Conv Course Topic 3.3 Unmod

Conv course topic 3.
3 - WJL

1
3.3 Design of r.c. beams
Reinforced concrete beams at ULS
Collapse may be due to:
(a) bending
(b) shear
(c) bond failure
Bending of simply supported beams
(i) Plain concrete beams simply collapse

(ii) Reinforced concrete beams develop
fine cracks spreading from the zone of
most stressed fibres

Fig. 3.3a
P
P
Fig. 3.3b
Conv course topic 3.3 - WJL

2

P
C
- the resultant force from compression
zone (acting at the centre of that zone)
P
T
- the resultant force from tension zone.
P
C
and P
T
create an internal couple,
M
int(ernal).

From horizontal equilibrium of forces:
P
C
= P
T

and from equilibrium of moments:
M
ext(ernal)
= M
int(ernal)
or, in EC2 language:
M
d
=M
Ed

N.A.
P
C

P
T

Fig. 3.3c

3
The design process ensures that the
concrete in compression zone is strong
enough, before reinforcement is added to
the tension zone.
If concrete is not strong enough in
compression, the options are:
- increase the concrete cross-section
- add steel reinforcement to the
compression zone.
The fundamental principle in design is not to
exceed the design strength of the material.
This requires the knowledge of stress
distribution in the cross section at ULS. Since
concrete strength in tension is ignored, only
compressive stress distribution needs to be
considered


4

Much research has gone into the stress block
for ULS. EC2 uses parabolic-rectangular
stress block but allows to use a simplified
rectangular stress block, as adopted in the
Manual, Figure 5.4 . It assumes that the
plastic stress extends only to the depth of
0.8x.
When reinforcement is put only into tension
zone, we get singly-reinforced sections (Fig.
3.3e).

Fig. 3.3d Failure of compression zone
stress distribution at ULS

x
N.A.
increased load ultimate load
Top of section

5

NOTATION:
b breadth of cross section of beam
d - effective depth (from top of section to centre of
reinforcement); d = h cover - bar diameter
x depth of neutral axis (from top of section)
s=0.8x - depth of compression zone (in simplified
rectangular stress block)
A
s
total cross-section area of tension reinfor
t

f
cd
=0.567f
ck
=(0.85f
ck
/1.5) design stress of
concrete in compression
Fig. 3.3e Stress and strain distribution in
singly-reinforced sections at ULS- simplified
stress block

c

cover
Compr. zone
N.A. = neutral axis
Tension zone
d
x
A
s

b
h
T=0.87f
yk
A
s

f
cd
=0.567f
ck

C
s=0.8x
0.0035
x
c
st

z

6
0.87f
yk
= (f
yk
/1.15) - design stress of steel
reinforcement
T = 0.87f
yk
A
s
max. resultant force from tension
zone
C = 0.567f
ck
(0.8xb)= 0.454 f
ck
bx max. resultant
force from compression zone.
z- lever arm=distance between C and T
0.0035= ultimate design strain in concrete
c
st
ultimate design strain in steel reinforcement
Design assumptions:

- stress block is assumed to be simplified
rectangular (IStructE Manual), or
parabolic rectangular
- plane sections remain plane in bending,
giving linear strain diagram (Fig. 3.3.e)

- maximum design strain in concrete is
0.0035

s


7
- design strengths taken from the design
stress-strain curves (Figs. 3.2b and 3.2c
previous lecture)

- concrete strength in tension taken as
zero.

Design formulae formulae for singly
reinforced sections
With reference to simplified rectangular stress
block (Fig. 3.3e):
- position of the neutral axis, x, varies
depending on the size of cross-section, f
ck
,
and the design load (bending moment).
- compression zone remains plastic to a
depth of 0.8x; N.A. position, x, is defined
from equilibrium equations.
- x/d=0.45 max., to ensure under-
reinforced section, (in design terms), in

8
which case tension reinforcement reaches
its design stress of 0.87f
yk
.
- x/d>0.45 not used in design (would give
over-reinforced section). In the limit,
(when x=0.45d), the section becomes a
balanced section.
From Fig. 3.3e:
- the lever arm, z, separating the resultant
tension force from compression is:
z = d 0.4 x (3.3.1)
horizontal equilibrium of forces gives:
0.567f
ck
0.8bx = 0.87 f
yk
A
s

and dividing through by d and rearranging
gives:
bd
A
f
f
d
x
s
ck
yk
.92 1 =
(3.3.2)

From eqn. (3.3.2) we see that
d
x
increases as
A
s
increases, but the increase cannot
continue indefinitely, as this would produce

9
an over-reinforced section. Why ? (see
Fig.3.3e- strain distribution).
Hence
0.45.
d
x
>
/
(3.3.3)
- equilibrium of moments:
equating the internal moment (about the
centre of tension reinforcement) to the
external moment gives:
M = (0.454 f
ck
bx)
)
z

0.4x - (d

=
2
ck
0.4 1 0.454 bd f
d
x
d
x
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|

= K f
ck
bd
2

Note: M in eqn (3.3.4) represents the
external moment and, strictly, should be
denoted by M
d.

