Comparative Analysis on Polished Concrete; Finish Durability and Gloss Retention

(Densification and Molecular Sealing versus Burnishing Alone) Introduction

This report is prepared to discuss and analyze the differences between burnishing alone versus the full densification, sealing, and polishing of our DIPOC (DIamond POlished Concrete) procedure. The intended purpose is to determine whether proper gloss and finish specifications can be satisfactorily met, and maintained, using just the burnishing technique alone. We know that it is easy to show a beautiful, shiny, high-gloss floor when it is in its pristine, freshly finished condition. However, we felt that a real world examination of in use facilities would be a truer test of how durable and shiny the finished floor actually is. As an example of our process, we visited the recently opened Home Depot #6848, located at 11075 Tara Boulevard, Lovejoy, GA 30250. The floor there is a basic, grey concrete, without any tint or staining to affect the color. As an example of burnishing alone, we went to the nearby Wal-Mart Supercenter #5363, located at 11465 Tara Boulevard, Lovejoy, GA 30250. That floor is tinted concrete, in a medium brown/rust color. We chose these locations for a few reasons. First, they are close to each other, less than a mile apart. Two, they are both relatively new facilities; the Home Depot opened on April 12, 2007 and the WalMart opened on January 26, 2005. Three, being located in the same community, their local customer base will generally overlap and include many customers in common. We were able to go to both stores, early in the day, between 8:00 AM and 9:30 AM, on Wednesday, August 22, 2007. We took numerous photos throughout the stores and also numerous gloss meter readings. We chose this time so that the floor would still be relatively clean and because we hoped that our testing would cause minimal interference with normal store operations and customer traffic. Clearly, the load on the floor will be much lighter and less abusive at a general retail store, such as the Wal-Mart, than it will be in a home improvement center, such as the Home Depot. The internal equipment used to move merchandise and inventory is different, as well as the vast majority of the merchandise and inventory itself. While there is some crossover and some items in common, in general, the clothing, groceries, house wares, etc., that a WalMart sells does not put nearly as heavy a load on a floor as the lumber, heavy equipment, large appliances, concrete & masonry items, fencing, etc., that a Home Depot sells. In short, contractors in work boots pushing steel-wheeled carts around a home improvement center will obviously create a different, and harsher, pattern of use and wear on the floor, than families in sneakers pushing standard shopping carts around a general retail super center. Recognizing the differences between the two facilities mentioned above, and in order to have a comparison with a business whose traffic load is more similar to the Wal-Mart, we went to the Whole Foods Market, located at 3100 Cahaba Village Plaza, Birmingham (Mountain Brook), AL 35243. We finished this floor using the same technique as the Lovejoy Home Depot. As with the Home Depot, the floor is also basic, grey concrete, without any tint or staining. It was opened in early January 2007. We surveyed the store on Friday, August 24, 2007 from 11:00 AM until noon. We also wanted to have another home improvement store to compare results with. So, though it was not yet open for business, as a final example, we visited the newly constructed Home Depot on Florida Highway A-1-A in Jacksonville Beach on September 10, 2007, at
VERSION 2.2 PAGE 1 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED approximately 6:00 PM. The floor in this store was finished using the burnishing process alone, as was the Lovejoy, GA Wal-Mart. This floor was not tinted and was left the normal neutral grey concrete color. As stated above, the store was not yet open for business, but the racking was mostly complete and the floor finishing process had been completed. Our data readings clearly demonstrated that its level of shine and gloss are no match for the results achieved through the full densification and sealing process that we used on the Lovejoy, GA Home Depot and the Birmingham, AL Whole Foods Market. We had a unique opportunity to compare two areas in the same building that we polished at different times and with different methods. The Home Depot #111, located at 4101 Roswell Road, Marietta, Georgia 30062, has been open for at least twenty years. DIPOC Sales, LLC was contracted to perform our concrete polishing services in the store, during a three month remodel of that store, which took place at the end of 2006, flowing into early 2007. During this remodel, an extension was added to the right (north) end of the building. Later, we polished the concrete in another new addition to that same store, which was constructed on the left (south) end of the building in May/June of this year. In the older section, we began by using our full DIPOC method in a sample area, until we were informed by the general contractor that DIPOC was outside of the new specifications. It should be noted here that we had taken 20 sample readings of this section at the 60 angle. The results were quite good. We then backed off our full DIPOC method and utilized a different polishing technique, so as to adhere to the specifications set forth by the general contractor. In the new addition we also adhered to the expressed specifications and used the Iron Shine process, instead of our DIPOC process. We gathered data from the north addition and the south addition, utilizing the same method (see below) as with the other locations. The only changes were these: Considering the fact that we were surveying much smaller areas, we only recorded 50 data points and threw out only the single highest and lowest readings. This data actually relates more to how initial slab conditions affect the final result, when the same polishing methods are used. However, the sample data taken of the DIPOC area, which was subsequently reground and re-polished (to remain consistent with the rest of the floor), is included to demonstrate the differences in gloss that are possible. The initial slab that was poured in the left (south) addition was not as smooth and level and the slab in the right (north) addition. We were also instructed to remain strictly within the spec book specifications and were not able to spend as much time grinding the slab in the left (south) addition, to correct for this. The resultant lower average gloss readings in the left (south) addition clearly show that the initial slab conditions there affected the quality of the finished floor.

