To understand and remember various solids in this subject properly, those are classified & arranged in to two major

groups.

SOLIDS

Group A
Solids having top and base of same shape

Group B
Solids having base of some shape and just a point as a top called apex !

Cylinder Prisms

Cone Pyramids

Triangular

Square

Pentagonal Hexagonal

Triangular

Square

Pentagonal Hexagonal

( A solid having six square faces)

Cube

Tetrahedron
( A solid having Four triangular faces)

S"#$%S %imensional parameters of different solids!

Square Prism
Top &ectangular Face #onger 'dge )orner of base

Square P*ramid
Apex Slant 'dge (ase 'dge of (ase

)*linder

)one
Apex

(ase

Triangular (ase Face )orner of base

(ase

'dge of (ase

+enerators Imaginary lines generating curved surface of cylinder & cone.

Sections of solids( top , base not parallel)

Frustum of cone , p*ramids! ( top , base parallel to each other)

STA/%$/+ "/ H!P "n it0s base! (Axis perpendicular to Hp And 11 to 2p!)

&'ST$/+ "/ H!P "n one point of base circle! (Axis inclined to Hp And 11 to 2p)

#.$/+ "/ H!P "n one generator! (Axis inclined to Hp And 11 to 2p)

F!2!

F!2!

F!2!

3hile observing Fv x4* line represents Hori5ontal Plane! (Hp)

3hile observing Tv x4* line represents 2ertical Plane! (2p)

T!2!

T!2!
&'ST$/+ "/ 2!P "n one point of base circle! Axis inclined to 2p And 11 to Hp

T!2!
#.$/+ "/ 2!P "n one generator! Axis inclined to 2p And 11 to Hp

STA/%$/+ "/ 2!P "n it0s base! Axis perpendicular to 2p And 11 to Hp

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS:
Problem . A s!uare pyramid, "# mm base sides and a$is %# mm long, has a triangular face on the ground and the vertical plane containing the a$is ma&es an angle of "'# with the (P. )raw its projections. Ta&e ape$ nearer to (P
*olution *teps + Triangular face on ,p , means it is lying on ,p+ .Assume it standing on ,p. -..t/s Tv will show True *hape of base0 s!uare1 2.)raw s!uare of "#mm sides with one side vertical Tv & ta&ing '# mm a$is project 3v. 0 a triangle1 ".4ame all points as shown in illustration. '.)raw -nd 3v in lying position ..e.o/c/d/ face on $y. And project it/s Tv. %.5a&e visible lines dar& and hidden dotted, as per the procedure. 6.Then construct remaining inclination with (p 0 (p containing a$is ic the center line of -nd Tv.5a&e it "'# to $y as shown ta&e ape$ near to $y, as it is nearer to (p1 & project final 3v.

o0
a06 b06

a0b0 a b o

c0 d0 d c
d6 a6 o6 c6 b6

d06 a6

c06

o06

(AP'/'A&'& T" 2!P)!

For dark and dotted lines

6!%ra8 proper outline of ne8 vie8 %A&9! :! %ecide direction of an observer! ;! Select nearest point to observer and dra8 all lines starting from it4dar<! =! Select farthest point to observer and dra8 all lines (remaining)from it4 dotted!

(AP'A3A. F&"7 2!P!)

Problem :> A cone =? mm diameter and @? mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp 8hich ma<es ;?? inclination 8ith 2p %ra8 it0s projections!
For dark and dotted lines 6!%ra8 proper outline of ne8 vie %A&9! :! %ecide direction of an observer! ;! Select nearest point to observer and dra8 all lines starting from it4dar<! =! Select farthest point to observer and dra8 all lines (remaining) from it4 dotted!

*olution *teps+ 7esting on ,p on one generator, means lying on ,p+ .Assume it standing on ,p. -..t/s Tv will show True *hape of base0 circle 1 2.)raw "#mm dia. 8ircle as Tv & ta&ing '# mm a$is project 3v. 0 a triangle1 ".4ame all points as shown in illustration. '.)raw -nd 3v in lying position ..e.o/e/ on $y. And project it/s Tv below $y. %.5a&e visible lines dar& and hidden dotted, as per the procedure. 6.Then construct remaining inclination with (p 0 generator o e 2## to $y as shown1 & project final 3v.

o0

h06 g06
a0 h0b0
h

a06

b06

c0 g 0 g

f0 d0 e0 g6 f f6 e e6 h6 a6 b6 c6

o0

f06 c06 e06 d06

g6 f6 h6 a6 e6 d6 b6 c6

o6

;?

o6

a b c d

o6

d6

1. )raw the projections of a he$agonal prism of base -' side and a$is %# long, when it is resting on one of its corners of the base on ,.P. The a$is of the solid is inclined at "' to ,.P.

Construction steps: (i). 9eep the base on the he$agonal prism on ,.P such that when we r ma&ing inclination in the ne$t step with a$is a corner should rest in ,.P, i.e ma&e a rectangular face parallel to (.P. (ii). Tilt the a$is to ma&e the re!uired "' inclination with ,.P draw the projections. 2. )raw the projections of a pentagonal prism of base -' side and a$is '# long, when it is resting on one of its rectangular faces on ,.P. The a$is of the solid is inclined at "' to (.P.

Construction steps: (i) &eep of the rectangular face of the pentagonal prism on the ,.P, now draw the front view and top view. 0ii1 Tilt the prism so that the a$is ma&es "' inclination with (.P. 4ow draw that top view & front view.

3. An e!uilateral triangular prism of side of base -' and a$is '# long, is resting on an edge of its base on ,.P. The face containing that edge is inclined at 2# to ,.P. )raw the projections of the prism, when the edge on which the prism rests, is inclined at %# with (.P.

4. )raw the projections of a cylinder of "# diameter and a$is %# long, when it is lying on ,.P., with its a$is inclined at "' to ,.P. and parallel to (.P.

. )raw the projections of a cone of diameter of base "# and a$is %# long, when t is lying on a point of the base on ,.P., with its a$is inclined at "' to ,.P. and parallel to (.P. 3ollow the au$iliary plane method.

!. )raw the projections of a he$agonal pyramid, with side of the base 2# and a$is 6# long, which is resting with a slant face on ,.P. *uch that, the a$is is parallel to (.P.

". A he$agonal prism of side of base -' and a$is '# long is freely suspended from a corner of the base. )raw the projections.

#. A he$agonal pyramid of side of base -' and a$is %# long is resting on an edge of the base on ,.P. )raw the projections of the solid, when the a$is ma&es an angle of "' with (.P. and the base of the solid is nearer to (.P.

$. )raw the projections of a cube of side -', resting on ,.P. on one of its corners, with a solid diagonal perpendicular to (.P.

10. A pentagonal prism of side of base -' and a$is "# long, is resting on ,.P. on a corner of its base. )raw the projections of the prism, when the base is inclined at %# to ,.P. and the a$is appears to be inclined at 2# to (.P.