatings to conc!ete Design an etailing

Metallu!gical Metho sD Steel can &e ma e mo!e co!!osion !esistant &% alte!ing its
st!uctu!e th!ough metallu!gical )!ocesses$ Diffe!ent metho s such as !a)i 5uenching of the hot &a!s &% se!ies of "ate! Eets' o! &% *ee)ing the hot steel &a!s fo! a sho!t time in a "ate! &ath' an &% such othe! )!ocess the mechanical )!o)e!ties an co!!osion !esistance )!o)e!t% of steel can &e im)!o#e $ The!e a!e man% situations "he!e stainless steel !einfo!cements a!e use fo! long te!m u!a&ilit% of conc!ete st!uctu!es

+o!!osion inhi&ito!sD +o!!osion can &e )!e#ente

o! ela%e &% chemical metho &%

using ce!tain co!!osion inhi&iting chemicals such as nit!ites' )hos)hates' &en6oates etc$ Of the a#aila&le mate!ials' the most "i el% use a mi2tu!e is &ase on calcium nit!ite$ It is a e to the conc!ete u!ing mi2ing of conc!ete$ The t%)ical osage is of the o! e! of ;8(.8 lit!es )e!cent of m. of conc!ete e)en ing on chlo!i e le#els in conc!ete$ As mentione ea!lie!' in the high )H of conc!ete' the steel is )!otecte &% a )assi#ating la%e! of fe!!ic o2i e on the su!face of steel$ Ho"e#e!' the )assonc!ete co#e!n in goo conc!ete ating la%e! also contain somefe!!ous o2i e "hich can initiate co!!osion "hen the chlo!i e ions !each the steel$ The nit!ite ions )!esent in the co!!osion inhi&iting a mi2tu!e "ill o2i ise the fe!!ous o2i e to fe!!ic o2i e' thus sta&alising the )assi#ating la%e! e#en in the )!esence of chlo!i es$ The concent!ation of nit!ite must &% sufficient to co)e u) "ith the continuing ing!ess of chlo!i e ions$ +alcium nit!ite co!!osion inhi&ito! comes in a li5ui f!om containing a&out .8 )e! cent calcium nit!ite soli s &% "eight$ The mo!e co!!osion inhi&ito! is a e ' the longe! the onset of co!!osion "ill &e ela%e $ Since most st!uctu!es in a chlo!i e en#i!onment !each a le#el of a&out / *g of chlo!i e i!on )e! m. u!ing thei! se!#ice life' use of less than ;= lit!es3m. of calcium nit!ite solution is not !ecommen e $ <ig$ @$94 sho"s that "ithout an inhi&ito! the !einfo!cing steel sta!ts to co!!o e "hen the chlo!i e content at the !e&a! !eaches a th!eshol le#el of 8$/ *g3m.$ Although the co!!osion )!ocess sta!ts "hen the th!eshol le#el is !eacte ' it ma% ta*e se#e!al %ea!s fo! staining' c!ac*ing an s)alling to &ecome a))a!ent an se#e!al mo!e %ea!s &efo!e ete!io!ation occu!s$ A ing calcium nit!ite inc!eases this co!!osion th!eshol $ Ahen %ou a 98 lit!es3 m.' co!!osion "ill not &egin until o#e! /$/ *g3 m. of chlo!i e is )!esent in the conc!ete at the !e&a!$ +oatings to !ein( fo!cementD The o&Eect of coating to s teel &a! is to )!o#i e !ecast segment$ +oatings to !ein( fo!cementD The o&Eect of coating to s teel &a! is to )!o#i e a u!a&le$

+oatings to !ein( fo!cementD

The o&Eect of coating to s teel &a! is to )!o#i e a

u!a&le &a!!ie!

mate!ials' such as chlo!i es$ The coatings shoul &e !o&ust to "ithstan fa&!ication of !einfo!cement cage' an )ou!ing of conc!ete an com)action &% #i&!ating nee le$ Sim)le cement slu!!% coating is a chea) metho fo! tem)o!a!% )!otection against !usting of !einfo!cement in sto!age$ +ent!al Elect!o +hemical Resea!ch Institute' ,+E+RI- Fa!ai*u i ha#e suggeste a metho fo! )!e#ention of co!!osion in steel !einfo!cement in conc!ete$ The ste)s in#ol#e in this )!ocess a!e

De!ustingD The !einfo!cements a!e cleane

in !unning "ate! an ai! !ie $

"ith a e!usting solution$ This is follo"e

"ithout ela% &% cleaning the !o s "ith "et "aste cloth an cleaning )o" e!$ The !o s a!e then !inse