However,

for simplicity, M is
used. The RHS of eqn (3.3.4) represents M
Ed
-
internal design moment as the Effect of the
design action M
d
, or M.
When x/d = 0.45, the section reaches the
ultimate moment of resistance, M
Rd
, in
(3.3.4)
(See Manual, p.35
and Fig. 5.5)

10
compression zone. Then, eqn (3.3.4)
becomes:
M
Rd
= (0.4540.45)(1-0.40.45)f
ck
bd
2

= 0.168 f
ck
bd
2
(3.3.5)

= K
Lim
f
ck
bd
2

where K
lim
is a limit put on the K factor (from
eqn (3.3.4)).

For this limiting case of x/d = 0.45, the lever
arm, z, (from eqn (3.3.1)) becomes:
z=d - (0.40.45d)= 0.82d (3.3.6)

The first stage in design is to check that
M
Rd
> M

and then (stage 2) is to proceed
to find A
s
area of tension reinforcement
Taking moments about the centre of
compression zone:
z A f z T M
s yk
0.87 = =

Manual, Fig. 5.5
and hence:

Manual, Fig. 5.5

11
z f
M
A
yk
s
0.87
=
(3.3.7)

Note: the design equations for rectangular r.c.
beam sections (eqns: (3.3.4) and (3.3.7)) appear
in the Manual under: 5.2.4 Section design-solid
slabs. This is because solid slabs are assumed
to be spanning one way, in which case their
reinforcement is designed in the same way as
that for beams of rectangular section. There
are some differences, e.g., min/max amounts of
reinforcement, and this is why this section in the
Manual is not labelled as applying to beams as well.

See Manual, pp. 35 and 52


12
Design formulae for doubly reinforced
sections

Fig. 3.3f Stress and strain distribution in doubly
reinforced sections at ULS
Note: in some textbooks A
s2
is represented by
A
s
.
When M > M
Rd
(and dimensions of the cross-
section cannot be increased), the section
needs to be reinforced in compression zone.
This produces a doubly reinforced section,
in which:
- d
2
is the effective depth of compression
reinforcement (from top of section)
c
sc

cover
N.A.
d
x=0.45d
A
s

b
h
T=0.87f
yk
A
s

f
cd
=0.567f
ck

C
s=0.8x
0.0035
x
c
st

A
s2

d
2
z
F
s2


13
- c
sc
is the strain in compr. reinforcement
- the x/d ratio remains fixed at 0.45d,
and, therefore,
z=d-0.40.45d= 0.82d (3.3.8)
(see eqns. (3.3.1) and (3.3.6))
- the resultant force from the compression
zone is a combination of:
C= 0.567 f
ck
b0.80.45d=
= 0.204f
ck
bd (3.3.9)
from concrete, and
F
s2
= 0.87f
yk
A
s2
(3.3.10)
from compression reinforcement
The excess moment, (M M
Rd
) is taken by
the additional resistance moment provided
by A
s2
, and hence:
(M M
Rd
) = 0.87 f
yk
A
s2
(d-d
2
)

14
from which the required area of
compression reinforcement, A
s2
is:
) d d ( f .
M M
A
yk
s
2
Rd
2
87 0
=
(3.3.11)

where
M
Rd
= 0.204f
ck
bdz , (3.3.12)
Also expressed by eqn. (3.3.5) as:
M
Rd
= 0.168 f
ck
bd
2

= K
Lim
f
ck
bd
2
(eqn. 3.3.5)
by putting the limit x/d=0.45 into (3.3.4).
Subsequently, the area of tension
reinforcement, A
s
, is calculated to balance the
total resultant force from the compression
zone. From horizontal equilibrium of forces:
0.87f
yk
A
s
= 0.204f
ck
bd + 0.87f
yk
A
s2