Testing and Data Gathering Methodology

In the interest of clarity, and to insure that everyone understands our intention to be as unbiased and scientific as possible, we will describe the methodology used to record the gloss meter readings. Please bear in mind that we are continuing to refine this process, so as to create a method which can be easily repeated by anyone wishing to do so. The gloss meter which was used is a Tasco TMS-724. It was freshly calibrated, according to the manufacturer s instructions, immediately prior to use. These facilities have a random traffic pattern. So, in keeping with that fact, we took 100 paired (both the 60 and 20 settings) readings, randomly scattered throughout the entire customer accessible area of both buildings. Let me further describe exactly how I take these readings. I begin at the main entrance and walk around the interior perimeter of the accessible area of the building. After a circuit around the perimeter, I then traverse through the central area of the building in a zig-zag fashion. As regards the actual gloss meter, I simply put it on the floor and record the readings. I have a
VERSION 2.2 PAGE 2 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED fairly long stride, so I take approximately four to five paces and repeat the process. Other than avoiding any obvious stains, spillage, gouges, divots, joints, or other such areas, I simply blow off any surface dust, put the meter down in a clear spot of the floor, and record the readings. I do not nudge the meter around looking for higher or lower readings. It is our contention that this method gives us the most truly random readings possible. Since the 60 angle is considered the universal standard angle for reflectivity measurement, and also because there is more variation in the 60 readings than the 20 readings, we sorted the data in ascending order based on the 60 results. We kept the 20 and 60 readings paired, as they were originally taken. So as to allow for possible anomalies and outliers, we disregard the two highest and two lowest readings from each locations sample data, leaving us with 96 pairs of data points for each location. We have listed the high, low, average, and range for the sample data. In the interest of demonstrating the high and low readings delivered by our Tasco gloss meter, we checked the reflectivity at 20 and at 60 on a standard, brush finished concrete sidewalk and on a clean mirror. As expected, the sidewalk readings were 0 on both settings. The mirror gave us 119 at 20 and 95 at 60. We also performed what we call The Windex Test in the two Lovejoy, GA stores. This test consists of taking gloss readings in an area approximately 12 by 12 square. We clean that area with standard, ammonia-based window cleaner, to make sure there is no wax, or similar surface treatment, on the floor. We then take another set of readings and compare them to the first set. We repeat this process in several out of the way areas. The differences between the gloss readings before and after The Windex Test at all locations were statistically insignificant. This leads us to deduce that no significant amount of waxes, or other temporary topical agents, are being applied, which might materially affect the gloss meter results. In addition to scientifically measurable data, there is also the subjective perception of the customers to consider. Since they are located so close to each other, and share the same general customer base, we conducted a casual, impromptu survey of customers in the two Lovejoy stores. We realize that this information is rather anecdotal in nature. We are not claiming that this is a scientific, demographically proportional, statistically designed survey. However, since customer perception is an important factor to consider, we felt that the results should be included. This is intended to demonstrate the subjective or human factor, as it pertains to the appearance of gloss and shine. We asked random customers, at each location, if they also shopped at the other store. If they answered that they did, we simply asked if they had any opinion as to the relative level of gloss and/or shine between the floors at both stores. This was done at both locations until we had 20 people, at each location, who answered that they shopped at both stores on a regular basis. Please remember that the Home Depot floor is your standard issue grey concrete, and that the Wal-Mart floor is tinted concrete. The general consensus revealed two relevant results. Overall, everyone thought that both locations have very nice floors. The Wal-Mart floor is perceived as being more even regarding the overall color throughout the building. However, in spite of slight color variations, the Home Depot floor is perceived to be shinier than the Wal-Mart floor. These subjective opinions are supported by the actual gloss readings from both locations.