Phos)hatingD Phos)hate Eell% is a))lie

su!face$

to the &a!s "ith fine &!ush$ The Eell% is left fo! 7:(

48 minutes an then !emo#e &% "et cloth$ An inhi&ito! olution is then &!ushe o#e! the )hos)hate

+ement coatingD A slu!!% is ma e &% mi2ing the inhi&ito! solution "ith )o!tlan
has an insite cu!ing effect$ The secon coat of slu!!% is then a))lie an the &a!s a!e ai! !ie $

cement

an a))lie on the &a!$ A sealing solution is &!ushe afte! the !o s a!e ai! cu!e $ The sealing solution

SealingD T"o coats of sealing solution a!e a))lie

to the &a!s in o! e! to seal the mic!o()o!es of

the cement coat an to ma*e it im)e!mea&le to co!!osi#e salts$ The a&o#e is a )atent metho e#ol#e &% +E+RI an license is gi#en to ce!tain agencies$ Someho" o! othe! this metho has not &ecome #e!% )o)ula!$ Some e2)e!ience consultants an enginee!s a!e ou&ting the efficac% of this metho $

<usion Bon e E)o2% +oatingD

It is one of the effecti#e metho s of

coating !e&a!s$ The fusion &on e e)o2% coating is a s)ecialise Eo& ca!!ie out in a facto!% an not at site of "o!*$ Plants a!e esigne to coat the st!aight &a!s in a continuous )!ocess$ Initiall% the &a! is shot &laste to !emo#e all mill scale an to gi#e the *in of su!face finish !e5ui!e $ This ensu!es an a e5uate &on &et"een e)o2% an steel$ The &a! is then heate to a ca!efull% cont!olle tem)e!atu!e' &efo!e )assing th!ough a s)!a% &ooth$ Elect!ostaticall% cha!ge e)o2% )o" e! )a!ticles a!e e)osite e#enl% on the su!face of the &a!$ It loo*s' g!eenish in colou!$ The coating thic*ness ma% #a!% f!om ;.8 to .88 mic!ons$ Although e)o2% coate &a!s ha#e an e2cellent )!otection to co!!osion in agg!essi#e en#i!onment' the!e a!e a fe" limitations$ Afte! the t!eatment' cutting an &en ing ma% inEu!e the teel "hich nee s ce!tain site t!eatment$ The site t!eatment is li*el% to &e inefficient$ The )!esence of an% efect in the t!eate &o % can in uce se#e!e localise co!!osion "hich efeat the #e!% )u!)ose$ The &a!s can not &e "el e $ The e)o2% is not !esistant to ult!a#iolet !a%s of sun$ The &a!s shoul not &e e2)ose to sun fo! long u!ation &efo!e use$ The coating ma% get amage u!ing #i&!ation of conc!ete$ The t!eatment is #e!% costl%D Cea!l% as costl% as that of steel$ All the same' this metho of )!otection to the steel is &eing gi#en to all the fl%o#e!s an othe! st!uctu!es at Mum&ai$ Gal#anise !einfo!cementD

Gal#anising of !einfo!cement consists of

i))ing the steel &a!s in molten

6inc$ This !esults in a coating of 6inc &on e to the su!face of steel$ The 6inc su!face !eacts "ith calcium h% !o2i e in the conc!ete to fo!m a )assi#e la%e! an )!e#ents co!!osion$

+atho ic P!otectionD +atho ic )!otection is one of the effecti#e' "ell *no"n' an

e2tensi#el% use metho s fo! )!e#ention of co!!osion in conc!ete st!uctu!es in mo!e a #ance count!ies$ Due to high cost an long te!m monito!ing !e5ui!e fo! this metho ' it is not #e!% much