Substituting from eqn(3.3.12): 0.204f
ck
bd =
M
Rd
/z gives:
See Manual p.53


15
s2
yk
Rd
s
A
87 0
A + =
z f .
M
(3.3.13)
where z = 0.82d
M
Rd
= K
Lim
f
ck
bd
2

Doubly reinforced sections - constraints
Design formulae for doubly reinforced beams
assume that the design stress of 0.87 f
yk
in
compression reinforcement is actually
reached. However, we need to determine the
limiting value of (d
2
/x) for this to be possible.
From the strain diagram (Fig. 3.3f) the strain
in reinforcement placed in compression zone
is:
0035 0
2
.
x
d x
sc

= c
For the design stress of 0.87f
yk
, the strain in
compr. reinforcement is:
s
/ 0.87
yk
sc
E f =

Manual p.53

16
With E
s
= 200 kN/mm
2
(Youngs modulus for
steel reinforcement3)
0.0035
200
0.87
2
yk
x
d x
f

=
(3.3.14)
Hence
800
1
yk
2
f
x
d
=
(3.3.15)
If
x
d
2
exceeds
800
1
yk
f
, a reduced stress,
s2
f

should be used, (given by eqn. (3.3.16)
below). This reduced stress is calculated as
follows:
0035 0
2
sc
.
x
d x
= c

thus
0035 0 200
2
s 2
.
x
d x
E f
sc
s

= = c

from which:

|
.
|
\
|
=
x
d
( f
s
2
2
1 700
(3.3.16)
See Manual p.53

17
Example 3.3.1. Singly reinforced section
Design flexural reinforcement for a simply
supported r.c. beam of rectangular cross-
section 400mmx600 mm. The beam has the
effective span, l
eff
= 5950 mm, and cover to
reinforcement c=40 mm.

Actions:
Permanent - 60 kN/m (excluding self weight)
Variable - 30 kN/m

Materials:
Concrete - strength class C35/45
Reinforcement - high yield, H500, (f
yk
=500N/mm
2
)

SOLUTION:
Assume 40 mm bars
for A
s
. Hence:
d=600-40-20=540 mm

l
eff
=5950
400
d=540
600
40
40

18
Characteristic permanent actions, g
k
[ kN/m]
- beam self weight: 0.40.625 = 6.00
- applied: = 60.00
--------
66.00

Variable actions, q
k
30.00
Design value of actions
= 1.3566+1.530=134.1 kN/m
M
Ed
= M=wL
2
/8= (134.15.95
2
)/8=593.4 kNm
M
Rd
= 0.168f
ck
bd
2
=
= 0.16835400540
2
=685.8 kNm.

M
Rd
> M

singly reinforced section

=0.145
From or Manual, Fig. 5.5 , when K=0.145
z/d=0.85, or z=0.85d.
From Manual p. 52, (or 35), or eqn (3.3.7):
2
6
yk
s
mm 2972
540) (0.85 500 0.87
10 593.4
0.87
=

= =
z f
M
A


19
From Table 3.2.1 of reinforcement below
(topic 3.2), select 4H32 bars, A
s
(prov.)=3216
mm
2
.

Check bar spacing:
[400-(240)-(432]/3=64 mm

Min. bar spacing is 25 mm (Manual
p.55).

Note: Ultimately, the bars selected are 32mm diameter,
not 40 mm, as initially assumed. As the selected bars are
Table 3.2.1 Reinforcement for r.c. beams
40
400
40
40
64
32

20
smaller, the lever arm z is larger (see Fig. below), so the
error is on a safe side. Recalculating the example would
still give the same answer, ecause the small change in z
would not reduce the A
s
significantly.

Design for shear
Bending action is always accompanied by
shear. Concrete alone may have sufficient
design shear resistance, V
Rd,c
to accommodate
the ultimate design shear force, V
Ed
. If V
Rd,c
>V
Ed
, no shear reinforcement is required.
The design shear resistance of concrete alone,
V
Rd,c
, is given by the following equation:

(3.3.17)
cover
Compr. zone
N.A. = neutral axis
Tension zone
d
x
A
s

b
h
T=0.87f
yk
A
s

f
cd
=0.567f
ck

C
s=0.8x
0.0035
x
c
st

z

21
but not less than

(3.3.18)
(Manual, 5.4.4.3, p.56)
where:
, (3.3.19)
b
w
- breadth of the cross section [mm]
d - the effective depth [mm]
and

, (3.3.20)
is the steel ratio, in which
is the area of
flexural (tensile) reinforcement that extends
beyond the section considered.