Conclusions Drawn
As you can tell, we have attempted to gather as much information, both objective and subjective, as possible, so that we could prepare as accurate an analysis as possible. There is a graph, and summaries, of the various readings at the end of this report. We had a question and answer session with the manager of the Lovejoy Home Depot, regarding the floor condition and maintenance. His responses were definitely positive regarding all aspects of the finish at that store and concrete polishing in general. The full transcript of that session may be
VERSION 2.2 PAGE 3 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED made available upon request; pending proper permission and/or legal releases. The photos are arranged in a separate PowerPoint slide show. We have also included a brief synopsis of our polishing process, as well as in-depth information concerning gloss and flatness measurements. We also discuss the ideal conditions under which we can deliver the highest quality floor finish possible. We will continue to refine and expand this report, as new data is available. Any new versions will be available to anyone who has received this version. Simply contact us and we will gladly provide you with an updated copy. The results of our readings and questions clearly demonstrate that the Iron Shine and/or burnishing alone techniques do not yield the same level of gloss and shine as our DIPOC method. While we realize that burnishing alone can be less costly than our full, complete process, DIPOC is still dramatically less expensive than other flooring alternatives, such as vinyl composite tile or epoxy. Properly finished concrete will remain far more durable and will easily cost 50% to 75% less in ongoing maintenance, than either of those alternatives. In addition, our Marietta data demonstrates that a smoother, more level initial slab will yield better final results. The result that can be achieved through any concrete polishing technique will only reflect the finish of the original slab that we are presented with. We are gathering data during the floor finishing stages of the new Home Depots being constructed in Kennesaw, GA and Flowery Branch, GA, in order to more completely demonstrate this. This analysis will be available at a future date, after those floors have been completed and the final cleaning has been done.

Explanation of Our Densification, Sealing, and Polishing Procedure

Our polishing technique encompasses a specific series of steps, each of which achieves a particular purpose in producing the highest quality result possible. Below, we have listed these steps in the interest of insuring that we all understand what our process entails. 1. We begin by giving the finished slab a thorough cleaning to remove any surface dirt and grit. 2. We then grind the surface of the slab, in order to have as smooth an initial surface as possible. This step also removes the majority, if not all, of any bond breakers, cure seals, and/or moisture retention films, which may have been applied during construction. This phase opens the pores of the concrete, enabling the densifier to more thoroughly penetrate. This step may be repeated using progressively finer grinding pads, as needed. It is very similar to sanding a piece of wood to open the grain so that it will more readily accept primer, paint, stain, or varnish. 3. This is followed by another cleaning of the floor, to remove any dust or other residue generated by the previous phase. 4. We then apply a chemically reactive densifier to the surface of the slab. This process actually bonds the densifier with the concrete, filling the pores of the surface layer, and making it denser, harder, and more resistant to staining. 5. After the densifier has sufficiently cured, we polish the concrete to as high a gloss finish as is specified. This step will be repeated as needed, using progressively finer grit polishing pads. 6. Following the polishing phase, we can then apply a final surface sealer, with an even smaller molecular structure, to fill in
VERSION 2.2 PAGE 4 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED any remaining pinholes in the surface. As with the densifier, this is another chemically reactive agent, which bonds with the concrete, enhancing density and stain resistance. 7. The final phase consists of polishing and buffing, to bring out the maximum shine.

Explanation of Gloss and Gloss Readings

This section is from the Glossmeters website and is presented in the interest of clarifying and standardizing what we mean by gloss. We feel that is gives an excellent explanation of the factors involved. http://www.gloss-meters.com/GlossIntro.html#1 1) What is Gloss? Gloss is an aspect of the visual perception of objects. Gloss is the attribute of surfaces that causes them to have shiny or lustrous, metallic or matte appearances. Gloss is a visual impression that is caused when a surface is evaluated. The more direct light is reflected, the more obvious will be the impression of gloss. Gloss effects are based on the interaction of light with the physical properties of the sample surface. The other influencing component is the physiological evaluation scale. The human eye is still the best tool to evaluate gloss differences. However, the visual surface control is insufficient, because evaluation conditions are not clearly defined, and people see and judge differently. In addition, the subjective perception of appearance is dependent on the personal experience: what is glossy for a paper manufacturer might be dull for an automotive maker. Gloss is measured by focusing on the reflected image and not by focusing on the surface. Eyesight and mood have a decisive role in the visual judgment. Also, important is what our eye is focused on. We evaluate a surface by focusing our eye on a reflected image of a light source. In order to guarantee a reliable and practical quality assurance it is necessary to define appearance with objective, measurable criteria. Accurate characterization of appearance does not only help to control quality, but improves quality and optimizes manufacturing processes. High Gloss Smooth and highly polished surfaces reflect images distinctly. The incident light is directly reflected on the surface, i.e. only in the main direction of reflection. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