use in In ia$ The catho ic )!otection com)!ises of a))lication of im)!esse cu!!ent to an elect!o e lai on the conc!ete a&o#e steel !einfo!cement$ This elect!o e se!#es as ano e an the steel !einfo!cement "hich is connecte to the negati#e te!minal of a D+ sou!ce acts as a catho e$ In this )!ocess the e2te!nal ano e is su&Eecte to co!!o e an the catho ic !einfo!cement is )!otecte against co!!osion an hence the name H+atho ic )!otectionI$ In this )!ocess the negati#e chlo!i e ions "hich a!e !es)onsi&le fo! the amage of the )assi#ating film' a!e !a"n a"a% f!om the #icinit% of steel to"a! s the ano e "he!e the% a!e o2i ise to fo!m chlo!ine gas$ The en#i!onment a!oun the steel !einfo!cement !e#e!ts &ac* to al*aline con ition "hich )!otects the steel$ The othe! !ecent e#elo)ment in co!!osion cont!ol metho s a!e Real*alisation an Desalination$ The !eal*alisation )!ocess allo"s to ma*e the conc!ete al*aline again an !efo!m an maintain the )assi#e la%e! on the steel$ )assi#ate the !einfo!cing steel &% elect!ochemical metho $ This &!ings &ac* the lost al*alinit% of conc!ete to sufficientl% high le#el to

+oatings to +onc!eteD In the )ast it "as &elie#e

that conc!ete &% itself is a u!a&le

mate!ial "hich nee s no )!otection o! maintenance$ This &elief is no mo!e hol goo )a!ticula!l% on account of en#i!onmental )ollution' in ust!ial fumes contamination of g!oun "ate!$ In a ition to the coating of !einfo!cement &% a))!o)!iate mate!ial' a su!face coating to the conc!ete mem&e! is gi#en to inc!ease the u!a&ilit% fu!th The coatings se!#e the ual )u!)ose of )!otection an eco!ation$ <ig$ @$99 sho"s the !e uction in e)th of ca!&onation of the )!otecte conc!ete$ Gi#ing )!otecti#e coatings to maEo! conc!ete st!uctu!es such as &!i ges' fl%o#e!s' in ust!ial &uil ings an chimne%s ha#e &ecome a common s)ecification in In ia as in othe! count!ies$ <ou! *m long &!i ge on national high"a% at +ochin "as !ecentl% coate "ith Emceecolo! <le2' a mate!ial manufactu!e &% M+(Bauchemie ,In P#t$ Lt $ Almost all the fl%o#e!s at Mum&ai a!e &eing coate fo! a itional u!a&ilit%$ B!i ge )ie!s an gi! e!s a!e of consi e!a&le imensions$ <!eshl% ma e conc!ete mem&e!s contain )lent% of "ate! in the )o!e st!uctu!es$ It ta*es long time to !%$ Such f!eshl% ma e conc!ete st!uctu!es shoul not &e coate "ith e)o2% o! othe! mate!ials "hich "ill seal off an )!e#ent the inte!nal moistu!e f!om going out in consonance "ith atmos)he!ic con itions$ The moistu!e t!a))e insi e the conc!ete can o untol ha!m to the u!a&ilit% of conc!ete in a ition to amaging the )!otecti#e coating itself$ <o! &ette! u!a&ilit%' the conc!ete shoul &e a&le to H&!eatheI i$e' "ate! #a)ou! shoul &e a&le to mig!ate f!om insi e to outsi e an f!om outsi e to insi e$ But "ate! as it is' shoul not &e a&le to ente! f!om

outsi e to insi e$ The )!otecti#e coating gi#en to the conc!ete shoul &e of the a&o#e cha!acte!istics$ The!efo!e' it is )ointe out that the e2)o2% coating "hich oes not

allo" the conc!ete to &!eathe shoul not &e use fo! coating conc!ete mem&e!s$ Instea ' the )!otecti#e coating shoul &e &ase on ac!%lics "hich !etains the Ac!%lic &ase )!otecti#e cum eco!ati#e coating is gi#en to J$J <l%o#e! at Bom&a% ,sho"n a&o#e- an to man% othe! &!i ges an fl%o#e!s in In ia' )a!ticula!l% in coastal !egions$ +ou!tes% D M+ Bauchemie ,In ia- P#t$ Lt $ st!uctu!es "he!e s)ecifie amount f co#e! can not &e gi#en$ The!efo!e' ac!%lic &ase )!otecti#e cum eco!ati#e coatings can &e gi#en fo! a itional u!a&ilit% of such conc!ete mem&e!s$

Design an Detailing
The st!uctu!al esigne! shoul ta*e all )!ecautions in esigning an etailing' "ith !es)ect to s)acing &et"een &a!s fo! the conc!ete to flo" &et"een !einfo!cements' to facilitate #i&!ation of conc!ete' to gi#e )!o)e! co#e! to the steel !einfo!cements' to !est!ict the c!ac* "i th etc$