If V
Rd,c
V
Ed
, shear reinforcement is
required and the design calculations are
based on the truss model which relies on
variable strut inclination method.

(f
ck
in [N/mm
2
]or [MPa])

22
Variable strut inclination method
The action of r.c. beam in shear is represented
by an analogous truss model (Fig. 3.3g). In
the model, the top member, plus the diagonal
members (inclined concrete struts), are
represented by concrete working in
compression. The bottom member represents
horizontal tension steel, and the vertical
members are steel (shear) links also working
in tension.

Note: unlike in bending, z here does not
depend on the depth of the neutral axis, x.
Fig. 3.3g. Truss analogy.

w

Compressive strut


23
It is assumed that the potential shear cracks
are inclined at an angle u, which can take a
value between 22 and 45. For most cases of
predominantly u.d.l , the angle will be 22, but
for heavy and concentrated loads it can be
higher. The angle u needs to be calculated
when designing shear reinforcement.
Shear reinforcement, of cross section area A
sw
,
can be supplied in a form of shear links
(stirrups), or bent up bars that cross a
potential shear crack.
We shall consider links only for shear
reinforcement, no inclined bars
(Fig.3.3h). The links of the truss work in
tension


24

Links resist shear by developing tension in
their vertical legs. As there are two legs, the
cross section area of shear link, A
sw
, is
doubled. Thus, a bar diameter 10 mm used for
links will provide A
sw
= 278.5 mm
2
= 157mm
2

(Table 3.2.1).
The design procedure for shear is laid down on
pp 56-57, Manual and is best illustrated using
a worked example.

Fig. 3.3h. Shear reinforcement- links
A
sw

z =0.9d
d
b
w

Potential shear crack
S
Links, cross-
sectional area A
sw

zcotu
S
z

25
Worked Example 3.3.1a (continuation of
Example 3.3.1)

Following the procedure in the I.Struct.E.
Manual, design the beam, described in
Example 3.3.1, for shear. Assume 10 mm
(H10) bars for shear links (A
sw
=157 mm
2
).
Given:
- the design value of actions= 134.1 kN/m
- span of the beam = 5.95m,
- the longitudinal tensile reinforcement: 32mm
bars
Assume that only 25% of the longitudinal
reinforcement extends to the supports
(Fig.3.3i).

L
100% 25% 25%
0.08L
0.08L
Fig. 3.3i

26
The cross-section of the beam:

1.Design shear force, V
Ed

V
Ed
=(134.15.95)/2 = 398.9 kN

Maximum shear is at the supports, but only
25% of longitudinal (bending) reinforcement
extends to there (Fig.3.3i), so
A
sl
=0.253216=804mm
2

2. Check if concrete alone can take the
applied shear (Manual, p.56, top):
f
ck
=35N/mm
2

f
yk
=500 N/mm
2

A
s provided
=3216 mm
2

398.9
SF
398.9
b
w
=400
d=544
600
40
32
Originally, d was 540 mm, but by
selecting H32s, instead of H40s, it
increased to 544 mm

27

OK

V
Rd,c
=0.121.608(0.335)
1/3
400544=
= 91943 N =91.9 kN
Secondly,

=0.03535
1/2
1.608
3/2
400544=
=91872 N= 91.8 KN <91.9 OK
V
Rd,c
<V
Ed
=398.9 kN
shear links are required.

3. Check the resistance of minimum shear
reinforcement

=0.156400544 \35=200.8kN.
(Manual p.56, step (i))

28
V
Rd,min
<V
Ed
hence need to proceed with the
calculation for u.
(Note: in the event that V
Rd,min
>V
Ed
then only a
minimum amount of shear reinforcement is
required, given by A
sw,min
=
0.08f
ck
f
yk
b
w
s and no
further calculation is required).

4. Calculate u (when V
Rd,min
<V
Ed
)
(Manual p.57, step (ii)

[

d
w
(
)
c
]

)

Assume u=22 cot u=2.5.

5. Find the spacing s of shear links
(Manual p.56)

29

Hence, select H10 links (A
sw
=157mm
2
) at
200 mm spacing (rounding the required
spacing down to the nearest 25 mm).
Check: s<(0.75d=0.75544=408 mm). OK
6. Check V
Rd,s
>V
Rd,min

d,s

d
=
= 157(0.9540)(0.87500)2.5/200=414892N
=414.9kN>(V
Rd
,
min.
=200.8 kN).
Final detail of the cross-section:

32
40
400
40
40
600
4H32
H10@200
c
/
c

Additional nominal bars required to
hold the links in place

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