VERSION 2.2

PAGE 5 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC Matte to Semi Gloss

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED

On rough surfaces the light is diffusely scattered in all directions. The image forming qualities are diminished: A reflected object no longer appears brilliant, but blurred. The more uniform the light is scattered, the less intense is the reflection in the main direction and the duller the surface will appear. 2) What difference in gloss can a human see? If two different coatings are measured, what number of gloss units would be detectable by the human eye, how many units would be perceived as significantly different? When measuring at 60 Degrees these detectable differences depend on the gloss level of the sample, for instance 3.0 GU difference measured on a very matt surface (perhaps 5GU), would be seen by the human eye but on a higher gloss coating (perhaps 60 GU) the difference would be very difficult to notice. The only way that you can determine tolerances for your products would be experimentally, perhaps preparing printed samples at different gloss levels that you can show to end users of your coatings or internal "experts". The other option is to change to a 20/60/85 degree instrument, the 85 degree glossmeter is more sensitive to differences in gloss below 10 GU @ 60 and the 20 Degrees has higher resolution on high gloss coatings (above 70 GU @ 60). The advantage of using the three angles is that there is more equality to the gloss differences, in our experience a gloss difference of 5 GU, when measured with the correct geometry is just visible to a trained observer. 3) Why Measure Gloss? Gloss is an aspect of the visual perception of objects that is as important as color when considering the psychological impact of products on a consumer. In other words, "Gloss Sells". Gloss has been defined as the attribute of a surfaces that causes it to have a shiny or lustrous, metallic appearance. The gloss of a surface can be greatly influenced by a number of factors, for example the smoothness achieved during polishing, the amount and type of coating applied or the quality of the substrate. Manufacturers design their products to have maximum appeal. Such examples are; highly reflective car body panels, glossy magazine covers or satin black designer furniture. Now what happens when products all of a sudden look different? Customers see this as a defect, or poor quality. Using a glossmeter and having good quality control practices eliminates this variable as a problem. It is important therefore that gloss levels be consistent on every product or across different batches of products. Gloss can also be a measure of the quality of a surface, for instance a drop in the gloss of a coated surface may indicate problems with its cure - leading to other failures such as poor adhesion or lack of protection for the coated surface. It is for these reasons that many manufacturing industries monitor the gloss of their products, from cars, printing and furniture to food, pharmaceuticals and consumer electronics. We also
VERSION 2.2 PAGE 6 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED have Gloss Sensors used in process for real time gloss measurement. Please call us at 1770-570-2851 to discuss the inline application. 4) How is Gloss Measured? Gloss is measured by shining a known amount of light at a surface and quantifying the reflectance. The angle of the light and the method by which the reflectance is measured are determined by the surface. Gloss is measured using a Gloss Meter also known as a Glossmeter) which directs a light at a specific angle to the test surface and simultaneously measures the amount of reflection. The type of surface to be measured determines the gloss meter angle to be used and thus the gloss meter model. The intensity is dependent on the material and the angle of illumination. In case of nonmetals (coatings, plastics) the amount of reflected light increases with the increase of the illumination angle. The remaining illuminated light penetrates the material and is absorbed or diffusely scattered dependent on the color. Metals Gloss Range with 60 Gloss Measure Meter With: If Semi Gloss - 10 to 70 GU 60 If High Gloss > 70 GU 20 If Low Gloss < 10 GU 85