Cominal +o#e! to Reinfo!cementD

The nominal co#e! is a))lica&le to all steel

!einfo!cement inclu ing lin*s$ <o! longitu inal !einfo!cing &a!s in a column' nominal co#e! in an% case not less than 78 mm o! less than the iamete! of the &a!$ In the case of columns of minimum imension of 988 mm o! un e!' "hose !einfo!cing &a!s o not e2cee ;9 mm' a nominal co#e! of 9: mm ma% &e use $ <o! footings a minimum o#e! shoul &e :8 mm$ Minimum #alues of nominal co#e! to all !einfo!cement inclu ing lin*s is to &e )!o#i e ha#ing ta*en into account the s)ecifie )e!io of fi!e !esistance u) to 7 h!s$ T%)ical co#e! &loc*s fo! !einfo!cement$ The one in the e2t!eme !ight is use in the Delhi Met!o "o!*s$ The 5ualit% of conc!ete in the co#e! !egion is li*el% to &e of )oo! 5ualit% &ecause of "all( effect$ The )ac*ing of coa!se agg!egate is loose! at the #icinit% of fo!m"o!*$ The!e is al"a%s an inc!ease of )aste an less of agg!egate in these a!eas$ <o! long time' this "all( effect )henomenon "as not consi e!e as #e!% im)o!tant f!om u!a&ilit% )oint of #ie" &ecause conc!etes of lo" slum) ha#e &een use $ But' of late' conc!etes of slum) highe! than 988 mm a!e often use $ This high slum) conc!ete inc!eases the !is* of seg!egation an )hase se)a!ation$ In such cases' a ition of colloi al agent$' also *no"n as anti("ashout' o! anti(&lee ing a mi2tu!e oul &e use to eliminate )hase se)a!ation )!o&lems$ Anothe! metho of im)!o#ing the 5ualit% of s*in conc!ete o! "hat is sometimes calle co#e!c!ete is to a o)t )e!mea&le fo!m"o!* techni5ue$ This techni5ue is something li*e #acuum e"ate!ing techni5ue "he!e e2t!a un"ante "ate! is !emo#e &% #acuum

)!ocess$ In the case of )e!mea&le fo!m"o!* "ate! f!om s*in )o!tion of conc!ete is !emo#e &% )ol%)!o)%lene fa&!ics fi2e to )l%"oo &ac*ing "hich contain !ain hol s$ Thus' the fo!m"o!* acts

as a filte!' th!ough "hich ai! an &lee "ate! esca)e$ The e!mea&le fo!m"o!* lo"e!s the A3+ !atio in the conc!ete u) to a e)th of 98 mm' ma*ing the su!face 6one !esistant

Su!face T!eatments of +onc!ete

The!e a!e la!ge #a!ieties of mate!ials' "hich a!e a))lie to su!face of conc!ete eithe! to "ate!)!oof the su!face o! to !en e! it !esistant to attac* of chemical agencies$ Sometimes' the% a!e a e to gi#e a 5uic* ha! ening effect so that conc!ete is ma e st!onge! "ithin a sho!t )e!io to ena&le it to "ithstan est!ucti#e fo!ces$ Some of the mate!ials use fo! su!face t!eatments a!e liste &elo"D ,a - A5ueous solution of so ium silicate$ ,& - Magnesium o! 6inc silico fluo!i e$ ,c - D!%ing oils such as linsee o! tung oil$ , - +hlo!inate !u&&e! )aints$ ,e- Ceo)!ene )aints$ ,f - E)o2% )aints o! coal ta! e)o2% )aints$ ,g- Silicon fluo!i e ,Si<7- t!eatment$ +onc!ete su!face can &e ha! ene an !en e!e mo!e !esistant to a&!asion' o! less lia&le to c!eate ust' &% suita&le t!eatment$ The su!face of the ha! ene an ai!( !% conc!ete ma% &e t!eate "ith a solution of so ium silicate' aluminium' o! 6inc sul)hate' o! silicofluo!i es' o! "ith !%ing oil li*e linsee oil o! tung oil? alte!nati#el% a )!o)o!tion of ca!&o!un um o! fuse alumina' o! one of the finel% i#i e i!on( ammonium chlo!i e )!e)a!ations' ma% &e inco!)o!ate in the su!face la%e! of the conc!ete "hile )lacing$ inst ca!&onation an iffusion of chlo!i e ions$

+OC+LUSIOC
St!ength an u!a&ilit% a!e the t"o im)o!tant )!o)e!ties of conc!ete$ The% a!e li*e t"o legs of a human &o %$ Aim shoul &e to ma*e ou! conc!ete as u!a&le$