Metals have a much higher reflection and are less angle dependent than non-metals. The measurement results of a glossmeter are related to the amount of reflected light from a black glass standard with a defined refractive index, and not to the amount of incident light. The measurement value for this defined standard is equal to 100 gloss units. Materials with a higher refractive index can have a measurement value above 100 gloss units (GU), e.g. films. In case of transparent materials the measurement value can be increased due to multiple reflections in the bulk of the material. Due to the high reflection capabilities of metals values of up to 2000 GU can be reached. For these applications it is common to document the measurement results in % reflection of the illuminated light. Glossmeters and their handling procedures had to be internationally specified to allow comparison of measurement values. The angle of illumination is of high influence. In order to obtain a clear differentiation over the complete measurement range from high gloss to mat, 3 different geometries, i.e. 3 different ranges, were defined using a 60 glossmeter. In this case study, 13 samples were visually ranked from matte to high gloss and measured with the 3 specified geometries. In the steep slopes of the curves the differences between the samples can be clearly measured, while in the flat part the measurement geometry no longer correlates with the visual. Gloss measurement for any application, whether you are dealing with specific applications or need a universal solution for high to matte gloss
VERSION 2.2 PAGE 7 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED samples, www.gloss-meters.com offers a complete line of glossmeters. 5) How do I choose a Gloss Meter? You first require a flat surface of approximately 2" by 0.5" (50 x 10mm) to position a glossmeter properly on a surface. If the surface area you have is smaller, then please call us to discuss the Novo Curve table top gloss meter for 2 x 2mm areas. One must now judge your product by how glossy it is. Most products fall into a semi gloss range. Some are matte and designed to have very low gloss and others such as metals or car finishes are very high. There are three types that cover the complete range of gloss, namely the 20 degree, the 60 degree and the 85 degree glossmeters. Certain industries however suggest a different angle. These industries are; paper, ceramic, film, and vinyl). If you fall into one of these industries, please read Gloss Meter Selection by Industry. Some customers produce a range of products from very glossy to mat, then you would require a Universal gloss meter that measures all three angles or maybe you only make products from semi gloss to very high gloss, than you need the DUAL 20-60 degree gloss meter. Low Gloss - 85 For improved resolution of low gloss, a grazing angle of 85 is used to measure the surface. This angle is recommended for surfaces which measure less than 10 GU when measured at 60.This angle also has a larger measurement spot which will average out differences in the gloss of textured or slightly uneven surfaces. Medium or Semi Gloss - 60 - The Universal Measurement Angle One must remember that all gloss levels can be measured using the standard measurement angle of 60. This 60 degree angle is used as the reference angle for all products. So why choose some other another angle? Because for extreme gloss, one obtains better measurements with the complimentary angles of 85 or 20 often used for low and high gloss levels respectively. High Gloss - 20 The acute measurement angle of 20 gives improved resolution for high gloss surfaces. Surfaces that measure 70 GU and above at the standard angle of 60 are often measured with this geometry. The 20 angle is more sensitive to haze effects that affect the appearance of a surface. The different gloss of these two samples is more clearly shown in the 20 readings. 45 Glossmeter The 45 degree glossmeter is used primarily for the ceramics and film producing industries. 75 Glossmeter The 75 degree glossmeter is used primarily for the paper and vinyl producing industries. 6 )Gloss Meter Configurations
VERSION 2.2 PAGE 8 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED Now you should know which angle is the correct one for your application and industry. We have a selection grid for you to choose from. Single angle instruments are available in each of the measurement geometries (20, 45, 60, 75, and 85). Dual angle instruments give improved performance for medium to high gloss applications for 20 and 60. Triple angle instruments have an additional geometry; either 85 for improved resolution on matte surfaces or 75 for measuring paper and board to TAPPI standards.

Flatness and Levelness

This section contains information from two websites: The American Concrete Institute and The FACE Companies. As with the previous section on gloss, we feel that the information found gives an excellent explanation of the factors involved. Entire text of What are F-numbers? found at: http://www.concrete.org/FAQ/afmviewfaq.asp?faqid=24 Q. What are F-numbers, and what is the significance of specified overall values and minimum local values? A. ACI 302.1R-04, Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction, states that F-numbers define the flatness and levelness of a constructed concrete floor surface. The flatness Fnumber (FF) controls local surface bumpiness by limiting the magnitude of successive 1 ft (300 mm) slope changes when measured along sample measurement lines in accordance with ASTM E 1155 (Standard Test Method for Determining FF Floor Flatness and FL Floor Levelness Numbers). The levelness F-number (FL) controls local conformance to design grade by limiting differences in departure from design grade over distances of 10 ft (3 m) when measured along sample measurement lines in accordance with ASTM E 1155. The F-number pair is always written in the order FF/FL. In theory, the range of flatness and levelness F-numbers extends from zero to infinity. In practice, FF and FL values generally fall between 12 and 45. The scale is linear, so the relative flatness/levelness of two different floors will be in proportion to the ratio of their F-numbers. For example, and FF30/FL24 floor is twice as flat and twice as level as an FF15/FL12 floor. On random-traffic floorsthose with varied and unpredictable traffic patternstwo tiers of specified FF/FL values should be indicated: one for the composite values to be achieved (specified overall value), and one for the minimum quality level that will be accepted without repair (minimum local value). Compliance with the specified overall value is based on the composite of all measured values. For any given floor, the composite FF/FL values are derived in accordance with ASTM E 1155. Minimum local values represent the minimum acceptable flatness and levelness to be exhibited by any individual floor section. Minimum local values are generally set at 67% of the specified overall values, and are not normally set lower than 50% of the specified overall FF/FL
VERSION 2.2 PAGE 9 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED requirements. Minimum local values should never be less than FF13/FL10, because these values represent the minimum local results achievable by any concrete floor construction method. Excerpts from The 40 Most Asked Questions about F-Numbers found at: http://www.faceco.com/40q.html 1. What are F-Numbers? The F-Number System is the American Concrete Institute (ACI 117) and Canadian Standards Association (CSA A23.1) standard for the specification and measurement of concrete floor flatness and levelness. F-Numbers replace the familiar "1/8th inch in ten feet" type specs that had proven unreliable, unmeasureable and unrealistic. The new standards include two FNumbers: FF for flatness and FL for levelness. Flatness relates to the bumpiness of the floor, while levelness describes the local tilt or pitch of the slab. The higher the F-Number, the better that characteristic of the floor. F-Numbers are linear, so an FF 20 is twice as flat as an FF 10, but only half as flat as an FF 40. Slabs-on-grade are usually specified with an FF number and an FL number (the FF is always listed first), such as: FF 25 / FL20. Because of deflection, elevated slabs are usually specified using only FF. When a floor is described as an "F 25", it usually means "FF 25". The ACI/CSA F-Number System applies to 99% of all floor slabs - all floors that support random traffic, be it vehicular or pedestrian traffic. In the tiny percentage of floors that have defined traffic, where vehicles are restricted in their movement by wire or rail guidance, a different F-Number - Fmin - is used. This System is used in conjunction with consultation services provided by The Face Companies. Most Superflat floors should use the Fmin System, since most of these slabs support defined traffic. 2. What was wrong with the old "straightedge" specs? There was disagreement as to what they meant. Did "1/8th inch in ten feet" mean 1/8" in 10' (a horizontal 1/4" envelope which is 10' long) - or - did it mean 1/16" in 10' (a horizontal 1/8th inch envelope which is ten feet long)?

Straightedge measurements were unscientific and non-repeatable. Before F-Numbers, floors were only "measured" long after the fact, when someone didn't like the floors' general appearance. That's when the straightedge was finally hauled out by the aggrieved party in an effort to prove his case. Of course, no two people got the same results, since there was no standard for either the test method or for interpreting the results. They were unrealistic. Although "1/8th inch in ten feet" has been used to specify billions of square feet of concrete, it was seldom, if ever, achieved. The typical industrial floor, for example, is closer to a horizontal 5/8th inch by ten foot envelope. 3. If floor measurements are so inaccurate, how can you determine floor flatness at all?
VERSION 2.2 PAGE 10 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED During the last 25 years, extremely accurate floor measuring instruments have been developed. One, the Profileograph, produces continuous measurements of wheeltrack areas along designated vehicular travel paths. The Profileograph is used only on Defined Traffic Floors. Another instrument, the Dipstick Floor Profiler, produces a point-to-point graph of the surface measured, as well as the data required to compute ACI/CSA F-Numbers for Random Traffic Floors. 4. Now that you can make accurate measurements, why can't we keep using the straightedge specs? Straightedge specifications didn't control the characteristics of the floor that relate to its usefulness. For instance, all of these floor profiles would satisfy the "1/8th inch in ten feet spec": Since all these floor profiles would meet the 1/8th" spec, the straightedge specs themselves simply were not capable of controlling the floor profile. 5. How are F-Numbers better? F-Numbers control both the floor's "envelope" and its bumpiness. Or, if you think of the floor profile as a wave, F-Numbers control both the wave's amplitude and its frequency. F-Numbers have shown the ability to identify and to control floor characteristics which are critical to the floor's usefulness. 6. What F-Number equals 1/8th" in 10'? For all of the reasons outlined already, there is no F-Number equivalent to any straightedge spec. But, rough equivalents, in terms of horizontal envelopes, can be given: An FF 25 is roughly equivalent to a single 1/4" defect in 10' An FF 50 is roughly equivalent to a single 1/8" defect in 10' An FF 100 is roughly equivalent to a single 1/16" defect in 10' 7. Since I've been meeting 1/8th" in 10' for years, why should I have any problem meeting an FF 50? Because you weren't meeting 1/8th inch in 10 feet! Just because the floor was accepted and paid for doesn't mean it was actually that flat. The only time you can be sure you actually built a floor to a specific tolerance is if the floor was measured. In all probability, most of the concrete floors placed in the last 50 years would measure somewhere between FF 15 and FF 35; that's something like horizontal envelopes measuring 1 inch by 10 feet - to 3/8ths inch by 10 feet. 8. How can I find out what F-Numbers I have been producing? Just hire a testing lab to measure some of your old jobs. If your local test lab doesn't have a Dipstick, you can rent or purchase one and measure the floors yourself. Then, you will know exactly what F-Numbers you have been able to produce under the particular circumstances of each project you measured.

VERSION 2.2

PAGE 11 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED

9. I don't need floors that are very flat, so why should I worry about F-Numbers? Using F-Numbers doesn't mean that floors have to be specified flatter than is needed. But, without F-Numbers, there is no way to measure reliably what floor flatness/levelness was actually produced. The average industrial floor is about an FF 20-25 / FL 15-20. Many building owners are satisfied with this result, but some would find areas of the floor that they would want "fixed". What happens if the floor profile is not specified at all, and an FF 12 / FL 8 is produced? Most owners are not going to be happy with this result. But without clearly defining what is and is not satisfactory in the floor specification, the developer of the building has no control whatsoever over what he is buying. 10. What good does it do to measure a floor after it's already in place ... isn't it already too late? F-Numbers were not invented as a way to find somebody to blame. Properly used, F-Numbers identify problems and help prevent their recurrence. After gaining experience with F-Numbers, a contractor can select placement and finishing procedures which will make a failure very unlikely. F-Number measurements should be taken as soon as each day's placement will bear foot traffic. In most cases, the F-Numbers for that slab can be determined within an hour or two and a report generated before the next slab is placed. With daily measurement, a construction problem can be identified and corrected before it's repeated. 11. That's great for the second placement, but what do you do to make sure the first pour is okay? Placing floors to achieve certain F-Numbers is not guesswork. Millions and millions of square feet of concrete have been placed using the F- Number System. Concrete contractors have learned that, by using certain placement and finishing techniques, they can routinely achieve different F-Numbers (see Measuring the Quality of Floor Finishes). Therefore, if a job is specified FF 25 / FL20, a contractor should use procedures which typically produce those FNumbers or, to play it safe, methods which produce marginally higher F-Numbers. So, the keys to meeting F-Numbers specs are: 1. Choose the correct placement and finishing procedures to meet the specified F- Numbers. 2. Measure each day's work as soon as possible so, if there's a problem, it will be identified before it's repeated. 12. How does a novice know what F-Numbers to specify? There are two ways to select the proper F-Numbers for a given floor usage. The first and the best way is to identify a floor in a building that the user is already happy with. The F-Numbers for this floor can then be measured and used to develop a new floor specification. If that's not practical, you can use F-Numbers suggested by the American Concrete Institute and others, which are based on hundreds of projects around the country. 13. How are F-Numbers measured? F-Numbers are derived from a statistical analysis of the floor's elevation measured at one-foot intervals. The elevation differences over two feet are used to determine FF, while the differences over ten feet are used to determine FL. Basically, measurement lines are laid out on the floor, and elevation measurements are taken every one foot down the line. Each measurement line should be at least 11 feet long, and at least 34 individual elevation measurements should be taken for each 1,000 square feet of floor area. Detailed rules for performing F-Number tests are set forth in ASTM E-1155. After collection, the elevation
VERSION 2.2 PAGE 12 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED readings are put into standard mathematical formulae to calculate the floor's F-Numbers. Several devices are approved by ASTM for F-Number measurement, including the Dipstick Floor Profiler. 23. How can I improve the F-Numbers I get? There are many factors which influence F-Number results, but there is a simple way to look at it: FF = finishing FL = forming & strike-off The quickest, easiest and least expensive way to improve flatness (FF) is to replace the bullfloat with a highway straightedge. At no extra cost, thi s simple equipment substitution alone can result in an increase of 25% to 50% in the resulting FF numbers. By increasing the number of highway straightedging operations during the finishing process (after floating, refloating, etc.), higher and higher FF numbers can be achieved. The distance between edge forms may have to be reduced below 25 feet to achieve FF numbers above 40. The accuracy in setting forms and the accuracy of the strike-off operation have the greatest impact on levelness (FL). Because of the increased number and intensity of operations, more labor is generally required to achieve higher and higher F-Numbers.

Ideal Slab Conditions

In the interest of additional clarity and consistency of understanding between us, we are listing what we consider to be the ideal conditions under which we can deliver the highest quality results. We wish to state that we realize it may be difficult to start with these ideal conditions. Obviously, we can achieve superior results on a new, fresh slab, as opposed to an older, existing slab. Clearly, the density and finish of the initial slab is of paramount importance. If we are able to start with a slab which is as smooth and defect free as possible, we can minimize the grinding process, thus devoting our time and effort more toward the densification and polishing process. Smoothness is possibly the single most important factor affecting the final level of gloss, shine, and reflectivity. This is an objectively measurable value based on the FF-20/FL15 specification. Insofar as is possible, we need to begin with a flat, level slab. Factors to consider here are slump, the quality of any cuts and/or joints, and the finishing technique of the paste layer. Defect free means that there are as few surface imperfections (divots, ridges, high/low spots, etc.) as possible. In addition, it is preferable that no other sealers or bond breakers are applied to the surface prior to the commencement of our process. Should such treatments be necessary, they should not be excessively applied. We wish to specify what we consider to be excessive application. As always, any sealers or bond breakers should be applied in accordance with their manufacturer s specifications. If there is pooling and/or uneven coverage, usually indicated by noticeably darker areas, we deem this to be excessive and problematic to our process. This affects the consistency of color in the final result.

Idealistic versus Realistic

We believe that we understand what your expected and desired result for the finished floor is. We have enumerated and detailed the factors involved in delivering to you that result. By adhering as closely as is possible to the conditions we have listed, we feel that we can
VERSION 2.2 PAGE 13 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED provide you with a harder, denser surface, yielding a higher gloss, longer lasting final finish, than with any other method. We can provide you with as high a quality flooring finish as you desire to have. However, we realize that there are always practical issues to consider, such as time (which translates to money) available for the procedures and the level of quality that you may desire. It is our intention that our ideal conditions will serve as a springboard for arriving at a predictable, consistent standard, which will be acceptable to Our Customer and DIPOC Sales, LLC. We are confident that we can establish a specification for concrete floor finishing, which will provide you with a long lasting, high gloss, quality finish that will last for many years. If you should desire it, a DIPOC Sales, LLC agent will gladly coordinate with the general contractor, so as to insure that all parties involved are of one mind as to the desired end result and how to achieve it.

Gloss Readings and Summaries

North Addition 20 60 Readings: 48 48 High: 3 29 Low: 0 11 Average: 1.42 19.96 Range: 3 18

Marietta Data South Addition 20 60 Readings: 48 48 High: 5 35 Low: 0 6 Average: 1.50 15.65 Range: 5 29

Sample 60 Readings: 19 High: 53 Low: 34 Average: 41.47 Range: 19

Gloss Readings Comparison

Sample 60 South Addition 20 North Addition 20 South Addition 60 North Addition 60

60

50

Meter Readings

40

30

20

10

0 1
VERSION 2.2

10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46
PAGE 14 OF 15

DIPOC SALES, LLC

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONTINUED

Lovejoy, Birmingham, and Jacksonville Beach data

Whole Foods 20 60 Readings: 96 96 High: 20 53 Low: 2 19 Average: 8.32 36.44 Range: 18 34 Lovejoy H. D. 20 60 Readings: 96 96 High: 14 54 Low: 1 19 Average: 3.61 32.53 Range: 13 35 Wal-Mart 20 60 Readings: 96 96 High: 16 48 Low: 0 10 Average: 2.56 26.41 Range: 16 38 Jax. Bch. H.D. 20 60 Readings: 96 96 High: 17 44 Low: 0 6 Average: 4.41 21.96 Range: 17 38

Gloss Readings Comparison

Whole Foods 60 Whole Foods 20 Lovejoy H.D. 60 Lovejoy H.D. 20 Wal-Mart 60 Wal-Mart 20 Jax. Bch. H.D. 60 Jax. Bch. H.D. 20

60

50

40

Meter Readings

30

20

10

0 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96

VERSION 2.2

PAGE 15 OF 15